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O1NOHOL 4O ALISH3AINN 


R: O. HURST LIBRARY 


FACULTY OF PHARMACY 


UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO 


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ERRATA. 


‘‘TIn the original plan of the work, it was intended 
that Chinese characters should be followed by the Ro- 
manization in parentheses. In some instances, in the 
early pages of the book, this order has been inadvertently 
reversed, the Romanization standing first, followed by the 
Chinese characters in parentheses. This is especially 
true in the articles on Aconitum and Acorns. The 
names of the natural orders should appear in Roman 
letters; a few are in Italics. When used adjectivally, 
these should zo¢ begin with a capital letter.’’ 

The above is from Dr. Stuart’s gown pen. Would 
that he could have completed these Errata that they 
might have been more perfectly done. 

A table of errors, excepting the ones mentioned here, 
is placed in the back of the book following the indexing. 

Both words*of Customs Lists ; the first word in botan- 
ical names of more than one word; the first word in the 
Romanization of Chinese terms, and the word Appendix 
should always begin with capital letters. 

A few other mistakes in the use or nonuse of capitals 
will be noticed. Szechuen should be Szechuan. Caret e 
should always be found in Li Shih Chen. Parentheses 
marks and punctuation marks are not invariably correct. 


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FACUETY OF PHAH-SACY 
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO 


CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


PART I. VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 


ABRUS' PRECATORIUS.—#f EL ¥ (Hsiang-ssii-tzt), 
41  (Hung-tou), 423. This is a twining shrub, growing to 
the height of several feet, and found in the south of China 
and parts of the East Indies. ‘The first Chinese name given 
above, meaning ‘‘love sick’’, refers to the legend of a man 
who died by the side of one of these shrubs, and his wife sat 
beneath its shade and wept until she died also. ‘The bright 
scarlet seeds, of the size of large shot, with a black spot at the 
hilum, are used as beads by children. They are said to be 
slightly poisonous (emetic) and to have the power of preventing 
Baroos camphor from evaporation when they are kept with it. 
When taken as medicine, they are said to ‘‘permeate the 
nine cavities of the body’’ and to ‘‘expel every sort of evil 
effluvia from heart and abdomen’’, to be diaphoretic, ex- 
pectorant, antiperiodic, and to ‘‘destroy every sort of visceral 
or cuticular worm’’. The Péxtsao gives in this connection 
what is regarded as a reliable prescription for the destruc- 
tion of a ‘‘cat-devil’’. ‘‘If a cat-devil has been seen or 
its cry heard, use Abrus precatorius, Ricinus communis, Croton 
tiglium, of each, one bean; pulverized cinnabar and wax, of 
each, four siz, make into pills the size of a hemp seed and 
administer at once. Then surround the patient with ashes and 
place before him a cinder fire. Spit the medicine into the 
fire, and as it bubbles up, mark a cross on the surface of the 
fire, when the cat-devil will die’’. 

The root of Abrus precatorius is long and woody, pale red- 
dish-brown externally and yellowish internally. It has a thin 
bark, a peculiarly disagreeable odor, and a bitterish acrid 
flavor, leaving a faintly sweet after-taste. It is used in India 
and Java as a substitute for licorice, but is not employed medic- 
‘mally by the Chinese. Waring directs an extract to be pre- 
pared in the same way as the Extractum Glycyrrhizz of the 


2 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


British Pharmacopeeia. ‘The leaves have been found to contain 
a sweet principle similar to that of licorice. The wood has an 
excellent grain, but as the plant is small it is not of much value. 

One of the Abrus berries is said by Dr. Williams to be the 
unit of weight employed by the Burmese. From the fact that 
these berries are red, and look something like ‘‘crab’s-eyes’’ 
(a concretion found in the stomach of Astacus fluviatilis, and 
on account of its comparative rarity counted among precious 
stones), some persons have given them this name. Under the 
name of jeguerity, this substance, or its globulin Adrzz, was 
formerly recommended in Europe and America for the treat- 
ment of granular lids and corneal opacities ; but on account of 
its action being beyond the control of the surgeon, it has right- 
ly fallen into disuse. 4777 is a tox-albumin similar in its action 
to Reczw and Crotin. 

Tatarinov and others have fallen into the error of con- 
founding Abrus precatorius with a genuine species of bean, the 
Phaseolus radiatus, perfectly distinct, and separately described 
under the division of grains as jp Jy H (Ch ‘ih-hsiao-tou), or 
“Cred small bean’’, r4z. Other Chinese names given in 
various books for the Abrus precatorius are #4 HW (Hsiang- 
sst-tou), 423, and By #}+ % (Ma-liao-tou), 804; but the two 
given at the head of this article are the only ones authorized by 
the Péntsao. 


ABUTILON INDICUM.—According to Ford and Crow, 
the seeds sold at Hongkong as & ¥& F (Tung-k‘uei-tzi), 1393, 
are so identified. But in other parts of China the article so 
sold seems to be the seeds of a WZalva, which see. 


ACACIA CATECHU.—§ 28 (Erh-ch‘a) ; 288; G Fi BE 
(Hai-érh-ch‘a); & # Je& (Wu-tieh-ni). The names given in 
the Péntsao to this drug are partly founded on the old notion 
that it was an earth or a preparation of tea, and partly are an 
imitation of the Bengalese word £/azar and of the Hindu word 
tenz, by which the drug is known at the place of its origin. 
The same idea is perpetuated in the old pharmaceutical name, 
Terra Japonica, when the ‘‘earth’’ (in Chinese 72) was brought 
from Japan. ‘The account in the /émésao is to the effect that 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 3 


Java, Siam, and the countries of the Indian Archipelago furnish 
a drug prepared by putting fine tea dust into a bamboo tube, 
which is then closed up at both ends and buried in the wet mud 
of a sewer for a long time. It is then taken out, the juice 
expressed and boiled down to a thick syrup, which when cold 
forms the extract. The country of the Laos tribes living between 
Yunnan, Annam, and Siam, and a district in the north-west 
part of Yunnanfu, are said to have formerly yielded this drug. 

The catechu entering into the world’s commerce is largely 
exported from Calcutta and from Pegu. Since much of it 
comes from the borders of the Gulf of Cutch, the substance is 
often called cutch. Or, this name may come either from a 
corruption of the Malay name cachu or of the Indian name £w7t. 
Dr. Williams says: ‘‘ That brought from Bombay is friable, of 
a red-brown color, and more hard and firm than that brought 
from Bengal. Thecakes resemble chocolate, and when broken, 
have a streaked appearance. Good cutch has a bright uniform 
color, a sweetish astringent taste, and is free from grittiness’’. 
He suggests that this variety may indeed be pale catechu, or 
gambier ; but it may be a kind of Acacia catechu which is 
manufactured in Northern India, in which the process of 
evaporation is stopped before the liquid becomes too thick, thus 
resulting in a paler and clearer preparation. There is a black 
catechu, the Kassa of Persia, which occurs in round, flat cakes, 
from two to three inches in diameter and from a half an inch 
to an inch in thickness, having the properties of Acacia catechu 
extract. It is the product of the betel-nut (Areca catechu, 
which see) and is prepared in India, where it is known 
as catta-cambu. It does not appear in commerce, and is not 
known in China ; unless, indeed, the Ping-lang hsin (4 #8 at), 
1026, or Ping-lang-kao (fe ##h #), 1027, are this article. 

Chinese medical works recount the astringent, antiphlo- 
gistic, styptic, and corrective properties of this excellent drug ; 
but at the present time it is mostly used as a detergent, 
stimulating, styptic, or constringing application. 


ACANTHOPANAX RICINIFOLIUM.—#i] fk Ht (Tz ‘t- 
ch‘iu-shu). ‘This, the ‘‘thorny catalpa’’, from the resemblance 
of its leaves to those of Catalpa kempfert, is a tall tree, with 


4 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


erey bark mottled with yellowish-white, and having thorns 
on the branches. The bark and leaves of this tree are recom- 
mended for insecticide purposes and for the treatment of skin 
disease and all sorts of ulcers and infected sores. The Customs 
Reports say that the substance known as }§ fj J& (Hai-t‘ung- 
p‘i), 357, or #i JX (T‘ung-p‘i), 1402, is probably in part the 
bark of this tree; that exported from Ningpo being so con- 
sidered, while that exported from Canton is thought to be the 
bark of the cotton tree. See GBombax malabaricum and 
Catalpa. 


ACANTHOPANAX SPINOSUM. — Ft Jp (Wu-chia), 
i mm ye (Wu-chia-p’i), 1449. This is probably the proper 
identification of the shrub or tree which produces this drug. 
But, without doubt, the product found upon the market comes 
from a number of Araliaceous plants, allied to angelica, 
spikenard, and sarsaparilla. So we find it classed by Tatarinov 

===asralia palmata, and by Henry identified as Lleutherococcus 
Flenryt and LEleutherococcus leucorrhizus ; and, in addition to 
these latter the Customs Reports mention £/eutherococcus 
senticosus. Indeed, in the Chinese books it is described by 
some as a tree or shrub, and by others as a climbing plant. 
One observer wisely says that the plant which grows in the 
north in sandy soil is a tree, while that which grows in the 
south in hard soil is an herbaceous plant! The /éz/¢sao, 
following the Péxtsaoching of Shennung, classes it among 
the trees. 

The part used is the cortex of the root. It is found on the 
markets as yellowish-brown quilled pieces, odorless and 
tasteless. It is specially recommended in rheumatism, general 
debility, and for the cure of tertiary syphilitic manifestations. 
It is usually prescribed as a tincture. 


ACERANTHUS SAGITTATUS.—% 2£ # (Vin-yang- 
huo), 1536. This is identical with Apzmedium sagittatum. It 
is a Berberidaceous plant said to have strong aphrodisiac 
properties. Goats eating the plant are said to be incited to 
excessive copulation, hence the Chinese name. It is commonly 
called {jl} # § (Hsien-ling-p’i), and grows in mountain valleys 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 5 


throughout China. The root and leaves are parts used in 
medicine. It is prescribed in sterility and barrenness, and is 
said to have great virtues in these conditions. In decoction it 
is used in corneal affections and ulcerations of the eye after 
exanthematous diseases. 


ACER TRIFIDUM.—= ff #i (San-chio-féng). It is 
uncertain whether the leaves reported in the Customs Lists are 
from this tripartite maple, or whether they are the leaves: of 
the Liguidamber formosana (ortentale). ‘There is not much 
uniformity of classification of this substance at the different 
ports ; at one place it being called ‘‘oak leaves’’, which, to 
say the least, is a bold guess. The Chinese names for Acer 
trifidum, in addition to the one given above, are Ji #il AT (Ya- 
féng-shu), 1481, and fil fr Hy (Feng-hung-shu). Bretschneider 
and the Japanese have been followed in the use of the term 
placed at the head of this paragraph. This tree is not mention- 
ed in the /éxtsao, and what its leaves may be used for (if, 
indeed, it is the leaves of this tree that appear in commerce) 
it has not been possible to learn. The supply reported by the 
Customs came from Anhui and Kiangsu. 


ACHILEA SIBIRICA.—# (Shih). This is a common 
plant in the mountains of Northern China, and is so identified 
by the Japanese. Legge calls the Sz plant milfoil. Wil- 
liams, in his dictionary, says it is a sort of ‘‘ syngenesious plant 
resembling the Azchemzs or mayweed, the Ptarmica siberica, 
which grows around Confucius’ grave in Kithfeu, and as was 
done in ancient times, is still sold there in parcels of sixty-four 
stalks for divination ; the stems were once used for hair-pins’’. 
In the Historical Record (3 §) it is said that a hundred stalks 
of the Szk plant come out of the same root. ‘‘ Where this 
plant grows neither tigers, wolves, nor poisonous plants are 
found.’’ ‘The Shuo-wén (# 3) says: ‘‘ The S#zh is a kind of 
flao ( Artemisia). The plant will yield, when a thousand 
years old, three hundred stalks. The lengths of the stalks 
used for divination were: for the Son of Heaven, nine feet ; 
for the feudal princes, seven feet; for the high officers, five 
feet ; and for the graduates, three feet.’’ 


6 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


The use of this drug is said to benefit respiration, to in- 
vigorate the skin and muscular system, to brighten the eye, to 
promote intelligence, and if taken for a long time to prevent 
hunger and tissue waste. It is prescribed for dyspepsia and 
dyspeptic constipation. ae 


ACHRYANTHES BIDENTATA.—4 J (Niu-hsi), 903. 
This is an Amarantaceous plant, with greenish-purple stems, 
having large joints resembling the knee of an ox, whence the 
Chinese name (ox-knee). The product sold under this name 
in the Chinese drug shops is not always of this species ; other 
products of the same or allied genera being included: as 
Achryanthes aspera, Amarantus, and Cyathula. 'Tatarinov has 
wrongly identified this as Pupalza, in which error he was 
followed by Porter Smith. 

The product of the shops varies considerably in appearance, 
as might be expected from the number of different species of 
plant used. The best quality, which comes from Huaiching- 
fu in Honan, occurs in straight flexible roots of the size of a 
small quill, wrinkled longitudinally, and of a brownish yellow 
color. The taste is bitterish and somewhat acrid. ‘This is 
probably the true ‘‘ox-knee’’. Another specimen of the root 
is of a bark brown or yellowish color, twisted, knotted, 
irregular, light and open in structure, with fibrous rootlets 
attached, of a dirty-white color in the interior, and with very 
little flavor. A coarser variety, known as Jij 4+ J® (Ch‘uan- 
niu-hsi), 2452, differs in no material respect, excepting size, 
from the last. One ancient observer says that the plant with 
the large purple joints is the staminate one, while that with 
small green joints is pistillate. The former is the best for 
medical purposes. ‘The stalk and leaves are also used in 
medicine, being regarded as having virtues similar to those of 
the root. ‘The shoots of all of the different varieties are edible. 
Anti-rheumatic and anodyne properties are among the chief 
ones ascribed to this drug. It is also said to be of use in ague, 
fever, urinary difficulties, puerperal and cutaneous diseases. 
So persistently is it recommended in labor and puerperal 
conditions, that it might well be worth while to investigate its 
virtues in this respect. The stems and leaves are especially 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 4 


recommended in chronic malarial and palludal poisoning. In 
India diuretic and astringent properties are attributed to 
Achryanthes aspera. 


ACONITUM. —A great many species of Aconite are met 
with in China. Maximowics met with nine in the Amur 
region, four near Peking, and three in Mongolia. Doubtless, 
if all of the wild and cultivated varieties of Szechuan were 
enumerated, the list would be very much enlarged. It is also 
probable that several drugs prepared for the market are derived 
from the same species, being altered in appearance by cultivation 
and domestication. Identifications are exceedingly difficult, 
and it is only necessary to go through the lst of those already 
attempted to see the hopeless state of the subject. In Peking 
a specimen with a blue flower called Hi & fi§ (Ts‘ao-wu-t‘ou) 
is identified as Aconitum kusnezoffit. ‘Tatarinov identified 
another, called Hi & (Ts’ao-wu), from specimens of the root, as 
Aconitum japonicum. Among other identifications are [ff 
(Fu-tzii), a blue flowered kind, Aconztum fischert; a green 
flowered plant, & §A& (Wu-t’ou), Aconitum Lycoctonum,; and 
Henry called the wild & #§ (Wu-tu), which grows in the 
mountains of Hupei, Aconztum fischert. The principal names 
under which the article appears in commerce are Bi B (‘T's’ao- 
wu) and i & $A (Ts’ao-wu-t’ou), 1353; JI] B (Ch’uan-wu), 
262, 3 & (Kuang-wu), 655, and & BA (Wu-t’ou), 14723 and 
PR FF (Fu-tzu), 343, K HE (T’ien-hsiung), 1291, fi He (Fu-p’ien), 
337, and JI] ff (Ch’uan-fu), 243. Of the three groups, the 
Customs Lists classify the first as being derived from Aconztum 
kusnezofit at Newchwang, and from other ports, Aconztum 
volubile aud Aconitum unciatum , the second, possibly Aconztum 
napellus ; and the third, Aconitum fischert. The Pf fe (Fu- 
p’ien) is sliced aconite root, probably of the last named 
species. 

The statements of the Pén/sao in regard to the derivation 
and classification of the drug are interesting, if not accurate. 
T’ao Hung-ching, the compiler of the /éztsaoching, says 
that Fu-tz% and Wu-t’ou are names applied to the root of 
the same plant. That taken up in the eighth moon is called 
Fu-tzu, while that dug up in the spring, when the plant 


8 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


begins to sprout, and resembling a crow’s head in shape, is 
called Wau-?ou. That with a pedicle like an ox-horn is 
called Wu-hui (& HR). The inspissated juice is called 9} FJ 
(Shé-wang). The 7Z°zen-hsiung resembles the Fu-¢z#, but 
is more slender, and from three to four inches long. The 
Tsé-tzi (fj ) is a large lateral horn of the Fw-czz. All ‘of 
these names refer to the root of the same plant. Another 
author considers them to be applied to different plants, each 
of them growing in a different locality. Li Shih-chen, the 
author of the /éz¢sao, however, makes a statement similar to 
that of I’ao Hung-ching’s. Among other terms applied to 
aconite by the Chinese are jf Ef - (Lou-lan-tzt), which are 
said to be the smallest lateral tubers; fy 3A Ye (Liang-t’ou- 
chien), which is a synonym for Wu-huz,; ff @i B BA (Chu- 
chieh-wu-t’ou), which is synonymous with 73’ ao-wzu-/’ou, or 
the wild species ; Jk  (Kéng-tzt), # A (Tu-kung), and HH 
(Ti-ch’iu). A kind known as + [Mj - (T°? u-fu-tzt) is specially 
spoken of as furnishing the arrow poison. 

It may be said in regard to this matter of identification 
and classification, that as all of these varieties contain either 
Aconitine, Japaconitine, Pseudaconitine, or possibly Delphin- 
ine, so far as the pharmacist and physician are concerned, the 
distinction becomes of less importance. Varying strengths of 
the alkaloid represented in different specimens of the drug 
would be the only question of importance to the dispenser, and 
under the new methods of drug assay this can be readily 
regulated. 

The so called Ch’uan-wu-t’ou (JI] & §H) and Kuang-wu 
(56 5), as they appear in commeice, are top-shaped, tuberous 
roots, from one inch and a quarter to one inch and a half in 
length, and rather more than half an inch in thickness, 
according to the number and size of the dried rootlets which 
project irregularly from the surface. The external cuticle is 
irregularly rough and hard, and of a brownish-black color, while 
the interior structure is firm, amylaceous, and of a dirty white 
color. The taste is bitter, acrid, and benumbing, the tubers 
being seldom worm-eaten. The drug is highly poisonous. ‘The 
Péntsao gives the following description of Ch’uan-wu (J]] §&), 
which it makes identical with Wu-t’ou (B §fi) and T’s’ao-wu- 


ay 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 9 


tou (Hi & §M): ‘‘ The leaves and the flowers come at the same 
time, appearing in the first moon. The leaves are thick, the 
pedicle square and hollow. ‘They are similar to Artemzsza (§) 
leaves. From the fourth to the eighth moon a juice can be 
expressed from the stalks, which may be evaporated to make 
arrow poison. ‘This, when placed upon arrow tips and used for 
killing birds, will produce death in a bird so shot in the time it 
would take one to walk ten steps. If men are shot with these 
arrows, they will also die.”? Roth the 7éz7sao and the Customs 
Reports give the origin of this drug as the province of Szechuan. 

The drug called ‘T's’ao-wu (#5 &) and Ts’ao-wu-t’ou (Hi & 
pA), 2s found in the Customs sheds and native drug stores, is 
somewhat different from that just described. It consists of 
mixed tuberous roots, evidently of more than one species of 
Aconitum, that coming from Manchuria being classified as 
Aconitum kusnezowi2, and that from other ports as Aconztum 
volubile and Aconitum unciatum. It is possible that Aconitum 
Jerox may be included in the list. The specimens, therefore, 
vary a good deal, being sometimes ovoid, oblong, and tapering 
to a point, or bifid, or even rounded at the extremities. They 
vary from three quarters of an inch to one inch and a half in 
leneth, are covered with smoothish or wrinkled, dark cuticle, 
and are frequently worm-eaten. Internally they are whitish and 
starchy, having very little odor, but the taste is very acrid and 
benumbing. In Manchuria a sun-dried extract of this aconite 
is said to be prepared, the deadly properties of which have been 
confirmed by the experiments of Dr. Christison. Hanbury says 
that equal parts of Ts’ao-wu (#i &), Ch’uan-wu (Jif 6), and 
‘ Nao-yang-hua (fil 24 7£), in powder, is used to produce local 
anesthesia. The moistened powder is applied to the surface of 
the part to be operated upon for two hours previous to the 
operation, by which means, it is alleged, insensibility to pain 
will be produced. The last substance above named is probably 
fyoscyamus niger, although it may be a Datura. 

Fu-tztt (fff $) is probably best classified as Aconitum 
jischert. The Péntsao makes this an inferior or unripe (-$) 
sort of Wu-t’ou (& #8), which is called Fi — . To 
distinguish it from Pai-fu-tzi (fy Pj F), a plant of the Arum 
family, it is sometimes called Hei-fu-tzi (%& fff —). It is said 


» Ge) CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


to be cultivated upon a large scale in Changming Hsien, 
Lungan Fu, Szechuan. An elaborate work on its cultivation 
was written in the Sung dynasty, from which it appears that by 
the use of pig’s-dung, and a long period of domestication, this 
species of aconite, and perhaps Aconitum napellus, have been 
rendered much less poisonous. The plant is made to develop 
very many appended side tubers, which, when gathered in the 
winter, are prepared by steeping in vinegar and salting them, 
and afterwards treating them by a process best known to those 
engaged in the trade. ‘The tubers with numerous radicles are 
the most esteemed. As found in the drug shops, they are larger 
than the roots of the T’s’ao-wu (B A), but otherwise very 
similar in appearance. Fu-p’ien (jf }=) is merely the tubers of 
the Aconitum fischeri stripped of the cuticle, after soaking 
with vinegar, dried thoroughly, and cut into slices, which are 
brittle, curled, translucent, white, and exhibit the concentric 
arrangement of the vascular bundles which traverse the root 
lengthwise. It is but very slightly acrid, as might be expected 
from the action of the acid on the root, in which it is macerated 
for a week. Another drug, said to be derived from the small 
side tubers of the Aconttum fischert, is called Ts€-tzu (fil) —). 
The first character in both /Fw-tz% and 7sé-tz% are properly 
written with the grass radical ( ff} and fj). 

T’ien-hsiung (KK #£) is by some classed as Aconztum 
variegatum. But, judging by the description given in the 
Péntsao, it would almost appear to be a stameniferous or sterile 
variety of the Aconitum fischeri, cultivated in Szechuan and 
altered by domestication. The prepared tubers are top-shaped, 
ovoid, measuring one inch and three quarters long by one inch 
and a half in breadth, of a black color externally, and often 
encrusted with a saline efflorescence. Several tubercles emboss 
the outer surface, more especially at the upper part. The 
interior is of a blackish-brown color, moist and greasy. In some 
fresher specimens the color was lighter and the texture more 
amylaceous. ‘The taste is saltish, followed by the characteristic 
sensations caused by aconite. 

The Péxtsao considers all of the various forms of aconite 
to be the same. ‘That is to say, each is a different stage in the 
growth or cultivation of the plant. A number of explanations 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. ET 


are quoted from various authors. As, for instance, one says 
that the product of the first year of the plant’s life is called 
Tsé-tzti (J -F); that of the second year, Wu-hui (B IR); the 
third, Fu-tzt (ff --); the fourth, Wu-t’ou (& 98); and the 
fifth, T’ien-hsiung (3 Zf). A sixth form is spoken of, which 
is called Lou-lan-tzti (jg #€ ), and is considered to be an 
immature form of the aconite plant. But as Mu-pieh-tzi 
(AK E Ff) is given as another name for it, and as this is probably 
the fruit of the Momordica cochinchinensis, the terminology is 
here probably at fault. 

The /Péntsao also says that an arrow poison is prepared 
from a plant growing in some country west of China ; the plant’s 
name being #) & Hi (Tu-pai-ts’ao). It says that this is an 
aconite, but not the Ch’uan-wu (JI[ &). This probably is 
because aconite is practically the only substance that has been 
used as arrow poison in China. The ‘‘ western country’ drug 
may as well have been Strophanthus, or some allied plant of the 
digitalis series. As the substance is not readily found in-the 
drug shops, and its exact place of origin is not known, it has 
not yet been studied. Another very poisonous substance, called 
i He (Lang-tu, ‘‘wolf’s-bane’’) and ff $& A (Lang-tu-t’ou), 
693, is possibly Aconitum Lycoctonum, but more probably 
Aconitum ferox. The roots are large and starchy, and are often 
much worm-eaten. It is used as a sedative and in violent 
coughs. It is the common article for poisoning birds and 
beasts whenever this is done. 

The Chinese do not seem to have considered any of the 
aconites as edible, but the Péztsao speaks of one variety as non- 
poisonous. This is 4+ fm (Niu-pien), which. may be the 
Aconitum septentrionale, used in Lapland as a potherb. It is 
entirely probable that the edible varieties indigenous to India, 
such as the Aconitum multifidum and the Aconitum rotundt- 
Jolium, are also found in China. ‘The Niu-pien (4+ ) is only 
used as a lotion for ulcers and as an insecticide on cattle. 

All of the drugs included in this list of aconites, so far as 
they are used by the Chinese, are only employed after they have 
been prepared in various ways so as to diminish the poisonous 
properties of the plants. This explains the almost uniform 
practice of soaking the tubers in vinegar for a longer or shorter 


12 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


period before they are placed on the market. As is the case 
with most drugs having strong physiological properties these 
aconites are prescribed for the widest variety of bodily disorders. 
A simple list of the diseases for which they are recommended 
would include most of the disorders to which flesh is heir. 
They are considered to be stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, 
arthritic, sedative, alterative, and deobstruent. They are 
accordingly used in fevers, ague, rheumatism, nervous disorders, 
neuralgias and all sorts of painful conditions, dropsy, cholera, 
and are considered to be specially efficacious in the many forms 
of dysentery found in Chinese nosology. Conditions considered 
to result from the disturbance in the balance between the dual 
principles are differently affected by the different varieties of 
this plant. For instance, if the ‘‘yin’’ ({€) is deficient, or the 
‘‘yang’? (f%) in excess, Wu-t’ou (& BA) is the one to be 
employed ; but it the opposite condition exists then ‘T’ien- 
hsiung ( F Z£) should be administered. This seems, at least, to 
be in harmony with the sexuality of these plants. 


ACORUS.—The character ch’ang (#) is applied in China 
and Japan to the genus Acorus, of which several species, 
including the common sweet flag (Acorus calamus), are found 
in Eastern Asia. ‘The character p’u (jij) is defined by Kang 
Hsi as ‘‘a rush suitable for making mats’’. This character 
might be suggested as a distinctive term for the order of 
Juncacee. Owing to the aquatic habit of the principle rep- 
resentative of the genus both the Péxz¢sao and Kang Hsi classify 
the Acorus with the rush family. Hence Ch’ang-p’u (2 7), 
‘“Acorus rush’’. Of the different varieties of Acorus the two 
characters ® jifj, 29, seem to be reserved for Acorus terrestris, 
while the Acorus calamus is shui-ch’ang-p’u (7e =y jf) and the 
Acorus gramineus is shib-ch’ang-p’u (4 2S Ff), 1139. Another 
variety known as ch’ang-jung ( %), 28, ‘‘ deorus okra’), and 
pai-ch’ang (GG ®) is the Acorus spurius. The leaf of the 
latter is described as without a mid-rib, which probably means 
that it does not have the elevated ridge on the leaves common 
to the other varieties. Its rhizome is not considered to be 
edible, and it is used in medicine only as an insecticide and an 
autipruritic. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 13 


It is probable that the Acorus terrestris and the Acorus 
gramineus furnish the greater part of the product to the 
commerce of China, although it is reported as Acorus calamus 
from several ports. The provinces from which the larger part 
comes are Szechuan, Kuangtung, and Kuangsi; while 
Chekiang, Anhui, and Honan are mentioned as additional 
sources of supply. The plant is artificially cultivated to supply 
the demand for its sword-like leaves, which are hung up at the 
Dragonboat festival on the fifth day of the fifth moon of each 
year. (See the article on Artemisia.) The drug is met with 
in the form of brittle, brownish-yellow, broken rootlets, 
irregularly ridged, and not inaptly compared by the Chinese to 
whip-cord. They have an agreeable smell, and the interior is 
white and starchy in texture and of asweetish aromatic flavor. 
As the rhizome proper is a more efficient drug, it is probable 
that it is also employed, although it is not so often found in the 
_ samples passing through the Imperial Customs. Stimulant, 
tonic, antispasmodic, sedative, stomachic, diaphoretic, anti- 
periodic, and other properties are referred to this drug, which 
has some excellent virtues, as confirmed by many trustworthy 
observers in India and Europe. Its insecticidal and insectifugal 
properties are understood by the Chinese, who refer its 
prophylactic powers to some such influence. It is worth while 
remembering that in Constantinople this drug is largely eaten 
as a preventive against pestilence. The powder, the juice, and 
a tincture are the favorite methods of exhibition with the 
Chinese, who use it in hemoptysis, colic, menorrhagia, and 
other fluxes, and apply the juice or coarse powder to carbuncles, 
buboes, deaf ears, and sore eyes. It is said to be antidotal to 
the poison of euphorbiaceous plants. The leaves are used to 
wash pustular eruptions and leprous sores. The prolific 
flowering of the plant is said to betoken large harvests. 


ACTEA SPICATA.—Under the Chinese name of Ff Jif 
(Shéng-ma , 1132, the roots of a number of Ranunculaceous 
plants are found in the markets; such as Actea spicata, Astilbe 
chinensis, Astilbe thunbergi, Cimicifuga daurica, Cimicifuga 
fetida, and Cimicifuga japonica. Porter Smith, following 
Hanbury, who in turn had followed a wrong identification by 


I4 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Siebold, calls this 7halictrum rubellum. While these may all 
be similar in physiological action, it is scarcely probable that 
they are of equal value and medicinal strength. The identifica- 
tion of the various species remains yet to be done ; while, if the 
drug has the medicinal properties ascribed to it by the Chinese, 
the comparative value and action of the various kinds is still to 
be ascertained. According to the Chinese books the chief 
source of the drug is the mountain ravines of Szechuan ; but 
the Customs Reports, in addition to the province already 
mentioned, give Manchuria, Shensi, Chekiang, Kuangtung, 
and Kuangsi as sources of supply. It is possible that the 
various provinces may furnish roots from different but allied 
genera and species. The superior quality of the drug is called 
Ft hit WY (Shéng-ma-jou), 1133, while the inferior is designated 
F] jit BA (Shéng-ma-t’ou), 1134. The commonly used variety 
of the plant most nearly resembles Actea in the descrip- 
tion given in the books, so this article is written under this 
classification. 

Marvelous properties are ascribed to this drug in Chinese 
medical works. It is regarded as ‘‘a corrective for every form 
of poison, preserving from old age and preventing death; a 
prophylactic against pestilence, malaria, evil miasms, and the 
ku (#) poison’’. One is reminded that forty years ago 
Cimicifuga racemosa was held in almost as high repute by a 
certain school of physicians in America. Whether the Chinese 
drug is as inert as the American product, remains to be 
considered. T’o say the least, it is remarkable that empirics 
separated by wide oceans and by reaches of time, should have 
come to practically the same estimate of what is apparently so 
worthless a drug. In addition to its use in miasmatic and 
infectious disorders it is prescribed in nervous crying of 
children, in skin diseases, in the treatment of malignant 
tumors, in aphthous sore mouth, and in _ post-partum 
hemorrhage. 


ACTINIDIA.— 3 48 (Ch’ang-ch’u). This is the classical 
name. ‘The Shuo-wén says it is the @ fk (Yang-t’ao). Itisa 
climbing shrub with edible fruit about the size of a plum. 
There seems to be two varieties, which have been identified as 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 15 


Actinidia chinensis (> Pe or #3 Pk, Yang-t’ao) and Actinzdia 
rufa (%@ i wk, Mi-hou-t’ao). In the south of China the char- 
acters #§ #k are used for the fruit of the Averrhoa carambola, 
1497, or ‘‘Chinese gooseberry’? as it is calied by Europeans. 
But this usage is evidently only a local one, and the plant so 
designated by the Péztsao is certainly not the carambola, but 
Actinidia. It is described as a clambering plant, growing in 
hilly districts, with a round, furry leaf and a greenish fruit 
about the size of a hen’s egg. The fruit is edible, and in the 
mountainous districts of Shensi, where it grows plentifully, it is 
greatly relished by the monkeys. Hence the name by which 
it goes in the north. The bark is used to make paper, and 
when removed in one piece from near the root and placed in 
hot ashes, it is converted into a firm tube, which is used for 
pencils. The fruit is useful for quenching thirst, and this and 
the juice of the stalk are of some repute in the treatment of 
**gravel’’. A decoction of the branches and leaves is used for 
the cure of mange in dogs. 


ADENOPHORA.—Several Campanulaceous plants, .the 
roots of which bear some resemblance to ginseng, and for which 
they are sometimes fraudulently substituted, are found among 
the flora of China. These are Adenophora verticillata ( RB, 
Sha-shén), Adenophora polymorpha, var. alternifolia (Ay HE yy 
#8, Hsing-yeh-sha-shén), Adenophora tracheloides (jf Fa, Ti- 
ni), Codonopsis lanceolata (+, '® 38, T’u-tang-shén), Glos- 
socomia lanceolata (> fl, Yang-ju), Platycodon grandifiorum 
(#4 #8, Chieh-kéng), Wahlenbergia marginata ($9 #8 WH B, 
Hsi-yeh-sha-shén), and others. 

The Péntsao counts Sha-shén (%# 38) among the five gin- 
sengs ; the other four being Jén-shén (A 3), Hsiian-shén (¥& 
#&), Tan-shén (Jf B), and K’u-shén (7 #). It also says that 
it is white in color, from which it gets the name of Pai-shén 
(fj #), and grows best on sandy soil, from whence its principal 
name (7p 4). The juice of the root is milky, and is vulgarly 
called # 3% Wj ( Yang-p’o-nai), ‘‘sheep mother milk’’. This 
root is also sometimes called 2 PJ (Yang-ju) and ff} a (Ti- 
hwang). It occurs (1078) in tapering pieces, from four to eight 
inches in length, with a whitish-brown, wrinkled exterior, and 


16 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


is much lighter and bulkier than ginseng. The interior is 
spougy and of a yellowish-white, and the cross-section shows a 
curiously plicated arrangement of the tissue, the folds radiating 
irregularly from the center to the circumference. As the stem 
grows older, this arrangement is less distinct. [he taste is 
bitter-sweet, slightly cooling and demulcent. It is used largely 
in pulmonary diseases, especially those attended by fever, and 
as a general tonic and restorative of bodily vigor. The books 
say the Jén-shén (A B) is 2 restorative of the ‘‘ yang’? prin- 
ciple, while Sha-shén (¥ 2B) restores the ‘‘ yin”’. 

Hsing-yeh-sha-shén (4F 233 Y B) is considered to be iden- 
tical with Chi-ni (& ¥#). The /éxtsao says in regard to this 
latter that the root is like Sha-shén (jf 48) and the leaves are 
like the apricot ; therefore, the people of Honan call it ‘‘ apricot- 
leaved sha-shén’’. The plant contains a large quantity of 
juice, which is called #& GE #2 BR (Chi-ni-nung-lu), ‘‘chi-ni 
thick dew’’. The Chi-mi (#§ J) is ddenophora remotifolta, the 
common harebell. The properties of this root are sweet and 
cooling. It is reputed as an antidote for all kinds of medicinal 
poisons. It also is said to be efficacious in the bites of poison- 
ous insects and reptiles, as well as to overcome the effects of 
arrow-poison. Virulent ulcers, poisoned wounds, and the kz 
(#) poison are also said to be benefited by it. As the drug 
seems to be a simple demulcent, one does not understand how 
it can have secured a reputation in such a wide range of 
poisonous affections. ‘Ti-ni (jf FE) is given as a synonym of 
the above, but it probably is distinct, as indicated at the head 
of this article. Similarity in general appearance of the 
root and in medical properties may account for the Chinese 
classification. 

Tang-shén (# 2%), 1251, is classed by the Péxztsao with 
true ginseng. ‘The name comes from [| # (Shang-tang), the 
ancient name of Lu-an-fu in Shansi, from which one of the two 
principal kinds of ginseng originally came. For this reason 
the complete name is [| # A 2 (Shang-tang-jén-shén). But 
at the present time at least Tang-shén represents Campanula- 
ceous roots, and sometimes goes by the name of Bastard Gin- 
seng. "These roots are much more open than even the worst 
specimens of ginseng, all of which have a much sharper 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. a7 


and more aromatic flavor. The Customs Lists classify Tang- 
shén (# #8) as Campanumea pilosula, and it is possible that 
the T'‘u-tang-shén (-- #& 2), mentioned above, is not the same, 
although supplying a root similar in appearance and quality 
to the former. It is met with in long, slender, tapering, pale 
yellow pieces, slightly twisted. ‘They are about five inches 
in length, much smaller than Fang-tang-shén (Pj BR 238), 
which they very much resemble, being wrinkled or furrowed 
longitudinally and transversely. The interior is brittle, brown- 
ish-yellow, open in structure, and with a lighter central pith. 
The taste is sweetish and slightly mucilagenous, resembling 
that of malt. The Customs Lists also give Ming-tang-shén 
(BA 3 #8), 853, and say that this is the Chi-ni (#§ f@), and 
that it is quite different from Tang-shén (% 88), 1251. On 
the supposition that Tang-shén is from a species of true ginseng, 
this would be correct. But even these lists give the origin of 
Tang-shén from the Campanulacee, and, if there is any dis- 
tinction, it would be between the different genera or species 
of this order, e.g., Codonopsis lanceolata and Campanumea 
pilosula. Ming-tang (Bj ft), or ‘‘clear ginseng from Shang- 
tang,’? is found in hard pieces of four inches in length, taper- 
ing at both ends like a cigar; one end being truncated and the 
other pointed. ‘The cuticle is of a yellowish color, stained 
with reddish points, marked with fine lines or furrows, and 
the interior hard, white, porous, and easily separated from the 
translucent cortical part. ‘Tang-shén (3% #) is distinguished 
in commerce by several special designations, indicating its 
source or the manner of packing. Among these is Fang-tang 
(Bj %&), also called Fang-tang-shén (ff BR #&) and Fang-féng- 
tang-shén (Pf jal $f #8). This is the kind that comes from 
Hupeh, and is described by Porter Smith as follows: ‘‘ This 
is a drug met with in bundles of long, tapering, angular 
pieces, of dirty-brown color, marked with wrinkles and fissures, 
or transverse rings. ‘They average about a foot in length, and 
are more or less tough or brittle, according to age. ‘There 
are remnants of the radicles at the thicker, or lower ends. 
The cross section is of a lighter color, showing the same open, 
plicated arrangement of the woody tissue as the Sha-shén 
(4 2), with a firmer central pith of a yellow color. The two 


18 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


drugs resemble each other a good deal, but the one under 
consideration is much larger and darker, and marked ex- 
ternally with dark patches of the dried juice. It has a sweet, 
mucilagenous taste, and is used as a tonic like ginseng. It is 
used in syphilis, just as the Campanula glauca is amongst the 
Japanese.’’? Ch‘uan-tang (JI] ‘) is from Szechuan, and is in 
large dark pieces, resembling Sha-shén (# 2%); Hsi-tang 
(f4 3&) is from Shensi, Lu-tang (jj #) from Luan prefecture 
in Shansi. Pao-tang (@J ‘) is the drug in bales, Hsiang- 
tang (#§j fi) is that in boxes, while Féng-p‘i (J Je), or Féng- 
p‘i-tang (Jel JR Be), or Hung-tang (#£ #) is the substance in 
bundles fastened with red cord. ‘Tatarinov thought to identify 
Tang-shén (% 2) as a Convolvulus, but there is no doubt that 
this is a campanulaceous plant. 

Chieh-kéng ({¥ #), Platycodon grandifiorum, is a red 
stemmed genus of the Campanulacee. The Péntsao says that 
it is like the Chi-ni (9% #), the latter being sweet, while the 
former is bitter. Like others of this order, its roots are used 
to falsify ginseng. It is brought from Szechuan, Hupeh, 
Honan, Shansi, and possibly from other provinces of North 
China. It occurs in short, dark-brown pieces, much shriveled 
and wrinkled, and sometimes moniliform, varying in size from 
that of a little finger to a writing quill, or even smaller. Its 
taste is said to be slightly bitter and demulcent. Its ascribed 
medicinal qualities are many, among which the more important 
are tonic, astringent, sedative, stomachic, and vermifuge. It 
is Specially recommended in bloody fluxes from the bowels. 


ADIANTUM.—tThe substance spoken of in the Customs 
Lists as T‘ieh-sien-ts‘ao ($& #4 Hi), 1281, is given in the List 
of Chinese Plants known to Linnzeus as Adiantum flabellatum, 
and is also included in Loureiro’s Flora Cochinchinensis under 
the same classification. ‘T‘ieh-sien-ts‘ao ($j 2%) Bi), as given 
in the /éxtsao, seems rather to be a Polygonum, and is repre- 
sented to be the same as Pien-hsii (# 4), Polygonum avicu- 
lare. ‘The part used is the root, while the product appearing 
at the Customs is the stalk and leaves. Further identification 
of this substance is necessary. ‘The drug spoken of in the 
fPénisao 1s used in the treatment of colds. 


' VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 19 


Adiantum monochlamys, Shih-ch‘ang-sheng (G £& 46), 
isa true Fzzx. It is found in mountainous districts, growing 
upon the edge of cliffs. The root is the part used, and its 
taste is said to be salty, slightly cooling, and the drug is 
somewhat poisonous. Its properties are febrifuge and para- 
siticide. It is recommended in parasitic skin diseases. 


{GLE SEPIARIA.—In the Customs Lists §f (Chih), 
133, 137, is so identified. But the preponderance of authority 
seems to be in favor of considering this as Cztrus fusca or 
Citrus trifoliata. (See Cztrus.) 


ZESCULUS CHINENSIS.— fifi HE (T‘ien-shih-li). The 
fruit of this sapandaceous plant is but little different from the 
common horse-chestnut. ‘The /éxtsao says that it is found only 
in the mountains of Western Szechuan, but it is said also to 
come from the province of Hupeh. The name is derived from 
i KK fii (Chang ‘Tien-shih), a famous Taoist priest, who 
dwelt at T's‘ing-ch‘en (7 $§), a city situated in this part of 
Szechuan, and studied ‘‘tao.’’? It is probable that this is the 
same as #2 2B or Pit #2  (So-lo-tzit), as given in Tatari- 
nov’s list. ‘The fruit is also compared to the acorn. The 
hilum is large and the integument of a dark, reddish-brown 
color. ‘The bark of the tree contains a crystalline,. fluorescent 
principle, and some species of this genus are poisonous, but 
these nuts are sweet, and are merely credited with being 
useful in cases of contracted limbs from palsy or rheumatism. 
The fruits selling at a valuation of threepence each in Hankow, 
induces the Chinese to put some faith in them, for they usually 
value a remedy in proportion to its cost. 

Another representative of this genus is the sculus tur- 
binata ({ HE Ht, Ch'‘i-yeh-shu). It is so classified in the 
Japanese lists, is not mentioned in the /éz¢sao, and may not 
be found in China. 


AGAVE CHINENSIS.—+ ft # (T‘u-ch‘en-hsiang), 
1365. This amaryllidaceous plant is not mentioned in the 
Péntsao, but is apparently met with in Formosa. The Agave 
Americana (#, 2% iit, Lu-sung-ma), is said by Mr, T. Sampson 


20 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


to have been introduced into Canton province from Manila : 
at least the fibers, sometimes called Pzta-flax, are said to be 
employed in the manufacture of mosquito netting. This fiber 
has, however, been referred by French botanists to Chama@rops 
excelsa (}# #9, Tsung-lii), the coir-palm. The hemp has also 
been called Po-lo-ma (j # fff), but it is more probable that 
this latter is the Chinese name for Corchorus or Triumfetta, 
tiliaceous plants, which see. The Agave Mexicana has been 
confounded by Professor Neuman with the #{ & (Fu-sang), 
which is evidently a malvaceous shrub, the A/zbescus rosa- 
Simensts, and upon his identification he has grounded a_pre- 
sumption in favor of an early discovery of America by the 
Chinese. The land named after this plant, which was seen 
growing in profusion there, has heen identified by Klaproth 
with Saghalien; by Leland with a part of the American 
continent, and by others with Japan. The Fu-sang, of which 
the ancient Chinese books speak, was not the A/zdzscus rosa- 
sinensts, but it was the name of a fabulous tree, behind which 
the sun was supposed to rise. The Agave Mexicana has been 
naturalized in India, and is largely cultivated there. Indian 
experience has confirmed the anti-syphilitic properties assigned 
by the Mexicans to this plant. Dr. Hutchinson, of India, cut 
the large, fleshy leaves into thin slices, and used them as 
poultices. 


AGLAIA ODORATA.—= #£ fff (San-yeh-lan), R % W 
(Mi-sui-lan). The flowers of this meliaceous plant are used to 
scent teas. ‘The dried buds are called BY 76 4 (Lan-hwa-mi), 
691. The leaves and root are well worth trial as tonics, as 
Canella and other excellent tonics are referred to this order. 
The tender leaves are eaten as a vegetable. 


So ae GLANDULOSA.—4#% (Ch‘u), otherwise 
know as §& /# (Ch‘ou-ch‘u) and && #& (Ch‘ou-ch‘un). The 
Péntsao cba this and Cedrela stnenses under the common 
heading of #& #2 (Ch‘un-ch‘u). Although these belong to two 
distinct Bs cceaae Alan thus to the Simarubacee and the 
Cedrela to the Rutacee—it is well known that there is a strong 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. won 


“resemblance between the trees and shrubs of the former order 

and the Rutacce xanthoxylee ,; so it is not surprising that the 
Chinese should have classed these together. Several species 
of both genera yield timber of various qualities, but the 
red, fine-grained, mahogany-like wood of the Cedrela is 
far superior to the coarse, white, open timber of the 
Atlanthus, much used as fuel. Other species of trees, similar 
in general appearance to the Ch‘u (J%), and having leaves 
giving off odor, are classed in the /éz/sao with this; an 
effort being made to distinguish the different kinds by the 
odor. Reason for this may be found in the fact that the 
Ch‘un (4) has fragrant leaves that can be eaten, and is there- 
fore sometimes called Hsiang-ch‘un (#4 4), while the Ch‘u 
(#38) has leaves with an offensive smell, and therefore not used 
as food. ‘The leaves of the Azdanthus are large pinnate, from 
one to two feet long, and are very similar to those of the 
Cedrela, both of which trees grow in profusion in the neigh- 
borhood of Peking. Onclose examination, however, the leaves 
of the former are easily distinguished by the two little glands 
near the basis of each leaflet, to which the species name 
‘‘ glandulosa”? refers. The Azlanthus grows very easily and 
rapidly, and its wood is used only for fuel. In the phrase 
FE HE Zz Ff it becomes, classed with the scrub oak, a figure of 
speech for ‘‘uselessness.’’ ‘The leaves are used to feed silk- 
wornis, and in times of scarcity are eaten as a vegetable, 
though, on account of their offensive odor, not from choice. 
They are said to be very slightly poisonous, and are used as 
astringent, anthelmintic, and deobstruent remedies. They are 
given in diseases of the lungs, dysuria, menstrual diseases, the 
kan (ff) disease of children, spermatorrhcea and fluxes in 
general, and a wash is made to promote the growth of the 
hair and to wash parasitic ulcers and eruptions. In most of 
the cases, the bark both of the tree and of the root is used, 
having precisely the same properties. The name Ch‘u-p‘i 
({= JX), Or as in the Customs Lists Shu-pai-p‘i (EF & Jk), 1168, 
should be confined to the bark of the Azlanthus,; while 
Ch‘un-p‘i (4 J&), or Hsiang-ch‘un-p‘i (#% #& JR), 275, 415, 
is more correctly applied to that of the Cedrela. See Cedrela 
SINENSTS. 


22 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


AKEBIA QUINATA.—ZK 3 (Mu-t‘ung). A drug 
obtained from a Peking drug shop, bearing this Chinese name, 
was sent to Kew and there examined. It proved to be Akebza 
guinata. It was in thin slices, evidently the transverse 
sections of a ligneous stem, half-an-inch in diameter; the 
marrow showing small holes like a sieve. In the Customs 
Lists, 878, the drug is said to be derived from various species 
of Clematis; ‘‘the export from Newchwang is probably 
Clematis heraclecfolia, that from Hankow is Clematis grata, 
while that from Ningpo and Canton has not yet been 
determined.’’ Loureiro and Faber identify it as Clematis 
SIMENSTIS. 

It is a climbing plant, with a jointed, woody stem, varying 
in thickness from that of a finger to about three inches in 
diameter. The wood is yellow, and is arranged in vascular 
plates, leaving tubular openings large enough for air to be 
blown through; hence the Chinese names, 7 {jj (Mu-t‘ung) and 
3% YG (T‘ung-ts‘ao’.. This latter name, however, is also some- 
times applied to Fatsza papyrifera. The twigs and fruit are 
used in medicine. ‘The fruit, which in the south of China is 
called #¢ 7 F (Ven-fu-tzt) and & #  (Wu-fu-tzit), is from 
three to four inches long, has a white pulp with black kernels, 
is edible and of an agreeable, sweet taste. The wood is bitter 
to the taste, and is pronounced to be a stimulating, diaphoretic, 
laxative, diuretic, stomachic, and vulnerary drug, quickening 
all of the senses and faculties. The fruit is said to be tonic, 
stomachic, and diuretic. 


ALBIZZIA JULIBRISSIN.—& # (Ho-huan), 373, & & 
(Yeh-ho). This is one of the leguminosee of the suborder 
Mimoseez, and is also called Acacia julibrisstn. Loureiro 
calls it Mzmosa arborea. It is sensitive, the leaves folding 
together at night, as the Chinese name implies. It is probable 
that in this sense another name given by the Péztsao, namely, 
4 4F (Ho-hun), ‘uniting dark,” is more nearly correct than 
the first given above. It is considered to be an auspicious tree, 
promoting agreement and affection, and therefore is given a 
place among domestic shrubbery. Its leaves are also edible. 
The parts of the plant appearing in the Customs Lists are the 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 23 


flowers, but the portions recommended to be used by the 
Péntsao are the bark and wood. On account of the auspicious 
character of this tree, its use in medicine is also thought to be 
attended with the happiest results: ‘‘ promoting joy, assuaging 
sorrow, brightening the eye, and giving the desires of the 
heart.’? In the treatment of disease, it is regarded as tonic, 
vulnerary, sedative, anthelmintic, and discutient. A gummy 
extract is prepared and used as a plaster for carbuncles, swell- 
ings, and as a retentive in fractures and sprains. 


ALEURITES TRILOBA.—4 #£ (Shih-li). ‘This eu- 
phorbiaceous tree is either closely allied to, or identical 
with, the Aleurites moluccana, or Candle Nut tree of India 
and the Pacific Islands. It is also closely related to the 
Excecaria sebifera (B Ri 7K, Wu-chiu-mu), or Tallow tree. 
It bears an acorn-like fruit, called by the Chinese ‘‘stone 
chestnuts,’? which is the meaning of the term given above. 
It is a native of Annam, or Cochin China, and was known to 
Loureiro as a species of walnut, just as it is called in India 
Belguam, or Indian walnut. It is incidentally mentioned in 
the /éntsao under the head of ‘‘chestnut,’? as growing 
commonly in the south of China, but it is not considered to be 
a chestnut. A fixed oil is expressed from the kernels, which 
is reported by Dr. O’Rorke to be superior to linseed-oil as an 
economic substance. He finds its medicinal action to be 
similar to that of castor-oil, but it does not cause nausea or 
pain, and is free from any unpleasant smell or taste. Neither 
the fruits nor the oil appear in the Customs Report, which 
seems a surprising fact when their reputed usefulness is 
considered. ‘The tree abounds in the Moluccas, where the 
fruit is eaten as an aphrodisiac, and is met with in the island 
of ‘Tahiti; a gummy substance which exudes from the bark 
being chewed by the natives. The name Shih-li (4 #) has 
been incorrectly given to the fruit of Quercus cornea. 


ALGAY.—## YE (Hai-tsao), 355. The character }{% is used 
for all sorts of aquatic plants, and the name above given could 
almost be limited to marine alge. fg 3é (Hai-ts‘ai) is also 
used for the same purpose. Several kinds of algee are used 
by the Chinese both as dietetic articles and as medicinal agentg, 


24 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Specimens of the Hai-tsao obtained from ‘Tientsin and identified 
by Professors Agardh and Gobi, proved to belong to Sargassum 
siliquastrum. ‘The proper Chinese name of this is fg ## (Hai-lo). 
The large sea-weed which is so commonly used for food in China, 
and called by the common name of fg 3€ (Hai-ts‘ai), comes 
from the coast of Manchuria and Korea, and is Laminaria 
saccharina ,; the correct Chinese name being [# #i (K‘un-pu) or 
ta Thi (Lun-pu). Several species of Laminaria, Rhodymenia, 
Alaria, lride@a, and Potamogeton are found in the Chinese 
medicine shops. Their identification is very uncertain. ‘The 
names } jf (Hai-tsao), fe HF (Hai-tai), 354, jf #4 (Hai-yiin), 
and 2 #f (K‘un-pu), 677, are E sptia rather indiscriminately to 
these specimens. ‘‘ Avar-agar” is made of Gracilaria liche- 
nodes, Gracilaria spinosa, Gigartina tenax, and Spherococcus, 
which grow upon the shores of most of the islands of the 
eastern sea. Vostoc edule is another form of edible sea-weed. 
In colloquial, however, these are all called # 3¢ (Hai-ts‘ai). 

The /éxtsao recommends all of the medicinal algz in the 
treatment of goitre. Under the name of Gz/lur-ka-putta, a 
dried sea-weed, assumed to be collected near the mouth of the 
Saghalien river, is highly prized in upper India as a remedy 
for bronchocele. K‘un-pu is recommended in dropsies of all 
kinds, and Hai-tai is prescribed in menstrual disorders, and is 
said to have the power of increasing the action of the uterus 
in difficult labors. ‘The Chinese regard a diet of sea-weed as 
cooling, but rather debilitating if pursued for a long time. A 
fine quality of sea-weed, which has been cleansed and bleached, 
is imported from Japan and sold under the name of # x= 
(Yang-ts‘ai). It is called zszzglass in the table of imports. 
Among fresh water algze, the Péz¢sao speaks of. fi 4 Hi (Lung- 
shé-ts‘ao), 790, ‘‘dragon tongue,’’ which is specially recom- 
niended as an application in the treatment of mammary abscess 
and cancer. We cannot agree with Faber in classifying Ai Se pos 
(Shih-jui) among the algze ; it is a lichen. 


ALISMA PLANTAGO.—#: jf (T'sé-hsieh), 1354. This 
is the common water plantain, which in Northern China grows 
plentifully in ditches and ponds. Other names given for it in 


the Péntsao are 7K jf (Shui-hsieh), 2% jf (Chi-hsieh), #% ig 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 25 


(Ku-hsieh), ( 36 (Mang-yii), and #8 J% (Vii-sun); this last 
name being in honor of the Great Vii, the reputed founder of 
the Hsia dynasty, who drained the empire of the great flood 
that had prevailed up to the time of his reign. In the classics 
the plant is called #4 (Yii) and # (Hsieh). In the Japanese 
list it is called 7k #@ j# (Shui-tsé-hsieh). The supply of the 
drug passing through the Customs comes from Fukien, Che- 
kiang, Honan, and Szechuan. The Péz¢tsao recommends that 
which grows south of the Jii (jf) river, which is a tributary 
of the Huai. The parts used are the leaves, which are 
gathered in the fifth moon; the rhizome, gathered in the 
eighth moon; and the achene, gathered in the ninth moon. 
The rhizome, which is the part most frequently employed, is 
globular, or ovoid, and fleshy. The drug is generally met 
with in the form of thin, circular sections, from one inch to 
one inch-and-a-half in diameter, of a pale yellow color, mealy, 
‘slightly bitter in taste, and often worm-eaten. The fresh 
rhizome is somewhat acrid. Tonic, cooling, diuretic, arthritic, 
stomachic, astringent, galactogogue, and discutient properties 
are attributed to this plant. In fact, any disease of the nature 
of a flux or dropsy, or disease of the hydrology of the system, 
is supposed to be benefited by this water plant. ‘‘If taken 
for a long time, the eye and ear become acute, hunger is not 
felt, life is prolonged, the body becomes light, the visage 
radiant, and one can walk upon water.’’ It is also said to 
render labor easy, to stimulate the female generative apparatus, 
and to promote conception. ‘The leaves, in addition to their 
other properties, are reputed to be serviceable in leprosy. The 
action of the achene is said to be similar to that of the root, 
even to the production of visual radiance, but its use is said 
to produce sterility. 


ALLIUM ASCALONICUM.—#f (Hsieh). This is the 
ordinary garden shad/ot ; the slight variation from the European 
variety being produced by the different method of culture 
employed by the Chinese. It is indigenous to China; the wild 
variety being readily found in the Lit mountains of Kiangsi. 
The seeds are usually planted in the autumn and the small 
bulbs separated and transplanted in the spring. It is used as 


26 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


a vegetable, though not so highly prized as the native leek 
(Allium odorum). ‘The small bulbs, called #; & (Hsieh-pai), 
449, are pickled, as in Europe, and they are also preserved for 
medicinal use in alcohol. Tonic, nutrient, astringent, and 
alterative properties are attributed to the plant, and the bruised 
bulb is applied as a discutient or vulnery remedy. Combined 
with honey, it is said to be a useful application in burns. 


ALLIUM FISTULOSUM.—#% (Ts‘ung). This is the 
Chinese onion, or czbowle, native to Siberia and Mongolia. It 
is largely cultivated in several parts of China. It differs from 
the common onion (Adium cepa) in never forming a globular 
bulb. The common onion is largely cultivated in Southern 
China and Cochin China, but it probably is of foreign origin. 
It is called #f 2 (Hu-ts‘ung) and [6] fa] 4% (Hui-hui-ts‘ung) ; 
this latter term, ‘‘Mohamedan onion,’’ indicating its deriva- 
tion from the West. The Chinese onion, belonging to the 
class of nitrogenous foods called # (Hun), is much used as an 
article of diet. It, together with other vegetables of its class, 
constitutes a large proportion of the poor man’s ‘‘ meat’? ; 
being eaten with rice, millet, or bread, together with succulent 
and green vegetables. Several varieties are cultivated, and the 
article is as much used as its prototypes are in Spain and 
Portugal. A large, coarse variety is called AL 4% (Mu-ts‘ung), 
or ‘‘tree-onion’’ (Allium cepaproliforum ?). ‘The wild onion, 
2 2 (Ko-ts‘ung) or jj 4 (Shan-ts‘ung), (Adium victorialis ?), 
and the foreign onion are specially mentioned in the Péz/sao. 
It says that the latter are indigenous to the mountains of 
Szechuan, but we have not been able to verify this. Onion 
tea is given to persons suffering from catarrh, fever, headache, 
cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, urinary affections, and rheumatic 
disorders. It is also used as a sedative in children’s diseases. 
The persons in charge of life boats on the Yangtse depend, in 
cases of drowning, upon strong onion tea to excite vomiting and 
reaction. Onions are applied to the noses of persons who have 
attempted to hang themselves. Buboes, abscesses, and frac- 
tures are poulticed with the bruised bulb, or annointed with 
the juice. Every part of the plant is supposed to have some 
special therapeutic property. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. a7 


ALLIUM ODORUM.—ZE (Chiu), 203. Other names for 
this seem to be Allium uliginosum, Allium tuberosum, and 
Allium senescens. It is indigenous to Siberia, Mongolia, and 
the whole of China; is a common plant in the mountains of the 
north, and is cultivated everywhere in gardens. ‘The Chinese 
eat the whole plant, it being specially relished when it is in 
flower in mid-summer. It somewhat resembles the Zeek, but is 
much smaller. ‘The leaves are ligulate, and the bulb flat and 
continuous with the stem. The Book of Rites calls this plant 
BY Ag, feng pén (the rich root), when it is used for the sacrifices 
in the ancestral temple, and it is also used in other sacrifices. 
It is raised from the seed or from the transplanted bulbs; 
patches of the fresh vegetable being kept ready for use during 
the entire year in Central China. It is supposed to nourish 
and purify the blood, to act as a cordial, and to in every way 
benefit those who are ailing. It can be partaken of freely and 
for a long time. Special difficulties for which it is regarded 
to be efficacious are poisonous bites of dogs, serpents, or insects, 
hemorrhages of every sort, and spermatorrhoea. For this 
latter the seeds are considered to be especially useful. 

The wild leek, jlj dE (Shan-chiu), also called H # AE 
(Chu-ko-chiu), is considered by Faber to be a distinct species, 
Allium japonicum. It is specially mentioned in the Pézztsao, 
and is thought to have special action in promoting excretion 
and in the flatulent dyspepsia of elderly persons, 


ALLIUM SATIVUM.—# (Suan). Garlic has been known 
to the Chinese from a very early period ; it being mentioned in 
the Calendar of the Hsia, a book of two thousand years before 
Christ. It is now called )J\ $; Hsiao-suan) to distinguish it 
from Allium scorodoprasum, which is called Je 7% (Ta-suan). 
The Lrh-ya relates that when the Emperor Huang-ti was 
ascending a certain mountain, some of his followers were 
poisoned by eating the 3g 3f! yu-yii (probably an aroid plant) ; 
but by eating the garlic, which was also found there, their lives 
were saved. From that time it was introduced into cultivation. 

The Péxtsao gives thirty-two varieties of vegetable under 
the classification of # 3 (hun-ts‘ai). In addition to alliaceous 
plants, there are mustard, ginger, and the like ; all seeming to 


28 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


be characterized by the presence of a volatile oil, carminative 
and stomachic in its action. Consequently some of them are 
used as condiments, and all are used to give flavor to the 
amylaceous basis of the ordinary Chinese diet. The character 
%@, however, is applied as well to all kinds of nitrogenous food ; 
the Fi # being the five kinds of food forbidden to the Buddhist 
priesthood and to fasting persons generally. ‘These are the 
flesh of the horse, dog, bullock, goose, and pigeon. The 
geomancers enumerate as the @, garlic, rocambole, leek, rue, 
and coriander; the Taoists, leek, shallot, garlic, rue, and 
coriander ; and the Buddhists, rocambole, garlic, assafoetida, 
onion, and scallion. Among the common people, however, %:, 
while including these articles, more properly refers to animal 
flesh ; the lean parts being termed ~% 4% and the fatty parts 
ith %. Chinese patients usually request directions as to the 
eating of these various kinds of food. 

The medicinal virtues of garlic are considered to be many. 
It is thought to have a special influence upon the spleen, 
stomach, and kidneys, acting as a sedative and removing 
poisons. It is supposed to correct the unwholesomeness of 
water, to destroy the noxious effect of putrid meat and fish, 
and to prevent goitre and pestilential diseases. 


ALLIUM SCORDOPRASUM.—X FF (Ta-suan), fy FF 
(Hu-suan), #jj (Hu). The rocamdole, according to the Po-we- 
cht and the Péxtsao, was introduced into China from the West 
by Chang-ch‘ien, a famous general of the Han dynasty. The 
Arabic name (,S0z7) resembles the Chinese word swan, but as 
both names date back to the earliest period of written history, 
it is difficult to say whether one was derived from the other, or 
both came from a common source now unknown. ‘This plant 
is considered to be slightly deleterious, and if eaten for a long 
time the eyesight is thought to be affected. It is recommended 
as a digestive and for expelling poisonous effluvia. In 
combination with other drugs, it is used in the treatment of 
hemorrhages and fluxes. 


ALLIARIA WASAHI.—j& 3€ (Han-ts‘ai). One of the 
Crucifer@, closely allied to Szsymbrium (Hedge mustard). It 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 29 


has white flowers and a characteristic foliage, and the plant 
has an alliaceous odor, from which fact it derives its name. 
It is recommended as an appetizer and digestive, giving a 
pleasant sensation of warmth to the stomach and acting as a 
carminative in flatulent dyspepsia. 


ALOCASIA MACHRORIZA.—#fy 3f (Hai-yii). This 
aroid plant is so named in the Japanese lists. The Péztsao 
calls it also $f 7 3# (Kuan-yin-lien), which in the Japanese 
identifications is Lyszchitum camtschatense. Also, a small 
variety, named 8 3& (Yeh-yii), is by them classified as 
Richardia africana. ‘The Péxtsao seems to regard these as 
identical. The original habitat of the plant under considera- 
tion is said to have been Szechuen, but it now is found in 
various parts of the empire. It grows up in spring with a stalk 
four or five feet high and with leaves like the taro. In the 
early autumn it blooms with a sessile flower like the lotus petal, 
jade colored, and with a pistil which resembles the image of 
Kuanyin. Hence the common name for tke flower is 
‘*Kuanyin lotus.’ The plant is said to be exceedingly 
poisonous, and is highly recommended in the treatment of 
miasmatic poisoning. 


ALOE VULGARIS.—}# € (Lu-hui), 765. Bretschneider 
says that this Chinese name is so applied in Canton, and that 
the plant that Loureiro describes as Alée perfoliata is the same. 
The name is probably a transliteration of some foreign name, 
as other names similar in sound are also given, such as 4y @& 
(Nii-hui) and §f§ # (No-hui). The drug is also called fe 
(Hsiang-tan), “elephant’s gall,” in reference to its bitter flavor. 
The Péxtsao describes it as the exudation from a tree which 
grows in Persia, and says that at that time it entered China only 
at the port of Canton. It admits, however, that it is uncertain 
whether the substance, which it describes as a resin or extract 
(%), 1s the product of a tree or of a smaller plant. ‘The sub- 
stance sold under this name is met with in irregular pieces, 
about one inch in thickness, of a coal-black color, slightly 
porous and marked with brilliant crystals on the broken 
surface. One surface is usually marked with the impression 


30 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


of a gramineous leaf. The taste is bitterish and cooling, and 
it is not regarded as being poisonous. Althelmintic, stomach- 
ic, and laxative properties are referred to this drug, which 
would seem to have been formerly much used in the worm- 
fever and convulsions of children. It is now used mainly as 
a wash for eczematous skin affections, being combined with 
licorice for that purpose. Since in the treatment of worm 
affections it is always combined with the fruit of Quzsguals 
zndica, it is very improbable that in itself there are any anthel- 
mintic properties. 


ALPINIA GLOBOSUM.—¥ F# (Tou-k‘ou), 1314, # B 
Fe (Ts‘ao-tou-k‘ou). This is the Asomum globosum of Lou- 
reiro, and described by Hanbury as the /arge round Chinese 
cardamom. "The cardamoms are well known in commerce, 
but the plant from which they are derived, does not seem as 
yet to have been carefully identified by botanists. Hanbury 
says that it is a native of the south of China and of Cochin 
China. The Fézzsao refers its origin to Hainan, which name 
in this work often refers to any country in the seas south of 
China. At present it is said to be found in all parts of Kuang- 
tung and Kuangsi, as well as in parts of Yunnan and Fukien. 
The plant is said to resemble the A/yrzstica in appearance, and 
bears a red, changing to yellow, flower in the axils of the 
leaves, which has some likeness to the AZzdzscus. ‘The leaves 
resemble those of the wild ginger (|lj #{, Shan-chiang), and 
are sometimes gathered in the immature state in a similar 
manner to tea buds. The large globular capsules furnish the 
large round cardamom of commerce, and also the small round 
Chinese cardamom described by Guibourt. This latter is 
simply the unripe capsule, and therefore devoid of much flavor, 
but used as a salted condiment by the Chinese. Guibourt 
describes it as follows: ‘Capsules nearly spherical, from 
seven to eight lines in diameter, slightly striated longitudinally 
and much wrinkled in all directions by drying; it is probable, 
however, that the fruit was smooth when recent. The capsule 
is thin, light, easily torn, yellowish externally, white within. 
The seeds form a globular coherent mass. They are rather 
large and few in number, somewhat wedge-shaped, of an 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 31 


ashey-grey, a little granular on the surface, and present on the 
outer face a bifurcate furrow, shaped like a Y.’’ ‘To this Han- 
bury adds: ‘‘Compared to the large cardamom, the capsules 
in question are more wrinkled in a net work manner, more 
fragile and thin, and much less adherent to the mass of seeds ; 
they are more globose, not triangular at the base, but flat, or 
even depressed like an apple. Their color, in all of the 
specimens I have seen, is a brownish yellow.’’ ‘The large 
capsules are oval, or globular, pointed at either extremity, 
with a tendency to a triangular outline, especially at the base. 
They are sometimes attached to a long pedicle. ‘The pericarp 
closely invests the mass of seeds, is brown, and strongly 
marked by interrupted longitudinal ridges. In taste, it is very 
slightly aromatic. ‘The seeds are found in a coherent three- 
lobed mass, light greyish-brown in color, somewhat oblong 
and angular, with a deep furrow on one side. They havea 
slightly aromatic odor and taste, somewhat resembling that 
of thyme, although very much weaker. In size, these capsules 
vary from three-fifths of an inch to over an inch in length. 
In the Chinese shops the cardamom is usually found deprived 
of its husk. 

The cardamoms and the flowers are used in Chinese medi- 
cine. The latter are employed as a carminative and stomachic 
remedy, and are reputed to counteract the effects of wine on the 
system. The seeds, in addition to the properties possessed by 
the flowers, are used to correct offensive breath, in the treat- 
ment of malarial disorders and fluxes, to counteract acidity of 
the stomach, in disordered menstruation, and in the treatment 
of various kinds of poisoning. 


ALPINIA OFFICINARUM.— B# (Kao-liang-chiang). 
Faber gives jf; #£ (Shan-chiang), but this is probably a variety 
known as A/pinta japonica, or wild ginger. The plant under 
consideration produces the “lesser galangal root” of commerce, 
and it is from the Chinese name for this plant that the 
commercial term ‘‘ galangal” is derived. Owing to the fact 
that Wildenow gave the name of Adpinza galanga to the plant 
which produces greater or Java galangal, botanical terminology 
in this case became separated from its point of origin. The 


32 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Chinese name is derived from }% BR, which was formerly 
the name of 7 Ji iff Kao-chou-fu in Kuangtung province. 
The plant is sometimes called { 3% (Man-chiang), or the 
‘‘oinger of the Man-tzt,’’ aborigines of the southwestern part 
of China. The Péxtsao says that the plant is now found in 
every part of Southern China, and extending into Szechuan. 
Galangal root is about two inches long, less than half an inch 
in diameter, externally of a rust brown color, longitudinally 
striated and transversely marked with the remnants of the leaf 
sheaths. Internally it is greyish-brown, and breaks with a 
fibrous fracture. It has an agreeable aromatic odor anda warm 
aromatic taste, resembling that of mingled ginger and pepper. 
Stomachic, carminative, sialagogue, tonic, and antiperiodic 
properties are the most important of the effects ascribed to this 
drug, which has from ancient times, as at the present time, 
been held in much esteem by Chinese physicians. 

The seeds of this plant, fj Bi #£ +f (Kao-liang-chiang-tzit), 
40 WG (Hung-tou-k‘ou), §37, 10g, are the “ Galanga Carda- 
mom” described by Hanbury. The capsule is about half an 
inch in length, oblong or pear-shaped in form, and prominently 
crowned with the remains of the calyx. Some are shriveled 
cn the outside and some are smooth, apparently depending 
upon their maturity at the time of gathering. The pericarp 
also varies as to thickness and color, in proportion to the 
maturity of the fruit; in the less mature being pale and thick, 
and in the more mature of.a reddish-brown and thin. The seeds 
are in a three lobed mass; each lobe containing two seeds, placed 
one above the other. ‘The seeds are ash-colored, flattish, and 
somewhat three-cornered, and have a large hilum. ‘They 
have a pungent, aromatic taste, and an odor resembling that 
of the root. 

The seeds have much the same properties as the root, 
being given in pyrosis, cholera, diarrhcea, toothache, ague, and 
diseases arising from damp and chills. They seem to have the 
virtues of cardamoms and ginger combined, and may be 
suggested for more general use.as a stomachic and general tonic. 

In the Customs List there seems to be considerable 
uncertainty as to terms and classification. In 713, B 
(Liang-chiang) is used for Alpinia offictnorum. It is probable 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 33 


that this term is sometimes so employed, but it is also employed 
for the Liliaceous Polygonatum sitbiricum. In 1091, other 
characters approximating 34 in sound are used for this 
character. It is probable that these are wrongly written. In 
several other places there are variations, unimportant in 


themselves, but which evidently need correction. 


ALTHAA ROSEA.— 4j 38 (Shu-k‘uei) This name 
means ‘‘mallow from Szechuan.” Another name, formerly 
used, is #{ Z§ (Jung-k‘uei), which means ‘‘mallow of the 
wild tribes of the west.” These two names are probably 
identical with each other. The term used in the classics is 7 
(Chien). It is the common follyhock, which may have 
been originally introduced into China from some Western 
country. It is cultivated plentifully in Chinese gardens; its 
flowers somewhat resembling //zdescus syriacus (FR KE, Mu- 
chin). The parts of the plants used are the shoots, root-stalk, 
and seeds. ‘The properties ascribed to the shoots are stomachic, 
regulative, and constructive. They are used in fevers, 
dysentery, and to render labor easy. ‘The root-stalk is con- 
sidered to be diuretic, and when bruised, is applied to a sorts 
of ulcers. The seeds are put to similar uses. 

Under this head the /éz¢sao mentions another plant, 
which it calls ¥z 38 76 (Wu-k‘uei-hwa), and which, while it 
is identified as the same as the shu-k‘wez, is made out to have 
medical properties sufficiently distinct from those of the latter 
to render it probable that this is at least a different variety. 
Its taste is said to be ‘‘saltish and cold’? (3€), while that of the 
shu-k‘uet is ‘‘sweet and cooling’’ (#). Its action is tonic to 
the heart and antiperiodic. It is used in the eruptive and 
intermittent fevers of children, in dysmenorrheea, difficult labor, 
and the bites of poisonous insects. 


AMARANTUS.—# (Hsien). This term seems to be a 
general name for Amarantus. With qualifiers, it is also by 
some applied to Chenopodium and Luxolus. At Peking 
Amaranius blitum is so called, and Faber calls this By 3 
(Hsien-ts‘ai). The Péxtsao says that there are six varieties of 


this plant, viz., jy bi, BB, A ba, 3a, Be and & Be. 


34 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


These terms, together with Bf Ff and Bj py i, are applied to 
different plants in different parts of China, as well as in Japan ; 
so it is almost impossible to fix identifications in any of these 
cases. Faber gives jf] $F (Chih-hsien) for Amarantus 
spinosus, which is probably correct. Han Pao-sheng says that 
the fruits of only the & EX and the J. & are used in medicine. 
They are said to have great cooling properties. ‘They are also 
considered to have the property of brightening the intellect, 
assisting in the excretory processes, and benefiting the virile 
powers. The use of the plant itself is considered beneficial in 
fluxes, while the root is used in ‘‘cold indigestion’? and in 
toothache. ‘The 3} #7, is said to be a small variety, also called 
4m $3, and #% HW, and is good for feeding pigs. Some varieties 
of this plant are much cultivated and eaten as pot-herbs. 


AMBER—3® iff (Hu-p‘o), 488, zr #K (Chiang-chu). 
According to an old saying, when a tiger dies, its spirit enters 
the earth and becomes transformed into stone of the form of 
this substance. Therefore it is called }% ff (Hu-p‘o), ‘‘tiger’s 
soul.’? ‘The last character was afterwards changed to 3ff (P‘o) 
to distinguish this substance as a gem. It is supposed to be the 
resin of an extinct species of Pzmus, for this reason given the 
name of Pinztes succinifer. As it is closely allied to ordinary 
resins, such an origin is very probable. It is worthy of note 
that, equally with Pliny and many modern observers upon the 
subject, the Chinese say it to be the resin of a pine which has 
‘‘laid in the earth for a thousand years.’? An inferior 
quality is found in Yunnan, especially near Yungchangfu. 
Burmah, Cambodia, Korea, and Japan are said to yield 
supplies of the substance. But the market, formerly supplied 
by the overland trade routes from Asia Minor, is now supplied 
from the south, coming by the way of the Indian Archipelago, 
and, according to Dr. Williams, from Africa. The Sanscrit 
name is given in the Péxtsao as fil #% EE FH BE (A-shih-mo- 
chieh-p‘o). Pieces containing insects and other bodies are held 
to be specially valuable. The best pieces are made into beads 
and ornaments, which are worn by persons of rank. Much-of 
what is offered for sale is fictitious, being made from colophony 
and copal. Its reputed medical properties are very much 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 35 


mixed up with certain transcendental powers which it is sup- 
posed to possess. But in addition to the many fanciful ones, 
it is credited with being useful in the treatment of catarrh of 
the bowels or the bladder, the convulsive disorders of children, 
and as a tonic and alterative. 

Another form of amber, darker in color and more like 
jade, is called 8 (Hsi). It is said to have been brought from 
Turfan, where it was found among the black rocks. It is 
considered to be an older form of the amber, having laid in the 
ground for two thousand years, instead of one thousand. Like 
the Hu-p‘o, the Péxtsao suggests that it may have originated 
from the {ff 44, Fu-ling (Pachyma cocos), found growing like a 
fungus from the roots of fir trees, or from %% #4 Chu-ling, a 
tuberiform fungus found growing on liquidamber roots above 
ground. Its medicinal virtues are regarded as correspondingly 
higher than those of amber. 

Two special formule are given in the P2x/sao in which 
amber is considered to be the chief ingredient. One, called 
He Ff} Be (Hu-p‘o-san), is composed of amber, the shell of 
Trionyx sinensis, the roots of Cyperus rotundus, the tubers of 
Corydalis ambigua, rhubarb, and myrrh. Its use is considered 
to be beneficial in all of the vital functions and to promote 
nutrition. It is specially prescribed in circulatory disorders 
after labor. Other formule are for urinary disorders, injuries, 
and certain nervous diseases of uterine fetal life. 


AMOMUM AMARUM.—q # # (I-chih-tzt), 543. This 
is the dztter-seeded cardamom, the origin of which has not yet 
been fully studied. ‘The classification is therefore still doubtful. 
It has been referred to Zingzber nigrum, which is identical 
with Alpnza allughas, but is considered by Pereira and Han- 
bury to be a totally different species. ‘The term was introduced 
by Porter Smith, who is followed by Faber. The Chinese 
term is also referred to, Nephelium longan, but later writers re- 
strict it to the bitter-seeded cardamom. ‘The Pézésao says that 
the fruits come from Kunlun and Lingnan (Thibet and Cochin 
China). They are also said to come from the island of Hainan 
and from Kuangtung. According to Hanbury’s description, 
‘‘the capsules are mostly oval; some ovate-oblong and a few 


36 ig CHINESE oa MEDICA. 
i 


nearly spherital, pointed at thé extremities, 6 to ro lines long. 
The pericarp is of aj deep dusky-brown, coriaceous, devoid of, 
hairs, beset longitudinally with interrupted ridges usually about 
18 in number; it has an agreeable aromatic smell and taste. 
The seeds are obtusely angular and adhere firmly together; they 
are distinguished by an aromatic, bitter, myrrh-like taste.” 
hay drug is considered by the Chinese to benefit the 

omach/and spl en, find therefore to ‘‘increase knowledge ;”’ 
the disposition and wits of the individual being considered to 
largely reside in these organs. ‘Tonic, stomachic, cordial, 
pectoral, and astringent properties are ascribed to these fruits 
in the Péztsao, but the principal use to which they are applied 
at the present time is in the treatment of incontinence of urine, 
nocturnal emissions, and flooding after labor. 


AMOMUM CARDAMOMUM.—f # 7% (Pai-tou-k ‘ou), 
964. ‘This is the round, or cluster, cardamom, and is a native 
of the East Indies. It was evidently imported into China about 
the eighth century, as it is first mentioned by writers of that 
time. It is said to have been produced in a country called 
fn & #% (Ch‘ieh-ku-lo), evidently a Buddhist country, where 
the drug is called 4  (To-ku). It is also known under the 
name of Hi #% @ Fe (Tung-p‘o-tou-k‘ou), after the celebrated 
poet Su Tung-p‘o, who, towards the end of the eleventh century, 
lived for some years in the island of Hainan and wrote notices 
of useful plants. The J/alabar cardamom, which is sold to some 
extent in China, and which is similar in odor and taste to this 
cluster cardainom, also goes by the name of &  && (Pai-tou- 
k‘ou). ‘The Thibetans call it sakmz/, which resembles the 
Sanscrit #@ & PE # $8 (Su-chi-mi-lo-si). 

This evergreen plant, said to resemble the banana, now 

‘grows in Kuangtung province. The capsules are round, 
globular, smooth, ribbed, obscurely triangular, and of a brown- 
ish-white color. ‘The seeds are packed together in a globular 
mass, easily broken into three portions, and have an aromatic, 
terebinthinate flavor. The seeds are used in pyrosis, vomiting 
and dyspepsia, in pulmonary diseases and in general debility. 
It is said to be serviceable in ague, in cases of films over the 
eye, and in disorders arising from drunken dissipation. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. t 37 


AMOMUM MEDIUM.+?% # (Ts‘ao-kuo), 1347. This 
is the ovotd China cardamon of Hanbury, as was first described 
by Loureiro. It is described in the Péxztsao together with 
Alpinia globosum, from which it is with difficulty distin- 
guished. It comes from Kuangsi and Yunnan. The elongated, 
oval capsules are compared by the Chinese to the fruits of 
Terminalia chebula (3) Z Hy). They vary from something 
less than an inch to an inch-and-three-quarters in length, and 
exhibit externally some indicaticn of the three-celled character 
of the fruit. Long coarse pedicels are frequently attached to 
the capsules. [She pericarp is of a reddish or greyish-brown 
color, closely corrugated, moderately thick and brittle, with a 
whitish bloom on the surface in many instances. The taste 
is woody, or but very faintly aromatic. The mass of large, 
hard, angular, reddish seeds is but loosely attached to the 
internal surface of the pericarp by membranous adhesions. 
The seeds have a warm, terebinthinate flavor, and the odor, 
when fresh, is said to be strong, like that of the Telini-fly 
(Mylabris cichorii). ‘The small unripe fruit is called 35 fF 
(Ying-ko-shé), or ‘‘parrot’s tongue.’? The drug is used in 
much the same cases as the Amomum globosum, to which it is 
preferred in the treatment of the various forms of dyspepsia. 
The seeds only are used, and are given in the form of a 
decoction for affections of the stomach, or as a tincture in ague, 
catarrh, or other systemic diseases. It is said to have been 
formerly much used as a condiment or spice. 


AMOMUM MELEGUETA. —<As is well known, this 
plant, together with Amomum granum-paradisi furnish the 
“‘ovains of paradise,’ or ‘** Guinea grains,’? of commerce. 
These plants are native of Africa, and have been transplanted 
in the West Indies. So far as known, neither are found in 
Asia. Notwithstanding, Porter Smith has the following to 
say about these ‘‘grains:’’ ‘‘These are the aromatic seeds 
of the Amomum xanthoides and the similar fruit of the 
Elettaria cardamomum, or at least, according to Dr. Waring, 
of the Ceylon variety of the Malabar cardamon. Dr. Wil- 
liams gives their Chinese name as $M fi i (Hsi-sha-tou) 
and their botanical source as Amomum grana-paradisa,’? The 


38 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


name given is fi fb {2 (So-sha-jen), in which there is a pal- 
pable mistake made in writing the first character. It is possible 
that under certain conditions the seeds of Asomum xanthotdes 
are used as a substitute for those of Amomum melegueta, but 
they are not the true ‘‘ grains of paradise.” 


AMOMUM VILLOSUM.— # % (Yang-ch‘un-sha), 
This seems to be a Cochin-Chinese species of Asmomum, 
which has been introduced into China, and is largely grown 
in the district of Yang-ch‘un, in the western part of Kuang- 
tung province. From this latter fact, and because the Chinese 
regard this drug as identical with Amomum xanthotdes, it 
receives its Chinese name. It is not described in the Péntsao. 
According to Hanbury’s description, the scape, which when 
perfect, is about three inches long and reclinate, bears as many 
as eight capsules on its superior extremity. The capsules are 
from six to eight lines in length. In the dried state they are 
oval, occasionally nearly spherical, more or less three-sided, 
bluntly pointed, with a scar at the summit, rounded at the base, 
and attached by a pedicel one to two lines long. The pericarp 
is externally dark brown, marked with obscure longitudinal 
strie and covered with asperities, which, after soaking with 
water, are seen to be short, thick, fleshy, closely-crowded spines. 
The pericarp and seeds have a warm, bitter, aromatic flavor, 
tarry or camphoraceous in character. ‘They are usually found 
on the market admixed with the seeds of Amomum xanthotdes, 
which latter are easily distinguished by their plump and 
bloomy-white appearance. "The same tonic and stomachic 
properties are ascribed to the seeds of this plant as to those of 
cardamoms in general. A product found in the Customs Lists, 
276, known as # &) #E (Ch‘un-sha-hua) and #} f& 4g (Sha- 
jeu-hua), is considered to be the product of this plant. 


AMOMUM XANTHOIDES. — #§ & 2 (So-sha-mi). 
This is the so-called ‘‘ Bastard cardamom.” It is a native of 
Burma, where it was discovered by Wallich in 1827. It was 
afterwards found by Schomburgh in Siam, and is said by Han- 
bury to occur in Cambodia and the Laos country. The Pén- 
tsao says that it originally came from Persia and Asia Minor, 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 39 


but that it is now found in the marshes of Lingnan. The 
product appears in the Chinese medicine shops in two distinct 
portions, which are prescribed in different affections. The 
one most commonly appearing in commerce is the capsules, 
hy {- 8% (Sha-jen-k‘o), 1076, which Hanbury describes as 
follows: ‘‘These empty capsules are mostly attached to a 
common stalk, which, when perfect, is about five inches long 
and beset with remains of sheathing bracts. The superior 
portion, which is much stouter than the rest, bears the fruits 
closely crowded together on short bracted pedicels. The 
capsules, having been deprived of seeds, are shrunken and 
compressed, but after soaking in boiling water they acquire 
their proper volume, becoming nearly spherical and about 
three-quarters-of-an-inch in diameter.’? ‘These capsules are 
parched, pulverized, and prescribed in ulcerous affections of 
the throat and mouth. As they are practically odorless and 
tasteless, and the process of parching would probably drive 
away any volatile substances they might contain, it is likely 
that any other kind of charcoal would serve in these affections 
equally well. 

The oblong, triangular, compact masses of the seeds of 
these capsular fruits are sold as # 4 {E (So-sha-jen), or simply 
hy {- (Sha-jen), 1075. They vary from four to six lines in 
length, and are covered with a white membrane, which when 
removed discovers the small black seeds. ‘They have nearly 
the same flavor as that of the Asmomum villosum, and are said 
by Hanbury to be substituted in the London market for those 
of the officinal Zletfarza (or Malabar) cardamom. The Chinese 
consider the Asmomum cardamomum, Amomum villosum, and 
Amomum xanthoides to be similar in composition and virtues, 
and this is probably the case. But as they almost invariably 
prescribe the drug in the form of a decoction, and as its 
medicinal virtues depend upon a volatile oil anda resin, it is 
doubtful if this substance plays any very imporant part,in their 
prescriptions. Tonic, stomachic, astringent, carminative, seda- 
tive, and tussic properties are referred to the seeds. They are 
used as a: preserve or condiment, in flavoring spirit, and are said 
to hasten the solution of copper or iron cash, fish bones, or 
any other metalic or foreign substance accidentally swallowed. 


40 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


AMYGDALUS COMMUNUS.—It is pretty certain that 
this plant does not occur in China. Porter Smith and the 
Customs Reports erroneously identify this as #7 (Hsing), but 
this is the apricot, the kernels of which, together with those 
of the peach and other such fruits, are used in China as a sub- 
stitute for almonds. The true almond, brought into China 
from the West, goes by the name of & H 4 (Pa-tan-hsing) ; 
the | Hi referring to some country in Asia Minor, possibly 
another name for Persia. (See Prunus.) 


ANDROPOGON SCHCGNANTHUS.—# 7; (Mao-hsiang), 
417. This, as identified by Loureiro, is a fragrant grass used 
in baths. It grows in Fukien, and is also called # Jf, (Hsiang- 
ma); its common name being 3 4 Jfit (Mao-ju-ima), ‘* hemp- 
like grass.’’ The grass is dark in color, and bears a white 
flower. It is also said to be found in Shensi and Kuangtung. 
There is an Anamese variety, called —& 3 ?; (Pai-mao-hsiang), 
which is used for the same purposes as the other. Besides its 
use in scenting baths, in which it is considered to have a bene- 
ficial influence in curing eruptions of the skin, it is used 
internally in digestive troubles, being regarded as a bland, 
stimulating, and carminative remedy. 


ANEMARHENA ASPHODELOIDES. — ¥#j 3 (Chih- 
mu). ‘This is a liliaceous plant found growing plentifully in 
the Peking mountains. The rhizome is the part used. This 
is said to resemble the rhizome of Acorus. It has but little 
taste or smell. The flowers resemble those of the Adium 
odorum. ‘The plant is found in nearly all of the provinces north 
of the Yangtse ; but the Customis lists (136) give Chihli as the 
source of supply for commerce. The drug occurs in irrregular, 
flattened, twisted, sliriveled pieces, from two to three inches in 
length, and generally covered with reddish or yellowish-brown 
hairs, which become scaly at the distal extremity. The smaller 
pieces are usually much wrinkled, scarred, and nearly free 
from hairs. The interior is yellow, spongy, or mealy, and the 
whole drug has a slightly bitter taste and an agreeable odor. 
Cooling, lenitive, expectorant, and diuretic properties belong 
to this rhizome, which is used in precisely the same cases for 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 4l 


which squills is commonly prescribed, and for which drug it 
would make a very good substitute. 

Other names given by the /éxésao for this drug are ¥X Hf 
(Ch’ih-mu), # Bf (Huo-mu), $b 2 (Ti-shén), 3 Bf (Lien-mu), 
Fo M (Ku-hsin), §{ i (Erh-ts’ao), and 7 2 (Shui-shén). 
The term 4] ## (Chih-mu) is also used asa synonym of #f 3a 
(Sha-shén) for Adenophora verticillata. In the Japanese lists 
it is also used for Chelidontum ma7vus, but we cannot find that 
it is so used in China. 


ANEMONE CERNUA.—§# ffi F (Pai-t’ou-wéng). Such 
is the classification in the Japanese lists, and the /éz/sao 
description answers pretty well to this identification. But 
Bretschneider says that at Peking this is Lupatorium ktrillowzt. 
The Customs lists (965) say that the supply comes from Hupeh 
and Kuangtung. ‘The root and flowers are used in medicine. 

Judging from the variety of affections for which this 
substance is recommended, one would feel assured that it must 
be Pulsaiilla, and that Chinese physicians had gotten their 
estimate of this drug from Galen. The following is a partial 
list of the diseases for which it is held in repute. Fever, 
insanity, ague, obstruction of the bowels, swelling of the neck 
from anger, to promote the circulation of the blood, abdominal 
pain, wounds from cutting or stabbing, nasal polypus, virulent 
dysentery, ‘‘red’’ dysentery, toothache, all of the forms of 
rheumatic pain, scrofulous glands, all forms of miasmatic 
poisoning, hemorrhoids, and favus. 


ANGELICA ANOMALA.—y J (Pai-chih). Porter 
Smith has identified this erroneously with Zr7s forentina and 
with Ofopfanax. Other terms given by the Péztsao are #2 A 
(Tsé-fen), fy YE # (Pai-chih-hsiang), f& BR (Pai-ch’ih), 35 # 
(Fang-hsiang), and #§ #(Fu-li). ‘The Customs lists (940) give 
Szechuan, Hupeh, and Chekiang as the sources of supply. 
The roots vary in size, are brownish externally, marked with 
wrinkles and ridges and with resin dots in the bark. In- 
ternally it is yellowish-white, and contains small points of 
resinous or oily secretion. The odor is aromatic and the taste 
somewhat pungent and bitter. It has long been a favorite 


42 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


drug with the Chinese. In ancient times they wore it, to- 
gether with other fragrant drugs, in their girdles. It is specially 
considered to be a woman’s drug, and is therefore prescribed 
in a number of female affections, as well as being a favorite 
cosmetic substance. In addition to menstrual and other female 
complaints, it is prescribed in a large number of other disorders, 
such as urinary difficulties, nasal polypus, various skin 
affections, cuts and wounds, and certain catarrhal conditions. 
It is used as a sternutatory, and of the leaves of the planta 
wash is made for the relief of pimples and prickly heat. 


ANGELICA DECURSIVA.—7ij fJ (Ch’ien-hu). This is 
a common plant, growing in damp ‘soil in Central and North 
China. The fragrant young sprouts and the leaves are eaten 
asa vegetable. ‘The drug is met with in brittle, branching, 
irregular, tapering pieces of a root, resembling that of Augelica 
officinalis. ‘The external surface is brown, much wrinkled, 
with hairy rootlets at the growing top of the root-stock, to 
which a portion of the stem is sometimes attached. The 
interior is of a dirty white color, the taste being bitterish and 
aromatic, and the odor agreeable, but not very strong. The 
root is compared in the /ézfsao to that of the Bupleurum 
falcatum. ‘The drug entering foreign commerce comes from 
Szechuan, Chekiang, and Kuangsi, 118. Shensi, Hupeh, Hunan, 
Fonan and Anhui are also sources of supply for the native shops. 
The drug is said to be tonic, stomachic, expectorant, carmina- 
tive, and lenitive. It is used to quiet nervous irritability, as in 
asthmatic attacks, fretfulness of children, and irritable uterus. 


APIUM GRAVEOLENS.—& 3# (Han-ch’in), or simply 
JE (Ch’in, or JF 36 (Ch’in-ts’ai). ‘The character JF is variously 
written #j and #7. This character is also applied to cress and 
parsley. Unfortunately it is also used for certain Umbellif- 
erous plants allied to water hemlock. In Japan 7K Sf (Shui- 
ch’in) is Ganthe stolonifera. But the plant referred to under 
this name in the FPéz/sao is certainly not considered to be at 
all poisonous. ‘The only poisonous variety there given is the 
% & (Tzt-chin) or jp Jf (Ch’ih-ch’in), which is the Corydales 
encisa (which see). That 9k 3 (Shui-ying) is used as a synonym 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 43 


for Shui-ch’in may indicate that under some conditions or in 
some places the Ch‘in may be considered to be deleterious, as 
“He is usually referred to the Solanacee. At any rate, the red 
varieties of celery offered for sale by the Chinese ought to be 
eaten with great caution, ‘There is the greatest difficulty in 
harmonising the statements of the /éz¢sao in regard to the use 
of the above characters. After the Shui-ch’in, which is also 
called # #ff (K?u-ch’in), the plant # (chin) is treated of, and 
& Je (Han-ch’in) given as a synonym. But in the Z£rh-ya 
and classics, as well as in Japan, this character refers toa lola, 
and judging by the uses to which it is recommended in the 
Péntsao, this is its proper classification. (See l’zola.) 

Celery is a common vegetable with the Chinese. They 
sometimes eat it raw, but they usually take it about half cooked, 
which certainly would be a hygienic safeguard, when we 
consider their manner of using fertilizers in gardening. Its 
properties are considered to be digestive, cooling, quieting, 
alterative, and tonic. It is recommended in menstrual fixes 
and in digestive troubles of children. The expressed juice of 
the bleached stalk is the form much used medicinally. 


APLOTAXIS AURICULATA. J& A F (Kuang-mu- 
hsiang), 860. This is identical with <dfplotaxzs lappa and 
Aucklandia costus. It is sometimes carelessly written FL F 
(Mu-hsiang), as is also Arzstolochia, but the true mzu-hszang is 
Rosa banksia (which see). Enormous quantities of this root 
are collected in the highlands of Cashmere, whence it is 
conveyed to Calcutta and Bombay, from where it is shipped to 
China. As it probably originally entered at the port of Canton, 
it was given the name it now bears. It is said that there is a 
root produced in Kansuh and Honan called Kuang-hsiang, 
which may be this same drug. Other parts of India and 
Syria also produce this drug, which in Sanscrit is called Aushda, 
in Arabic and Persian ust and in Bengal fatchak. This last 
name is imitated in Cantonese. ‘The drug is met with in dry, 
brown, broken pieces, having much the same appearance as so 
many old broken pieces of bone. ‘The smell is very fragrant, 
resembling that of orris root, and the taste bitter, pungent, 
aromatic, and slightly mucilaginous. It is used in making 


44 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


incense in the south, or to preserve clothes from the attacks of 
moths and other insects. It is said to have the power of 
turning gray hair black. Carminative, stimulant, antiseptic, 
prophylactic, astringent, sedative, and insecticidal properties 
are referred to this remedy. Indian experience seems to 
suggest the desirability of trying this root when powdered as a 
substitute for opium in obstinate cases of opium smoking. 
The Chinese apply it with musk, which it resembles in odor 
and properties, to aching teeth. 


APOCYNUM VENETUM.—#® #% (Tsé€-ch‘i). Such is 
Faber’s classification. The Japanese call this Euphorbia 
helioscopia, and the figure given in the /Péztsao looks like 
Euphorbia. On the other hand, the figure given in the 
Imperial Encyclopedia is that of Afocynum. Evidently 
Chinese observers have confounded two different plants under 
this name; for some say that it is ‘‘not poisonous,’’ while 
others say ‘‘slightly poisonous ;’’ some say that the leaves are 
edible, while others deny the edibility of the plant. It is also 
confounded with 4% HK (Ta-chi), which is certainly Euphorbia. 
So, for the purposes of this work, # #% will also be considered 
under Euphorbia (which see). 


AQUILARIA AGALLOCHA. — jf # (Ch‘en-hsiang). 
This is the substance which is variously called agallochum, agila 
wood, eagle wood, calambac, garoo wood, aloes wood, lign- 
aloes, and is supposed to be the ‘‘aloes’’ of the Bible. The 
tree belongs to the natural order of Aguzlaracee. According 
to Loureiro, the substance is also derived from the central part 
of the trunk of Aloéxylon agallochum, of the natural order of 
Leguminose@, sub-order Cesalpina. An equivalent term given 
in the Péntsao is % @ (Mi-hsiang), and the substance is 
described under two different headings ; the reason for so doing 
not being very apparent. ‘The tree is described as being like 
the Cedre/a, and is found in Hainan, Kuantung, Cochin China, 
Cambodia, Assam, the Laos country, India, and Persia. The 
Persian name, ayalur chee, is represented by the Chinese [ij £2 
(A-chieh) ; while the Sanscrit agwru is represented by fi 3 pik 
(A-chia-lu). The wood of the sound tree is light, pale, and 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 45 


very slightly odorous, being used to scent clothes. Various 
names are given to the drug, which seem to refer to its form 
or the part of the tree from which it is taken. These are 
FE JE  (Ma-t‘i-hsiang), $§  # (Chi-ku-hsiang), # RE 
(Ch ‘ing-kuei-hsiang), and # # (Chan-hsiang). The product 
of the root is called # #4 # (Huang-shu-hsiang). After the 
tree has been felled for some months or years, a dark, resinous, 
aromatic juice is met with in the wood, mainly deposited in 
certain portions of the vascular tissue, more especially of the 
heart of the tree. This valuable heavy wood is called agur, a 
name also applied to the drug in Bengali. The trees are some- 
times buried in order to increase, or to facilitate the removal of 
the prized oleoresin. The coarse, reddish-brown wood, sold 
under the name of jf # 7K (Ch‘en-hsiang-mu), and used in the 
making of incense, has an odor similar to that of sandal-wood, 
and a faintly bitter taste. It is very hard, and being capable 
of a very high polish, is carved into ornamental articles, as well 
as being burned in the form of incense sticks. Paper is said to 
have been formerly made of the bark of this tree. The drug is 
placed by Dr. Williams among Chinese imports, but it is not 
noted in the Customs lists. Much interesting information in 
regard to this substance can readily be found in Hanbury’s 
‘“Notes’’ and Royle’s Illustrations. ‘Tonic, stimulant, carmin- 
ative, aphrodisiac, and diuretic properties are ascribed to the 
drug, besides which it is supposed to possess certain occult 
virtues, making it useful in getting rid of evil spirits. 


ARALIA CORDATA.—-+ '& §i (T‘u-tang-kuei). Such 
is the identification of Faber and the Japanese. Siebold says 
that this is the same as Avalia edulis. It may be an Angelica. 
Its uses in medicine are not great ; it being considered carmin- 
ative and slightly stimulating. The young stalks are used 
as a vegetable. According to the Customs Reports, the root 
of this plant is imported into Shanghai from Japan under the 
name of # §i (Tang-kuei), 1250. 


ARCTIUM LAPPA.—#8% #@ (Wu-shih). Other common 
names are 4+ 3 -— (Niu-p‘ang-tzil), 906, and K FW Ff (Ta-li- 
tzii), 1226. This is the common burdock which grows plenti- 


46 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


fully in North and Central China. It has a large number of 
vulgar names, of which the /%z¢sao gives the following : 4 3% 
(Niu-ts‘ai), {fi # 4b (Pien-ch‘ien-niu), 7% MW pa (Ye-ch ‘a-t‘ou), 
i it if) (Pien-fu-tz‘t), 32 7 3 (P‘ang-wéng-ts‘ai), and fA fH 
(Shu-nien). ‘The seeds, stem, and root are used in medicine. 
It is said that in former times the leaves were eaten as a vege- 
table. The taste of the seeds is said to be slightly pungent, 
while that of the root and stem is bitter and cooling. The 
drug is considered to be alterative, depurative, diaphoretic, and 
diuretic. ‘The seeds are usually taken in decoction, or with 
honey and wine ; the root and stalk in decoction or tincture. 


ARECA CATECHU.—#¥% #) (Ping-lang). This is the 
Araca Palm which bears the so-called Betel Nut used by the 
Malays in betel chewing. (See Chavzca betel.) The Malayan 
name is Pzzang, and the Chinese name is supposed to be a 
transference of the sounds of this word. But Li Shih Chen says 
that @ §|) means ‘‘an honored guest,” and these characters 
are used because of the practice of setting the betel box before 
guests. Both explanations are ingenious, to say the least. The 
Areca Palm is indigenous to the East Indies, where it is 
extensively cultivated, as also in the Philippine Islands, 
Hainan, and the south of China. Mr. Sampson reports that 
the best nuts are produced in the south of the island of Hainan. 
According to the /éntsao there are several sorts, varying 
according to the height of the tree and the size of the fruit. 
The nuts vary a good deal in size and quality, being from three 
quarters of an inch to an inch in length. They are brown in 
color, conical at one end and truncated at the other, which is 
marked by a depressed, whitish scar. The taste is bitter and 
rough, varying in different specimens. According to the 
analysis of Morin, these nuts contain a large proportion of 
tannic and gallic acids. In India, a kind of Catechu is pre- 
pared from them, which is known as catta-camdbu. It does not 
appear in commerce ; and, unless #{ #) w{) (Ping-lang-hsin) or 
xz th FH (Ping-lang-kao), 1026 and 1027, are this article, it is 
not known in China. Waring says that it is as good as the 
Black Catechu obtained from the Acacia catechu ; but, inas- 
much as the Areca nut does not contain any Catechin, this 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 47 


catechu is usually regarded in the West as inferior. Tonic, 
stomachic, astringent, antiperiodic, detergent, and anthelmintic 
properties are assigned to the fruit, which, asa tea, was former- 
ly used in the south as a prophylactic against malarious and 
mephitic vapors. One of the synonyms used in the /éz/ésao is 
ve je J} (Hsi-chang-tan), ‘‘ antimalarious panacea,’’? and 
indicates its repute in this direction. ‘The powdered nut has 
long been in use in China as an anthelmintic, and the expul- 
sion of tape worms is its chief use in the West. An alternative 
way of writing the first character in the Chinese name for the 
plant is #e. One of the varieties of Areca catechu is known as 
HK ii F (Ta-fu-tztt) and 7% #{ Hh) (Chu-ping-lang). The bark 
of this tree enters commerce under the name of Fe fR JE (Ta- 
fu-p‘i), 342. It isa rough, dirty, tow-like substance, which is 
used for very much the same purposes as the Areca nut, such 
as choleraic affections, and for flatulent, dropsical, and obstruct- 
ive diseases of the digestive tract. An ointment and a wash 
are prepared for use as detergent applications to fistulous sores 
and to scabious, impetiginous, and other eruptions. 


ARGEMONE MEXICANA.—# ixt3j (Lao-shu-lé). This 
spinous plant, belonging to the Papaveracee, is met with in 
the south of China. The seeds are said to be expectorant and 
sedative. They yield a fixed oil, which has long been in use in 
the West Indies as a purgative, and hassince been recommended 
by Dr. Waring as a mild, painless purge in constipation and 
colic. The oil is said to allay the irritation of herpes and many 
other eruptions of the skin. The name is applied to Spzuzfex 
sguarosis and to Acanthus tlicifolius. 


ARISAMA JAPONICUM.— ff # (Tien-nan-hsing), 
1297. ‘This was identified by Loureiro and Tatarinov as drum 
pentaphyllum, and by Kaempfer as Arum triphilum. The 
Chinese have not distinguished between this and Arvisema 
thunbergit. As the Péntsao discusses this drug under the latter 
heading, we will refer to that article for the medicinal virtues 
and uses of Arzsema japonicum. 


ARISAMA RINGENS.—  & (Yu-po). This is said 
to grow in forests. By some it is considered to be the young 


48 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


root of Arzsema thunbergu. ‘The tendency of the Chinese is 
to refer the less frequently used species of a genus to the one 
most frequently employed, especially if the medicinal virtues 
coincide. In this way most of these aroid plants are consid- 
ered to hold some relationohip to either dvzse@ma thunbergit or 
Pinetiia tuberifera, which bear the highest reputation medici- 
nally of this class of plants. This drug is considered to be 
alterative and febrifuge. It is not much used. 


ARISAAMA 'THUNBERGII.—B %& (Hu-chang). This 
plant is found in different parts of the central and northern 
provinces of China. ‘The supply comes for the most part from 
Shensi, Szechuan, Hupeh, and Anhui. The tubers are the 
part used, which from their shape slightly resembling the paw 
of an animal, receive the name of ‘‘tiger’s paws.’? ‘They 
resemble those of the allied species Punellia tuberifera, Aris@- 
ma japonicum, Arisema ringens, and Conophylus konjak. 
Indeed the distinction between some of these tubers is difficult 
to make, and is probably not made by the Chinese druggists. 
So the description of the drug as found in the shops must have 
an element of uncertainty about it. In general, however, they 
are hard, yellowish-brown, or whitish, flattened, round, general- 
ly divided into small branching tubers grouped around the 
central portion, which is umbilicated and marked with pits and 
tubercles. ‘The cicatricial remnant of the stalk is often seen in 
the umbilicus of the tubers. ‘T‘he interior firm, starchy, white 
substance has a considerable of acridity when chewed for some 
time. The drug is considered to be exceedingly poisonous. 
Alterative, deobstruent, expectorant, diuretic, discutient, and 
vulnerary properties are attributed to it. It is recommended in 
Chinese medical practice for apoplexy, hemiplegia, epilepsy, 
and many other diseases supposed to depend upon the presence 
of phlegm. It is pounded and mixed with vinegar or oil, and 
applied to small tumors or swellings. Having a somewhat. 
benumbing influence, similar to that of aconite, it is sometimes 
used as an ingredient in certain local anesthetic compounds, 
which are applied to painful growths, or to abscesses previous 
to being opened by those who are bold enough to venture upon 
such a surgical procedure. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 49 


ARISTOLOCHIA CONTORTA. — + F A F (T'u- 
ch‘ing-mu-hsiang). This plant is found at Peking and north- 
ward. It is described in the /Péztsao under Aristolochia 
kempfert. Whether the drug met with in commerce is the 
product of this plant, of Arzstolochia kempferi, or of Aristolo- 
chia recurvilabra, is uncertain, with a probability in favor of 
the last named. 


ARISTOLOCHIA KCIMPFERI.— & & @ (Ma-tou- 
ling), 813. Called by Faber #! 9} (Tou-ling), Aristolochia 
wchilis. ‘The drug comes principally from the northern provy- 
luces; some being exported (possibly re-exported) from Foochow. 
It consists of dry, oval, pediculated fruits of one to one-and- 
three-quarters inch in length when whole. But they are 
usually broken, showing a division into six thin, papery valves, 
inclosing flat, obtusely-triangular, winged seeds. Some say that 
the Chinese name of this plant, ‘‘ horse bell,’’ refers to the 
shape of the leaf. As the open, cellular structure of these fruits 
is considered by the Chinese to resemble the human lung, 
they are strongly recommended in all forms of pulmonary 
affections. They have very little taste or smell and are not 
poisonous. Other diseases for which they are prescribed are 
hemorrhoids and ascites. One of the fruits burned over a lamp, 
and the charred remains taken with wine, is considered a sure 
cure for heartburn. 


ARISTOLOCHIA RECURVILABRA.>—-¥ ARF (Ch ‘ing- 
mu-hsiang), 192, ff jig (Pai-shu), 961. These are the identifica- 
tions of Hance. The latter is cultivated in Shaohsing prefecture, 
.Chekiang province, and large quantities are therefore exported 
from Ningpo. The plant resembles the birthwort, and evident- 
ly belongs to this genus. It is said to sometimes be substituted 
for Indian futchuk. ‘The various kinds of the drug are known 
as 2P jit (P‘ing-shu), 4e jlg (Shéng-shu), 4% je (Tung-shu), + gfe 
(T'a-shu), Se ¢ (Wu-shu), 3G ye (Vitan-shu), sJ. JG jf (Hsiao- 
yuan-shu), and # j[¢ (Yiin-shu). Besides the province of Che- 
kiang, Kiangsi, Anhui, and Yiinnan are sources of supply for 
the drug. ‘he best kind is said to be produced at f& 2% (Yi- 
chien) in Hangchow prefecture. Of the former, the sources’ 


50 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


of origin are Szechuan, Hupeh, Chekiang, and Kuangtung. 
The root of the Pai-shu is said to resemble old ginger root, 
dark colored without and white inside. It is considered to be 
constructive, alterative, tonic, and diuretic. It is a highly 
valued remedy, being prescribed in combination with such drugs 
as ginseng and China root. It is used in digestive disorders 
and chronic fluxes, especially those of women and children. 
It is regarded as being especially useful in summer diarrhoea 
and in chronic diarrhcea and dysentery. Under the designation 
of #% fs Hi (Tu-hsing-kén), the root of the Ch‘ing-mu-hsiang 
is prescribed in similar cases. But in addition, this is 
regarded to be especially efficacious in expelling the #& (Ku) 
poison. So highly is it valued for this purpose by the in- 
habitants of Lingnan that they have given it the name of 
= Gi Wy BB HS (San-pai-liang-yin-yao), ‘‘ three-hundred-taels-of- 
silver- drug.’’ It is also considered to be a good remedy for 
snake-bite. 


ARTEMISIA ANNUA. — # # (Huang-hua-hao). 
Also called §i 3% (Ch‘ou-hao, “stinking herbage,’’ and Hit & 
(Ts‘ao-hao), ° orassy herbage.’’ It is not eaten on account of 
its unpleasant odor. ‘The leaves and the seeds are prescribed, 
the former for children’s fevers, and the latter for consumption, 
flatulence, dyspepsia, night sweats, and to destroy noxious vapors. 


ARTEMISIA APIACEA.—7F # (Ch‘ing-hao), 186. This 
is probably identical with Artemzsza abrotanum, or southern- 
wood. Other classifications have been Artemisia dracunculus 
and Artemisia desertorum. ‘This plant, when coiled into ropes 
to be burned to drive away mosquitos, is called # 7% (Hsiang- 
hao). This is also the term by which it is known at Peking. 
In the spring, when the leaves are very tender, they are eaten 
asa vegetable. Very early in the spring the shoots are used 
medicinally. The leaves, stalk, root, and seeds are all used in 
medicine. It is prescribed in a large number of affections, 
among which may be mentioned consumption, chronic dysen- 
try, malaria, nasal polypus, hemorrhoids, wasp stings, etc. 


ARTEMISIA CAPILLARIS.— qf pk # (Yin-ch ‘en-hao), 
1532. Loureiro calls this Artemzsza We aes but the plant 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 51 


he describes is not this species. This is a perennial artemisia, 
coming up year after year from the same roots and preserving 
its foliage green during the winter. Hence the name fq fR 
(Yin-ch‘en). It is a mountain plant in its natural habitat ; that 
coming from the peaks near Hochou, in Anhui province being 
called 4 Pi fii \Shih-yin-ch‘en), or “‘stone artemisia.”” The 
best quality is thought to come from the sacred Tai mountain, 
in Shantung. There is also a cultivated variety, which the 
Péntsao distinguishes both as to appearance and medical uses. 
Under the common method of preparation, the substance of 
the plant is converted into a downy mass, which is called 
£2 ij fe (Mien-yin-ch‘en), The leaves and stalk are used as 
a febrifuge, a diuretic, an antispasmodic, and an antiperiodic. 
It is recommended in the treatment of jaundice, dysmenorrhcea, 
ague and ephemeral fevers. 


ARTEMISIA JAPONICA. — ft % (Mou-hao). Also 
called #% §H  (Ch‘i-t‘ou-hao). Classical name, £F (Wei). It 
grows in fields and waste lands. Li Shih-chen says: ‘‘Its 
leaves are flat, narrow at the base, broad and lobed at the end. 
The young leaves can be eaten. Deer are fond of the plant. 
In autumn it bears small, yellow flowers. The fruit is as large 
as that of the /laxtago major, and contains minute seeds, 
hardly distinguishable; wherefore the ancients asserted that 
the plant had no seeds, and called it the male southernwood.”’ 
It is reputed to promote the digestion of fat, and is therefore 
used to produce plumpuess of figure. But it is advised not to 
use it very long at a time, as its prolonged use is deleterious. 
The expressed juice is employed as a local application in 
vaginitis. In combination with elecampane, it is considered a 
sure cure for ague. 


ARTEMISIA KEISKIANA.—#§ fy (An-lii). Also called 
js fj (Fu-lit). These names come from the fact that the 
stalks of this plant are useful for thatching village cottages. 
The seeds are the part employed in medicine. ‘Their use is 
supposed to prolong life, and they are administered in cases 
of impotence, amenorrhcea, post-partum pain, and to remove 
extravasated blood and prevent the formation of abscess. 


52 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


ARTEMISIA STELLERIANA VESICULOSA,—y 
(Pai-hao). Classical names, # (Fan) and ¥£ (Ljii). It is 
considered by some ancient authors to be amphibious in its 
habits, but it is probable that there are two distinct but 
closely related species. Indeed Su Sung (11th century) says: 
‘*In ancient times the people used the leaves of the Pai-hao for 
food. Now they employ for this purpose the #£ #5 (Lii-hao), 
which some authors have erroneously identified with the 
Pai-hao.’’ Faber calls this Lii-hao Artemzsza gzloéscens. It 
shoots up in the second month, and the very tender leaves and 
the crisp white or reddish roots are used as food by tbe people, 
being eaten raw or cooked. ‘This plant is regarded as useful 
in flatulence, colds, as a stomachic, to promote the growth of 
hair, and as a nervine and promoter of the mental faculties. 
Externally, a decoction is used as a wash in ulcerous skin 
affections. It is probably indigenous to China, being found 
in most parts of the empire, and it may be the same as the 
Arabic Artemisia herba-alba. ‘That form which grows on 
uplands is not used as food, and but rarely in medicine. 


ARTEMISIA VULGARIS.—% 3 (Ai-hao), or simply 2% 
(Ai). Also called Artemztsia indica, Artemisia chinensis, and 
Artemisia moxa. This plant is the common mugcwort, and 
is found in most parts of China ; the trade supply of the drug 
coming from Hupeh, Anhui, and Fukien. The best quality, 
known as iy 3¢ (Ch‘i-ai), comes from Ch'‘i-chou (gf Ji), in 
Huang-chon- a ‘a JH JP a Hupeh. Bretschneider says that 
this is the same 5 F 4B XY (Ch ‘ien-nien-a1), and is Zanacetum 
chinense. Faber calls ae Ch‘ien-nien-ai Artemisia vulgaris, 
aud Ai (2) he calls Artemisia wxdica. But from a medical stand- 
point, these distinctions are unimportant. Another variety,+ 
known as 4 %& (Tzti-ai), reddish in color, comes from Fung- 
yang-fu, in Periae Common names by which the Aréemzsza is 
known are Bf i (I-ts‘ao, ‘‘vulnerary herb’’), #& Hi (Chih-ts‘ao, 
‘‘burning herb’’), and @ ¥4% (Chiu-ts‘ao, ‘‘ cauterizing herb”’). 
In commerce this article appears principally in four forms. 
Ai-yeh (4& 8 7, 1s the dried leaves of the plant, while A1- 
tao (4 f%), 6, is the dried twigs done up in bundles. Ai- 
jung (3¢ #K)j, 3, is made by taking the best leaves and grinding 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 53 


them up in a stone mortar with water, separating out the 
coarsest particles and refuse and drying what remains.  Ai- 
mien (2% #), 4, is the Ai-jung picked to pieces by hand. This 
latter is principally used as a stamping-ink pad for seals, being 
mixed with vermillion and castor oil for that purpose. 

The Ai-jung is used as a moxa (3% 4K), both for cauterizing 
purposes and as a counterirritant. A small portion is rolled 
into a pellet the size of a pea, placed upon the ulcer or place 
to be cauterized and ignited. The preferred method of igniting 
the moxa is with a burning glass or mirror. The number 
of pellets used depends upon the effect desired. If it is used 
for the relief of pain, the process is continued until the pain is 
relieved, or until more than ten pellets have been used. If for 
the cauterization of an ulcer, or for the loss of sensation in a 
part, its application should be continued until acute pain is 
produced, or ten or more pellets have been used. This treat- 
ment is recommended and practiced indiscriminately by native 
doctors for nearly all of the ills to which flesh is heir—from itch 
to sterility. It is reported to have fallen somewhat into disuse 
in some parts of the empire, but in Kiangnan it seems to be 
as much employed by the native faculty as it ever was. 

The number of diseases for which Artemzsta vulgaris is 
prescribed, is very large. It is regarded as having hemostatic, 
antiseptic, aud carminative virtues. Therefore it is prescribed in 
decoction in hemoptysis, dysentery, menorrhagia, post-partum 
hzemorrhage, snake and insect bites, as a wash for all sorts of 
wounds and ulcers, and to allay the griping pains of indigestion, 
diarrhoea, or dysentery. The expressed juice of the fresh plant 
is employed as a hzemostatic, for tape worm, and as a carmin- 
ative. A tincture, made up in native spirits, is used as a 
nerve sedative in abdominal pain and in labor. The leaves are 
also steamed and used asa poultice for the relief of pain. This 
is called Ai-pa (%¢ 4). 

As this plant is so frequently used as a charm, and is held 
in a measure of superstitious veneration by the people, it is a 
little difficult to determine just where its remedial use in native 
therapeutics begins. At the time of the Dragon Festival (fifth 
day of the fifth moon) the 4Artem7sza is hung up to ward off 
noxious influeuces. ‘T‘his is done either together with a Taoist 


54 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


charm, in which case it is called 3 #f (Ai-fu), atid is hung 
at the head of the principal room of ae house, or together with 
the Acorus calamus ( jifj, Ch‘ang-p‘u) at the door; the leaves 
of the latter being formed in the shape of a sword (called 37j &H, 
P‘u-chien) and placed over the door, while a stalk of the 
Artemisia is hung on each door post. ‘That this was efficacious 
in at least one instance is attested by the fact that the famous 
rebel, Huang Ch‘ao (a Jf), gave orders to his soldiers to spare 

ny family that had Artemzsza hung up at the door. The 
moxa is employed by Buddhist priests in initiating neophytes; 
three rows of three, four, or five scars each being burned on 
the crown of the head with this substance. Many also use the 
moxa on a three days’ old child, burning one or more scars on 
the face; this being supposed to insure the child’s living through 
infancy. ‘The places for burning are between the brows, on 
each cheek a little distance beneath the eyes, and at the root 
of the nose on the upper lip. 


ARTOCARPUS INTEGERIFOLIA.—i#k # % (Po-lo- 
mi). This is the Jack, Jak, or Jaca fruit. The Annamese name 
is #€ ‘jn #§ (Nang-chieh-ch‘ieh) ; the last two characters being 
mh ne ‘‘chiaket’’? in Annamese. The first name given 
above is the Sanscrit name, represented in Chinese characters. 
In Persian it is } Hf} #% (P‘o-ua-sha), and in the language of 
the Nestorian country of fi #f (Fu-lin), it was called Paj PE gig 
(A-sa-t‘o). It is a member of that very interesting natural 
order of Dicotyledonous plants, the Artacarpace@, which fur- 
nishes the bread-fruit, caoutchouc, the cow-tree, the deadly 
Upas, the sack-tree, the Trumpetwood which is used for cordage 
and for musical wind-instrumeuts, and the valuable Snakewood 
of Demerara. ‘The Jack-fruit is said to grow in several parts © 
of Southern Asia, being found in China in Lingnan and Yun- 
nan. ‘The pulp and seeds are considered by the Chinese to be 
cooling, tonic, and nutritious, and to be useful in overcoming 
the influence of alcohol on the system. 


ASARUM FORBESI.—4f fj (Tu-héng). Other names, 
-E #8 34 (T‘u-hsi-hsin), #£ ZE (Tu-k‘uei), and the Z‘ang Pén- 
tsao calls it & he & (Ma- -t‘i-hsiang), on account of the shape 


et 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 55 


of its leaves. It is found in rocky ravines anywhere between 
the Huai and the Yangtsze, and probably any place else in 
Central China. Its continued use will give a fragrant odor to 
the body. The root is the part used, and it is prescribed for 
fevers, coughs, goitre, and for intestinal worms. <A caution is 
offered in regard toa plant called 7K $M 24 (Mu-hsi-hsin), which 
is considered to be poisonous, and the similarity of names to 
the + #M 3 (T‘u-hsi-hsin) might lead to error. 


ASARUM SIEBOLDI. — #) 3 (Hsi-hsin), 388. This 
drug seems to be confused with the last in commerce. It, 
however, is a northern plant, being found principally in Korea, 
Manchuria, and the extreme northern provinces of China. 
The Chinese name refers to the fibrous character of the roots 
and their extreme acridity. The dried root appears in the 
shops in the form of fibrous radicles, having a strong, aromatic 
smell and a subacrid taste, having lost some of the acridity of 
the fresh root in the process of drying. The /éztsao assigns 


‘to this drug emetic, expectorant, diaphoretic, diuretic, and 


purgative properties. It is prescribed in rheumatic affections, 
and in epilepsy. It is used in powder in the treatment of nasal 
polypus and in deafness, and in strong decoetion or powder in 
the treatment of ulcers of the mouth. 


ASCLEPIAS.—fy i # (Pai-t‘u-huo). This seems to be 
a Sarsa-like plant, both as to its form and as to its reputed 
medicinal virtues. It is said to grow in various parts of China, 
such as Kuangtung, Hupeh, and Shensi. Its species is not 
determined. It is considered to be a counterpoison, and is 
recommended in the treatment of insect and animal stings and 
bites, to counteract the #& (Ku) poison, and to destroy the 
effects of poisons that may have been swallowed. 


ASPARAGUS LUCIDUS.— PY & (T‘ien-mén-tung), 
1301, 1302. Other names, % & (Mén-tung), iif #f (Tien-1é), 
and #8 i i (Wan-sui-t‘€ng). This is said by the Péztsao to 
be a creeping plant with prickly leaves. In the region of 
Taishan, in Shantung, is the most famous place of its production. 
But it is cultivated in and around Peking. ‘The Customs Lists 


56 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


give Szechuan as the source of the commercial supply. It is. 
doubtless found in other parts of China. ‘The tubers are the 
part used, and they are described as being spindle-shaped, 
fleshy, translucent, of a reddish or yellowish color, and varying 
from two to five inches in length. Some are much older and 
more woody in structure. They are flattened, contorted, 
furrowed longitudinally, and have a central perforation in 
many cases, showing that they have been strung on a cord for 
purposes of drying. They have no decided odor, but the taste 
is something like that of the squill. They are considered to be 
expectorant, tonic, stomachic, and nervous stimulant. Their 
prolonged use is recommended in impotence. The root is pre- 
served in sugar as a sweet-meat. 

Loureiro calls this plant Welanthium cochinchinense, and in 
this he is followed by Tatarinov, Guager, Hanbury, and Porter 
Smith. But Hance and Henry, who studied the plant in its 
natural habitat, identify it as Asparagus lucidus, as do also 
Miquel, Faber, Bretschneider, and the Japanese. 


ASPIDIUM FALCATUM.—® 3 (Kuan-chung), 647. 
According to M. Fauvel, this term is so applied in Shantung. 
According to Henry, in Hupeh Kuan-chung is ]Voodwardia 
vadicans (which see), and 4 # 3% (Mao-kuan-chung) is Oxoclea 
orientalis and Nephrodium filix mas. In Japan these charac- 
ters indicate Lomaria japonica. 


ASTER FASTIGIATUS. — 4 ¥% (Nii-viian). Other 
names are f(y $e (Pai-yiian), $k 7 $i (Chien-nii-yiian', and 
7c {% (Ni-fu). This plant grows in the north of China. In 
the Peking mountains this name is applied to Plectranthus 
glaucocalyx. 'The root is the part used in the treatment of 
fevers, plague, dysentery, epileptoid conditions, and it is espe- 
cially recommended to be used to allay the results of overfeast- 
ing and wine drinking. 


ASTER TATARICUS.—3& #8 (Tzii-yitan), 1422. This is 
Faber’s identification. ‘The plant grows plentifully in Northern 
aud Central China, and resembles the last so much that they 
are often confounded. Another uname for it is # # 4+ (Ve- 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 57 


eh‘ien-niu). The root is the part used, is fibrous, of a reddish- 
brown color, has a fragrant odor and but little taste. It is 
used in the treatment of pulmonary affections, in hemoptysis, 
hematuria, puerperal hemorrhage, and dysuria. It is also 
considered to be quietiug to the nervous system, and is there- 
fore used in the restless crying of children. It is also regarded 
to have some tonic virtues. 


ASTER TRINERVIUS.—5 f§ (Ma-lan), 803. Also 
called 3% 49 (Tzu-chit), ‘‘ purple chrysanthemum.’’ It grows 
almost everywhere in marshy places and on the borders of 
lakes. ‘The flower has an unpleasant odor. The root and 
leaves are used, and are recommended for the treatment of 
hemorrhages, all forms of animal poisoning, and in malaria. 
It is especially recommended in that mysterious disorder called 
by the Chinese # (Sha). 


ASTRAGALUS HOANGTCHY. —# & (Huang-ch‘i), 
510. Name also written i JG (Huang-ch‘i). The first name 
is sometimes written fy # (Huang-shih), but this is incorrect. 
Large quantities of this drug pass between the ports of China ; 
it being produced in Manchuria, Chihli, Shantung, Szechuan, 
and Shensi. Several varieties are distinguished, being named 
for the places from which they come. It is possible that the 
root of a Sophora is included among these. The roots are 
flexible and long, as large as a finger, and covered with a 
tough, wrinkled, yellowish-brown skin, which has a tendency 
to break up into wooly fibers. [he woody interior is of a 
yellowish-white color, and the whole drug has a faintly sweetish 
taste, somewhat resembling that of liquorice root. It is in 
great repute as a tonic, pectoral, and diuretic medicine. The 
diseases for which it is prescribed, therefore, are almost num- 
berless. Every sort of wasting or exhausting disease is 
thought to be benefited by it. Like most of the tonic and 
diuretic remedies, it is prescribed in malaria. 


ATRACTYLIS.—3fi (Shu). Hance has identified the 
Jit (Pai-shu), which is so largely grown in Chekiang province 
and exported from Ningpo, as Aristolochia recurvilabra (which 


f 


a 


1 see). It is doubtless true, however, that some of the Pai-shu 


58 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


which comes from other parts of the empire is Aévactyls. 
According to Hoffman and Schultes, 3F ft (T's‘ang-shu) repre- 
sents three species of Atraetylodes, namely, A¢ractylodes lyrata, 
Atractylodes lancea, and Atractylodes ovaia. Siebold, as if it 
were one species, calls this plant Atractylis chinensis. ‘The 
places of origin of this drug are (1330) Manchuria, Chihli, 
Shantung, Szechuan, Hupeh, Anhui, and Chekiang. The 
roots are met with in finger-shaped, roughly-moniliform pieces, 
occasionally branching, and varying from one to three inches 
in length. The cuticle is rough, brown, or blackish, and 
sometimes bristled with rootlets. The cut surface is of a dirty 
white color, with a yellowish cortical layer. The structure is 
very open, and some of the interstices are filled with an orange- 
colored resinous substance, which dissolves in strong spirit, 
making a yellow tincture. ‘The smell is somewhat aromatic 
and the taste warm and bitter. ‘The drug is a warm, stomach- 
ic, stimulant, arthritic, tonic, and diuretic remedy, used in 
fevers, catarrh, chronic dysentery, general dropsy, rheumatism, 
profuse sweating, and apoplexy. It enters into the composition 
of several of the most famous prescriptions in use among the 
native faculty. Among these may be mentioned the [aj ia J} 
(Ku-chen-tan), ‘‘strengthening virility elixir;’? the A FF 
(Pu-lao-tan), ‘elixir of longevity ;’? and the #& 2& J} (Ling- 
chih-tan), ‘‘elixir of felicity.’> To enumerate all of the 
diseases for which the drug is recommended, would require a 
tolerably complete Chinese nosology. 4 jij (P ‘ing-shu) is a less 
pungent quality of the drug, but whether this is due to its 
being a different species, or to a different mode of preparation, 
does not yet appear. The whole matter of classification of 
these substances is in a very unsettled state. 


ATROPA. It is exceedingly doubtful whether this genus 
is found in China. It is introduced here simply to call atten- 
tion to two substances which may be included under this 
classification or that of some allied genus. ‘The first is 4 jij 
(Tien-ch‘ieh), a term used by Dr. Williams in his Syllabic 
Dictionary for belladonna-like plants of the Solanacez. It is 
also said to be written K jij F (Ten ch‘ ieh- tzu), and this term 


‘ 


——— 


a 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 59 


is assigned to Solanum nigrum. But neither of these terms is 
given in the Péx/sao, or in any other Chinese work examined. 

In the Péxtsao, under the head of an unidentified Solana- 
ceous plant called 44 #% #4 (T'so-na-ts‘ao), there is an appended 
account of a similar drug called 4m 7% jf (Ya-pu-lu), the effects 
of which resemble those of A¢ropa mandragora. It is said that 
after the administration of a small quantity of the tincture, a 
profound anesthesia was produced, during which operations 
might be performed with perfect freedom from pain. ‘The 
effects of the drug lasted for three days. The drug is said to 
have come from the country of the Mohammedan tribes north 
of China, and is thought to have been the drug used by the 
celebrated surgeon, Hua-t‘o, in certain operations upon wound- 
ed intestine. ‘There is no description of the plant, so its 
identification awaits investigation. 


AVENA FATUA. 38 (Ch‘iao-mai), #¢ 2§ (Yen-mai). 
Oats is seldom cultivated in China, although this wild variety 
is sometimes collected in times of dearth and used in making 
bread. ‘The grain is considered to be nutritious and demulcent. 
A decoction of the shoots of growing grain is given to parturient 
women to excite uterine contractions, as in retained placenta. 
This action may be due to the growth of an ergot upon the 
shoots. In Japan the above terms are used for different 
. gramineous plants; the first being Bromus japonicus, while the 
second is Brachypodium sylvaticum. The Avena fatua is 
called #¥ # (Yen-mai), but in China this first character is only 
a varied way of writing #€. 

AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA. ¥% &  (Wu-han-tzi), 
hh f F (Wu-léng-tzit), PR pk (Yang-t‘ao). The second charac- 
ter in the first name is in the south a colloquial substitute for 
the second character in the second name. ‘The meaning of this 
name is ‘‘five ridges,’’? and refers ‘to the shape of the fruit, 
which is compared to that of the stone roller with which the 
Chinese farmer rolls down his fields after sowing grain. This 
fruit is the so-called ‘“Chinese gooseberry,’? which is met with 
in the southern provinces of Fukien, Kuangtung, and Kuangsi, 
but is scarcely known in the north. In its natural habitat it is 


60 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


also known as #2 #k (Yang-t‘ao), variously written 26 PE 
(Yang-t‘ao). On this account, Legge has erroneously identi- 
fied the carambola with the # 48 (Ch‘ang-ch‘u) of the classics. 
This latter is Actzzzdza, and Chinese writers have not con- 
founded the two, although there has been some local confound- 
ing of the colloquial names. The fruit, when ripe, is three or 
four inches long, yellow, marked by five prominent longitudinal 
ridges, very juicy, and rather sharp to the taste. The odor is 
aromatic, but rather disagreeable to some persons. Its action 
is to quench thirst, to increase the salivary secretion, and hence 
to allay fever. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 61 


b. 


BALANOPHERA.—§ % (So-yang), 1189. Whether 
this is a correct identification, or whether it is an Ovobancha, 
is not quite certain. ‘The Chinese make it out tobe a kind of 
@e %W (Ts‘ung-yung), which zs Orobancha. 'The Péntsao says 
that it grows in the country of the Mongol Tartars, and comes 
up in places where the wild horse and scaly dragon have 
dropped semen, which sinks into the ground and after a time 
springs up in a form like the bamboo shoot. ‘The upper part 
is succulent and the lower dry. It is covered with scales and 
resembles the penis. It is said that lecherous women among 
the Tartars use it for the purpose of masturbation, and that 
when the root comes in contact with the female organ it 
becomes erect, as in the case of the organ it is said to resemble. 
It is a remarkable fact that an allied species in America goes 
by the vulgar term of ‘‘squaw root ;’’ a similar reason for so 
calling it being there adduced. ‘The drug which enters the 
Chinese markets probably largely comes from Mongolia, but 
the Customs Reports credit Szechuan and Hupeh with being 
its places of production. The root is fleshy, reddish-brown in 
color, having a more or less wrinkled surface. In accordance 
with the Chinese ideas as to the origin of this root, it is con- 
sidered to be aphrodisiac to women and to promote the secre- 
tion of semen in men. It is also thought to be stimulant and 
tonic to the intestinal tract. 


BALSAMODENDRON MYRRHA.—7#Z 3% (Mu-yao), 
879. The name is also written 5¢ #%; the first character in 
each case being said to bea transliteration of the Sanscrit term. 
The drug originally came from Persia, and was said to resemble 
benzoin. Its mode of collection, as given by Li Shih-chen, is 
by incision of the bark of the tree and collecting the exudation 
as it congeals. It is reddish-black in color and more or less 
admixed with other substances. ‘The product, as found in the 
Chinese drug shops, has a bitter taste and but little of the smell 
of genuine myrrh. It is said now to be produced to some 
extent in the south of China. Its medical uses are considered 


62 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


to be identical with those of olibanum. It is regarded as an 
alterative and sedative, and, as formerly in the west, is used in 
the treatment of wounds and ulcers. It is thought to be 
especially useful in uterine discharges and in vicious lochie ; 
also in the treatment of a disease resembling hysterical mania. 
Loureiro mentions a 7% #¢ yh (Mu-yao-yu), ‘‘oil of myrrh,”’’ 
which is used in Cochin China for the dressing of ulcers. It 
is reddish in color, and has the smell of myrrh. It does not 
seem to be known in China. 

There is also found in the drug shops of China a substance 
called (f% 7% #% (Chia-mu-yao), which is East India Bdellinm. 
This is supposed to be the product of Balsamodendron mukul, 
or Balsamodendron roxburghit. It is imported into China 
from India, and Dr. Williams says that the drug appearing in 
the Chinese market is much adulterated. According to Dr. 
Waring, good Ldellium occurs in roundish, dark-red pieces, 
softer than myrrh and much less agreeable in taste and smell. 
It does not respond to the tests for myrrh, but is said to answer 
all of the purposes of that drug. It is an excellent stimulant 
for the chronic ulcers so commonly found throughout the east. 
Its Indian name is gugud. 


BAMBUSA.—The number of species of bamboo to be 
found in China, included under the genera Bambusa, Arundt- 
maria, and Phyllostachys, is doubtless very large. Riviére 
enumerates twenty-three coming from the region of Hongkong 
and Canton alone. ‘The largest bamboos are found in Hupeh, 
Szechuan, and Chekiang. Marco Polo made mention of the 
large ones of the last named province. An interesting bamboo 
is the Phyllostachys nigra, which is a dwarf and has a black 
stem. Attaining to not more than the height of a man, it is 
cut down and used for walking-sticks and parasol handles. 

Owing to the fact that the bamboo flowers and fruits only 
once in from thirty to sixty years, very little has been done in 
China as yet towards its systematic classification. Rather more’ 
has been done in Japan, but even there this work is still far 
from complete. The ff ## (Chu-p‘u, ‘‘ Treatise on Bamboos’’), 
which was published in the 3rd or 4th century, is an interest- 
ing and tolerably complete account of the bamboo, the names 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 63 


by which it was known in the classics, and the uses to which 
it was put from most ancient times. Allowing for changes in 
customs, we find that these uses were very much the same 
as at the present time. Besides the purposes for which the 
bamboo is employed in medicine hereafter to be mentioned, 
the sprouts are eaten for food, and the wood is made into 
mats, baskets, hats, musical instruments, bows and arrows, 
pillows, chairs and stools, tables and book-shelves, fences and 
screens, house frames, cash boxes, tallies and token money, 
as a substitute for paper, and the thousand and one varied uses 
to which one sees it put at every turn as he goes about the 
country. The bamboo grows as far north as the Yangtsze valley, 
from which point it is for the most part replaced by Pragmztes 
and other reeds. Of the various kinds of bamboo mentioned 
in the Chinese books we have several interesting specimens. 
The $€ 7 (Pau-chu), or ‘‘ spotted bamboo,’ said to be mark- 
ed by the tears of Queen Siang, is found in the central prov- 
inces. The Spiny Bamboo, ji] 7 (Chih-chu), attains a very 
large size, and is said to be capable of resisting the onsets of 
burglars, pirates, and the like, when formed into stockades. 
The #% 77 (Tsung-chu), or ‘‘coir bamboo,’’ is nearly solid 
stemmed, and is used in the manufacture of fans. Bambusa 
arundinacea is called }¥ ff (Lu-chu) by the Chinese. 

Of the many varieties of bamboo found in China, but a 
possible six are mentioned as being used in medicine. These 
are : 3 7f (Chin-chu), #8 7 (Tan-chu), # f (K‘u-chu), ff 7 
(Kan-chu), 22 ff (Kuei-chu), and 2& ff (Tz‘a-chu). The parts 
used are the leaves, 222, the rhizome, the thin outside skin 
(Ai, ju, properly written 44), 212, and the sap (jf, li). The 
leaves of the Chin-chu, which is a large southern variety, are 
said to be tussic, tonic. anthelmintic, stomachic, and car- 
minative, while the root is considered as cooling, tonic and 
alexipharmic. The sap is used only in rheumatism. Of the 
Tan-chu (Lambusa puberula) the leaves and the root are pre- 
scribed in the form of a decoction in all diseases supposed to de- 
pend upon a collection of phlegm. A wash is also directed to 
be used in cases of prolapsus of the womb. ‘The leaves of the 
K ‘u-chu (dArundinaria japonica) are considered to be stimulant, 
tonic, anthelmintic, and auti-vinous. A wash is used in favus of 


64 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


children and other eruptions. The root is cooling and is used 
in fevers. The bark is used in decoction for the cure of hem- 
orrhage from the bladder, while the sap is used in ulcerated 
sore mouth, ophthalmia, and toothache. ‘The Kan-chu root ~ 
(species unknown) is said to quiet the uterus and to be useful 
in post-partum fever. ‘The bark of the Kuei-chu is the only 
part used, and this only in decoction as a febrifuge. The sap 
of the T‘zti-chtu is also used in fevers and rheumatic affections. 
The sap is prepared by heating short pieces of bamboo, when 
it exudes from the cut ends and is collected. All the forms of 
bamboo shoot are considered cooling to the blood. It is said 
that if they are eaten together with sheep’s liver, blindness will 
result. They are given to suckling mothers to increase the low 
of milk, and some kinds are thought to increase all of the secre- 
tions of the body. ‘The shoots from two kinds of bamboo, the 
HE 5 (T‘ao-chu, ‘‘ peach bamboo’’) and the i] 7 (Chih-chu, 
Bambusa spinosa), are considered to be slightly poisonous. The 
first is used asa wash for maggots on cattle and the second has 
no medical use, but when eaten it is thought to cause the hair 
to fall out. 

The excrescences which grow on the bamboo are mentioned 
in the /éntsao. One comes upon the T'‘zt-chu in the form of 
a deer horn, is called 7 Be (Chu-ju), and is edible. ‘The other, 
which grows upon the K ‘u-chu, is called ff fy (Chu-ju), and is 
considered to be very poisonous. This latter looks like a 
lichen, and is anthelmintic. The former is used in dysentery. 
The first leaves (called #, t‘o) of the T‘zi-chu are used in 
decoction as a wash for scald-head and other ulcerous eruptions 
of children. A small mountain bamboo, called IJ G Tf 
(Shan-pai-chu), is incinerated and the ash used as an escharotic 
in cancer. Exploding bamboos by fire is used to drive away 
evil spirits and mountain sprites. The fruits of the bamboo 
enliven the animal spirits and benefit the respiratory organs. 

The silicaceous concretion called Zabasheer, found in the 
joints of large bamboos, is also used in Chinese medicine. It 
is called ff # (Chu-huang) and F “&  (T‘ien-chu-huang), 
211. The Chinese did not probably derive the substance 
originally from India, but it is possible that the knowledge of 
its medicinal uses were derived from that couutry, where it has 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 65 


been held in high esteem from very early times. Hence the 
second name given above. It is met with in hard, broken, 
angular pieces, usually opaque, as smooth as porcelain, of a 
whitish or bluish vitreous color, easily broken, and usually 
scented with some perfume. It absorbs oil, and thereby be- 
comes transparent. When the oil has been again driven away 
by heat, the internal structure of the concretion becomes 
apparent, showing it to be most beautifully veined. Zadasheer 
has the lowest refractive power of all known substances. It is 
made up almost entirely of silica; there being sometimes a 
varying amount of potash, lime, iron, and vegetable matter. 
It can therefore have practically no medical virtues. But the 
Chinese, true to their ideas of its mysterious origin, prescribe 
it in acute choreic, convulsive, and epileptiform diseases of 
children, as well as in apoplexy and paralysis. In India it is 
believed to have stimulant and aphrodisiac qualities. The drug 
is usually adulterated in China with bone earth and other 
substances. A similar substance has been found in jungle grass, 


BARKHAUSIA REPENS.—Wj ff #2 (Hu-huang-lien), 
482. This is the identification of De Candolle, Loureiro cails 
it Picris repens. It is a foreign drug, coming from the 
country of 4 (Kukonor), where it is called 2] 7, BH (Ko- 
ku-lu-tsé). As is usually the case with foreign drugs, Tao 
Hung-ching says that it comes from Persia, which is the source 
of many, though not quite all of the drugs introduced into 
China from the west. Li Shih-chen says that the best quality 
of the root has a top resembling the bill of a bird, and when 
cut, the cross section resembles the eye of the mynah. He 
also says that the shooting plant resembles that of Brunella 
vulgaris. ‘The dried root, as met with in the shops, is ia 
irregular, tapering, contorted pieces, varying from one to two 
inches in length and about the size of a lead pencil. The 
cuticle is dark brown or blackish, having tubercles, and other- 
wise irregularly wrinkled and marked. It has a hay-like 
odor and an exceedingly bitter taste. The FPéxtsao says that 
if the drug is true, a smoke-like dust should come from the 
interior of the root when it is fractured. ‘che drug is now said 
to be produced in Nanhai, and also in Shensi and Kansu. 


66 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Tonic, astringent, antiperiodic, antifebrile, alterative, and 
resolvent properties are attributed to this drug, and it is 
specially recommended in the fff (Kan) disease of children, 
which is struma or marasmus due to exhausting discharges. 
As an external application, it is usually mixed with goose gall, 
in which form it is applied to every form of hemorrhoid, as 
well as to cancerous sores. It has a great reputation in the 
treatment of dysentery. 


BASELLA RUBRA.—¥ 3§ (Lo-k‘uei) and #% # (Chung- 
k‘uei). Itis also called ¥# Z£ (T ‘Eng-k ‘uei), ‘ twining mallow,”’ 
and its common name is fj Ji ff (Hu-yen-chih). The Bud- 
dhists call it # 3 (Yu-ts‘ai). In the EHrfya the names are 
& Fe (Fan-lu) and 7 9 (Ch‘eng-Iu). Other names are 4 #6 F 
(Jan-chiang-tzi!) and HJ BR 36 (Yen-chih-ts‘ai). At Peking 
the plant is cultivated under the name of J] Jf  (Yen-chih- 
tou). The plant is largely cultivated, and the leaves, which 
are cooling and mucilaginous, are eaten with fish and other 
meats. The berries are purple in color, and have a red juice, 
which is used as a rouge for the faces and lips of ladies, and 
also asa dye. ‘The medicinal virtues are not great ; the leaves 
being used as a demulcent in intestinal troubles, and the berries 
as anu emolient, and a pigmentary addition to facial cosmetics. 


BEGONIA DISCOLOR, or BEGONIA EVANSIANA.— 
HK ME Re (Ch‘iu-hai-t‘ang) and #7 fe Bf (Ch‘un-hai-t‘ang). 
Another name given is [if Jj fi (Tuan-ch‘ang-ts‘ao), but this 
is more especially used for Ge/semzum elegans (which see). 
The description given in the Péztsao of this ‘‘ foliage plant”? 
is a fairly good one. But in regard to its medicinal properties 
it says that inasmuch as the plant grows by preference in cool 
shady places, therefore its nature must be cooling, and it is 
specially recommended for fevers. The juice extracted from 
the leaves and flowers is considered emolient, and added to 
honey is used as a facial cosmetic, and as an application to 
ringworm and other parasitic diseases of the skin. The juice 
expressed from the stalk is used in sore mouth and throat. 
Any use of the root has apparently not been thought of by the 
Chinese; they having had their interest attracted by the fleshy 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 67 


and showy leaves and flowers; the latter being equally used 
with the former in the preparation of pomades. But inas- 
much as the root has properties similar to those of rhubarb, 
it has been suggested that it may be used as a substitute 
for this drug. 


BENINCASA CERIFERA.—#& JR (Tung-kua). Other 
names, JX (Pai-kua), [¢ 3% (Shui-chih), and ff} 2 | Ti-chih). 
This is the large White Gourd of India, which is much 
cultivated throughout China. Its surface is usually covered 
with a waxy exudation, by which it is distinguished in name 
in nearly every language. The flesh, the pulp, the seeds, and 
the rind (1392) are all used in medicine. The flesh is con- 
sidered to be sweet and slightly cooling. It is reconimended 
for the relief of thirst and as a diuretic. It is considered cool- 
ing in fevers, and if ‘‘ prickly heat’? is rubbed with a freshly 
cut slice of this substance, it is a sure relief. The pulp is 
regarded as demulcent both for internal and external use. It 
is added to baths for the treatment of pimples and prickly heat. 
It is also regarded as diuretic, and is used in the treatment of 
gravel. The seeds, 1391, of which the kernels only seem to 
be used, are regarded as demulcent, and under prolonged use 
are thought to be tonic, preventing hunger and prolonging 
life. They are also used in cosmetic applications to the skin 
in simple eruptions. A famous prescription is the use of these 
seeds incinerated and taken internally for the treatment of 
gonorrhcea! ‘The incinerated rind is administered in case of 
painful wounds. 


BERBERIS THUNBERGII.—)J. 8% (Hsiao-po). It is 
also called -— HE (Tzt-po) and jy 4G #f (Shan-shih-liu), 
‘‘mountain pomegranate.’’ It has a bitter yellow bark and 
red berries. The branches are used for dyeing yellow. The 
root does not seem to be used for this purpose, although 
doubtless it is as well adapted as the European Serberzs 
vulgaris. The bark is the part used. It is regarded as very 
cooling, and is therefore prescribed in fevers. Its anthelmintic 
and antiseptic properties are also highly esteemed, and it is 
prescribed in menorrhagia. 


68 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


BETA VULGARIS.—3§ % (T ‘ien-ts‘ai), ¥ $8 3% (Chiin- 
ta-ts‘ai), and ff 3@ (T‘ien-ts‘ai), 1340(?). This is the ordinary 
white sugar beet which grows in China. It is not mentioned 
in the Péztsao, nor does its medical virtues seem to have been 
studied. This seems surprising, considering the fact that its 
saccharine qualities are indicated in the name. 


BETULA ALBA.—#€ 7Q (Hua-mu) or ## 7e (Hua-mu), 
498. This is the White Birch tree which grows commonly 
in the mountains of Northern China. The bark is used by 
Chinese saddlers, shoemakers, cutlers, and candle-makers, who 
turn its tanning or fatty principles to account in their several 
trades. The bark may also be used for torches. The drug is 
used in decoction for jaundice and bilious fevers, and the 
incinerated bark is used as an application in mammary cancer 
and rodent ulcer. It is also one of the substances used to dye 
the whiskers, which, developing late in life in the Chinese, are 
apt to soon turn grey or reddish-brown. 


BIDENS PARVIFLORA.—% @& Hi (Kuei-chen-ts‘ao). 
This ‘‘imp’s needle grass” is a species of ‘‘.SAanzsh needles.”” 
In the south it is called 9% €% (Kuei-ch‘ai), ‘‘imp’s hairpin.”’ 
The only purposes for which this is prescribed, are in bites of 
spiders, snakes, and scorpions, and in the unhealthy granula- 
tions of wounds. ‘The juice is expressed from the fresh plant, 
and both administered internally and applied externally. 


BIDENS TRIPARTITA. — jf 9@ Hi (Lang-pa-ts‘ao), 
The characters are also written fi} 72. This has three-lobed 
leaves and a two awned achene. It grows in the marshes of 
elevated regions. It affords a black dye, which is used for 
coloring the whiskers. A decoction of the plant is specially 
recommended in the treatment of chronic dysentery, and as a 
wash to the skin in the treatment of chronic eczema. 


BIGNONIA GRANDIFLORA.—% 3X (Tzii-wei), BE & 
(Ling-t‘iao), and # Gf 7E (Ling-hsiao-hua). ‘This isa beauti- 
ful climbing plant, which is much cultivated in gardens 
throughout China. At Peking it is known by the last name. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 69 


It is the same as Zecoma grandifora and Loureiro’s Campsis 
adrepens. The flowers, leaves, stalk and root are all used medici- 
nally; the first named having the preference. It is most largely 
prescribed for the menstrual diseases of women, and the anzemia 
and marasmus which often attend these. Prolonged post- 
partum discharge also comes into this list. It is also used 
in fevers, and in combination with Gardenia florida for the 
treatment of ‘‘ wine nose.’’ 


BLETIA HYACINTHINA.—§G & (Pai-chi), 935. This 
is an orchid with violet flowers, cultivated at Peking under 
the name of [ij 76 (Lan-hua). The bulb is quite mucil- 
laginous, and a thin paste made of it is sometimes mixed with 
India ink to give a gloss to writing or drawings done with it. 
It is also used in the preparation of a secret ink; the paper 
which has been written upon being afterwards dipped into 
water and held up to the light. It is also used by the manu- 
facturers of china and of ‘‘cloisonnés.’? The rhizome is 
met with in the shape of flattish, irregularly oval, hollow 
disks, umbilicated on one surface, and having projecting rays at 
the circumference. ‘The lower convex surface is pointed by a 
central tubercle and marked with rings. A great variety of 
irregular, tri-radiated, and other shapes of these tubers are met 
with in some samples. ‘The interior isamylaceous, translucent, 
hard, and white in color, and has a gummy, bitterish taste. 
It is considered demulcent, and is used in the diseases of chil- 
dren, especially those of a dyspeptic character, as well as in 
dysentery, hemorrhoids, and ague. It has much repute in the 
treatment of burns, wounds, and other injuries, and also in 
various kinds of skin diseases, 


BLUMEA BALSAMIFERA.—% #§ 7% (Ai-na-hsiang). 
This is the identification of Faber, although the account given 
in the Péxtsao is not clear in many particulars. The plant is 
not described, and what is said evidently refers to the steareop- 
ten. It is recommended in the treatment of fevers and as a 
corrective of miasmatic vapors. Anthelmintic qualities are also 
ascribed to it. 


7O CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Under the name of ‘‘NVegat-camphor,” a steareopten, 
isomeric with Borneo camphor, is said to be extracted from this 
plant. The greater part of this substance which appears in 
Chinese commerce, seems to come from the island of Hainan. 
It is but little used in Northern or Central China, probably on 
account of its cost ; its valuation at Tientsin being placed at 
five hundred Haikuan Taels a picul, while that of ordinary 
laurel camphor is only twelve Taels. It comes in three forms: 
2 #} (Ai-fén), 2, which is the crude product ; 3% }e (Ai-p‘ien), 
5, the refined substance in cakes; and 3 jf (Ai-yu), 8, a by- 
product of distillation. It is used in the south-eastern provinces 
as a febrifuge and carminative, and is held in higher repute 
than laurel camphor for all purposes for which the latter is 
used. Hanbury has an interesting note on this substance in his 
Science Papers, in which he says that it 1s not only used in 
medicine, but also in the manufacture of the scented kinds of 
Chinese ink. 


BOZHMERIA NIVEA.—#®* fi, (Ch‘u-ma). ‘This is the 
plant from which is produced the ‘‘ grass cloth,’’ so extensively 
worn throughout China, the finer qualities of which are not 
despised by ladies of Western lands. In the classics the charac- 
ter is written ## (Chu). Prior to the eleventh century there is no 
record of where it was produced, although it was known from 
ancient times as a textile plant. Su-sung, who wrote in the 
eleventh century, said that it was at that time grown in 
Fukien, Szechuan, Chekiang, and Kiangnan. Lu-chi, who 
lived in the third century, and wrote a book describing the 
plants and animals mentioned in the Book of Odes, said that 
the government then raised the plant in gardens. He also 
described the manner of preparation of the material. An iron 
or bamboo knife was used to strip off the bark. After the thick 
outer bark was removed, the soft, tough fibers of the inner 
bark were taken and boiled, after which they were twisted into 
thread and this manufactured into cloth. At present the fibers 
of the stalks are soaked in a solution of native soda, beaten 
and broken up with a rake-like tool, and heated in a dry 
boiler. ‘This is then twisted and manufactured into cloth, 
which the Chinese call 8 7 (Hsia-pu), ‘‘summer cloth.’? In 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. ys 


Canton, silk is mixed with the fiber in various proportions, 
making different qualities of cloth. Three crops of the fiber 
are said to be gathered in a year. 

Medicinally, the root and leaves are used. ‘The former is 
reputed as quieting to the uterus. It is recommended in 
threatened miscarriage. It is also considered to be cooling, 
demulcent, diuretic, and resolvent. It is used in wounds from 
poisoned arrows, snake and insect bites, and in decoction for a 
local application in rectal diseases. ‘The leaves are used in 
wounds aud fluxes as an astringent. 


BOMBAX MALABARICUM.—ZK #4 # (Mu-mien-shu). 
The Péxtsao with difficulty distinguishes between this tree and 
the cotton plant, for the reason that it produces its cotton in a 
sort of boll. But it isa large tree, with a red flower like that 
of the Camellia. ‘The fruit has a white, silky down covering 
the seeds, which may be used to stuff cushions, and is said to 
be capable of being worked up into a rough cloth. ‘This down 
is called 7R HA FE (Mu-mien-hua), 870. The root, 871, and 
leaves are for sale in the Chinese shops, as is also the down. 
This latter is burnt, and the ashes given in menorrhagia, and 
used to staunch the blood of wounds. What the other parts 
are used for does not appear. ‘The Customs Reports say that the 
substance known as jf fi] je (Hai-t‘ung-p‘i), 357, and ff Jk 
(T‘ung-pi), 1402, as exported from Canton, are the bark of this 
tree; that exported from Ningpo being probably the bark of 
Acanthopanax ricinifolium (which see). ‘The bark of the cotton 
tree is said to be emetic and astringent. It could probably be 
substituted for that of Acanthopanax. 


BOSWELLIA.—According to Hanbury, the olzbanum 
produced in India, which is probably the only sort that finds its 
way to China, is derived trom Boswellia glabra and Boswellia 
thurifera. ‘The Chinese name of the drug is m# fi # (Hsiin- 
lu-hsiang) or # # (Ju-hsiang), 563. The second of these 
names either refers to the nipple-shaped pieces which part of 
the product assumes, or else is a translation of the Hebrew 
term /ebonah, signifying ‘‘milk.’? In Buddhist books the 


olibanum is called FR @ # (T4en-tsé-hsiang), 3 {mn 


ah J CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


(To-chia-lo-hsiang), #£ Mi # (Tu-lu-hsiang), and fe Hf FF 
(Mo-lé-hsiang). The second of the above terms may be the 
Chinese equivalent of the Sanscrit sogara, meaning ‘‘perfume,”’ 
and the third an adaptation of the Sanscrit kuzduru, which is 
the term by which olibanum was known in that language. 
Li Shih-chen says that it is sometimes adulterated with storax, 
but at the present time that is not probable, as olibanum is 
much more plentiful, and therefore cheaper than formerly. 
That it has sometimes been confounded with, and _ possibly 
adulterated with sazdarac, is well known to Western pharma- 
cists. The drug, as it appears in the Chinese market, is in the 
usual form of pale yellow, oval, partly opaque, brittle tears, 
having the bitter, aromatic taste, and balsamic smell character- 
istic of this substance. Very inferior kinds are also found in 
the shops. It is used in the manufacture of some sorts of in- 
cense. Carniinative, sedative, tonic, stimulant, alterative, astrin- 
gent, and diuretic properties are referred to this drug, which is 
used to some extent in making plasters and salves for dressing 
carbuncles and foul chronic sores. It is used internally 
in leprosy and struma. Indian practitioners have largely 
used it as a remedy for carbuncle, as an internal agent 
in the treatment of gonorrhcea, and as a fumigation in lung 
affections. Some of the older writers recommended it for 
spermatorrhoea, and for certain vesical and urinary disorders, 
for which it is worth a trial. 


BOYMIA RUTACARPA or EVODIA RUTACARPA.— 

Ya Z: wi (Wu-chu-yii), 223. This is a small tree or shrub, 
bearing small, purplish-red flowers and a fruit which at first is 
yellow, but when itis ripe, turns to a dark purple. The Péntsao 
says that formerly the tree was planted at the side of a well, so 
*“ that the leaves might fall intothe water. To drink of the water, 
was considered to be prophylactic against contagious diseases. 
The fruits were also hung up in the house to ward off evil 
spirits. The fruits, leaves, branches, and root with the white 
rind, are all used in medicine. In the case of the fruits as found 
in the markets, the small black carpels are usually separated 
from their pedicles, are five in number, closely connected and 
mixed with the scabrous stalks of the umbellate inflorescence. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 73 


They have a warm, bitter, and aromatic flavor. ‘The medical 
properties attributed to these are almost innumerable, amon 
which may be mentioned their use as stimulant, carminative, 
stomachic, deobstruent, astringent, and anthelmintic remedies. 
They are even recommended for sterility and barrenness. A 
piece of a branch is used as a suppository in obstipation. ‘The 
root and bark are used as astringent and anthelmintic remedies, 
and in the treatment of rheumatism. 


BRASENIA PELTATA.—3% (Shun). Called BR3¢ (Shun- 
ts‘ai) in Kiangnan, where it is eaten as a vegetable. It is also 
called 7 ZE (Shui-k‘uei), ‘‘ water mallow.’? The stem is 
purple and mucilaginous, and it and the leaves on the under 
surface are covered with a viscid jelly. It bears yellow flowers 
and a greenish purple fruit. The plant is good for feeding to 
pigs, and is therefore also called 34 3€ (Chu-shun), Although 
it is not regarded as at all poisonous, its continued use is thought 
to be deleterious, injuring the stomach, destroying the teeth and 
hair, and producing caries in the bones. If eaten in the 
seventh month, when it is liable to be wormy, it is thought to 
produce cholera. As the Chinese eat it raw, or but slightly 
cooked, and as it grows in filthy ponds and streams, some of 
these evil effects, said to arise from its ingestion, can easily be 
accounted for. Its medical qualities are considered to be 
antithermic, anthelmintic and vulnerary. It is recommended 
as a local application in cancer, favus, and hemorrhoids. 


BRASSICA.—Notwithstanding the fact that this genus 
contains some of the best known and commonest garden plants 
of China, the identifications and nomenclature are-in a very 
uncertain state. ‘This is probably due to the fact that cultiva- 
tion has changed the species in many particulars, and also that 
many of the varieties found in China are distinct from those 
found in the west. Brassica chinensis, fy 3% (Pai-ts‘ai), called 
#E (Sung) in the Pézzsao, is a most common variety of Brassica 
oleracea. ‘This vegetable is considered to be cooling and anti- 
vinous. Its prolonged and excessive use is thought to be 
slightly deleterious, causing an itching eruption and retarding 
recovery from disease. Ginger is antidotal to its deleterious 


74 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


effects. Its medicinal use is recommended in fevers and to 
quench the craving for wine. It is also considered to be 
laxative and diuretic. The seeds are used to arouse a ‘‘ dead 
drunk,’’ and the oil expressed from them, when rubbed on the 
scalp, is thought to promote the growth of hair. 

mz 3 (Yiin-t‘ai), otherwise called jf 3€ (Vu-ts‘ai), is 
undoubtedly Brassica rapa, which produces the fh 3% FF (Yu- 
ts‘ai-tzti, ‘‘rape seed’’), from which the 3 jy (Ts‘ai-yu, 
‘*rape-seed oil’’) is manufactured. It also is called Brassica 
chinensis, possibly on account of its economic prominence in 
this country. The plant is thought to have originally been 
brought from Mongolia, and for this reason is also called ff 3 
(Hu-ts‘ai). The oil and its manufacture are of great com- 
mercial importance to those portions of China in. which this 
plant is cultivated. Until the introduction of kerosene, this 
oil was the cheapest and best illuminant known. to the Chinese. 
Its culinary use was very great, being considered inferior, 
however, to sesamum oil for this purpose. ‘The vegetable, 
eaten in the spring, was regarded as acrid and cooling. Under 
certain conditions its use was said to be slightly deleterious. 
In some cases it produced stiffness of the knees, and those 
already afflicted with difficulties of the back or feet were made 
worse by its use. The Taoists count it as first among the five 
% (Hun). The expressed juice of the stalk and leaves is the 
form in which it is used medicinally. In this way, and also 
sometimes as a decoction, it is applied to foul sores, caked 
breast, cancer, and such like. ‘The expressed juice is also 
administered in dysentery and bloody stools. 

4 3 (Wu-ching), otherwise known as &% #f (Man-ching), 
is Brassica rapa-depressa, the rape-turnip. In the classics this 
is called $f (Féng). ‘The root, leaves, and seed of this plant 
are all eaten. ‘The Chinese have not improved this turnip 
much by cultivation, as both root and leaves remain bitter and 
pungent. The continued use of this vegetable is considered to 
be less deleterious than the y7v-¢‘az, and many of its medicinal 
uses are identical with those of the latter plant. Its properties 
are cooling and anti-vinous. ‘The seeds are considered to be 
diuretic and constructive. Women are especially recommended 
to use them. ‘The oil expressed from them is added to cosmetic 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 75 


applications for the face, and applied to the hair restores its 
color and vitality. #&% 7 (Man-ching) in North China is the 
kohl-rabi, Brasstca oleracea caulorapa. It is also suggested 
that 7p e8 3§ (Chieh-man-ching) or Jt ZF (Ta-chieh) may be a 
Chinese variety of the rutabaga, Brasszca campestris rutabaga. 

The mustards, although of identical genus with the 
cabbages, will be considered under the alternative term Szxapzs 
(which see). 


BROUSSONETIA PAPYRIFERA.—#*® (Ch‘u), #% Ki 
(Ku-shu). This is the paper-mulberry, a very common tree in 
China and Japan. Itisof quick growth, has a soft wood, which 
is used to make vessels of various sorts, and bears a globular 
red fruit, which is sometimes eaten by children. The achenes, 
which are small, round, seed-like bodies called #¢ PF -f- (Ch‘u- 
shih-tzti), 224, are of a bright red color, and as found in the - 
shops, are much broken. ‘They are mucilaginous to the taste, 
and are believed to be tonic and invigorating. They are also 
called g ‘PF (Ku-shih) and ## Pk (Ch‘u-t‘ao). The leaves are 
regarded as diuretic and astringent. ‘They are recommended 
in fluxes and in gonorrhoea. A decoction of the twigs is used 
in eruptions, and the juice extracted from these is given in 
anuria. Decoctions of the bark are used in ascites and 
menorrhagia. The resinous sap found in the bark is used asa 
vulnerary, and in wounds and insect bites. Coarse cloth and 
paper are made from the liber of this tree. 


BRUNELLA (PRUNELLA) VULGARIS. —8 # # 
(Hsia-ku-ts‘ao). This is the common ‘ heal-all’’ of Europe 
and America. It grows in swampy and wet places, has a 
nearly square stalk, grows about two feet high, and bears a 
small, pale-purple flower in spikes. The stalk and leaves are 
the parts used, and the drug is considered as cooling. It is 
therefore used in fevers, and also as an anti-rheumatic, altera- 
tive, and tonic remedy. 


BUDDLEIA OFFICINALIS.— 3% 7€ (Mi-méng-hua), 
843. This is a shrub of the natural order Scrophularinea, 
which bears a most beautiful flower, called by the Buddhists 


76 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Hk ¢8 7E (Shui-chin-hua), or ‘‘ watered-satin-brocade-flower.”’ 
It may be that this is identical with Auddlera neemda of India. 
It is said to grow in the river valleys of Szechuan, and the 
commercial product comes from Kansuh and Shensi. The 
flowers are prepared by being soaked in a mixture of wine and 
honey for three days, and then dried. They are used almost 
exclusively for the treatment of diseases of the eye, especially 
opacities of the cornea. Whether the beauty of the flower 
determines this use or not, it is hard to say. They are also 
thought to affect the liver. 


BUDDLEIA CURVIFLORA.—# ff ¥8% (Tsui-yii-ts‘ao), 
1357. Also called fi ff 7 (Nao-yii-hua). As its name implies, 
it is used for stupifying fish, and in this respect resembles 
Daphne genkwa (which see). The flowers and leaves are 
used in medicine in the treatment of catarrhal difficulties, fish 
poisoning, to dissolve fish bones in the throat, and for chronic 
malarial poisoning with enlarged spleen. 


BUPLEURUM FALCATUM and BUPLEURUM 
OCTORADIATUM.—3E $y (Tz‘G-hu) or 38 § (Ch‘ai-hu), 16. 
Both species have yellow flowers, go by the same Chinese 
names, and are not distinguished in the Chinese books. ff is 
said to be an ancient way of writing 38 The plant is found 
principally in the northern provinces. Young white shoots, 
which spring up in the spring and autumn, may be eaten. The 
old plant is used for fire-wood. ‘The root-stock is the part 
used in medicine. Its medicinal qualities are considered to be 
essentially febrifuge, deobstruent, and carminative. It is used 
in flatulence and indigestion, in colds and coughs, muscular 
pains and cramps, amenorrhcea, thoracic and abdominal 
inflammations, puerperal fevers, and in acute diarrhoea. 


BUXUS SEMPERVIRENS.—H #3 7 (Huang-yang- 
mu). ‘This is the ordinary doxwood, which is used for making 
combs, wooden bowls, and printing blocks. ‘The tree is of 
very slow growth, is evergreen, and the wood is so fine grained 
that it may be considered as almost grainless. It is said not 
to grow during the intercalary moon of the Chinese year. A 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 77 


softer kind of wood, called sango-wood, is used by Ningpo 
carvers for the fine image work which they do. It may be 
from this tree, or from a different species. The original 
habitat of the tree is not recorded, but it is now largely 
cultivated both for commercial purposes and for ornamental 
use. The leaf is the part used in medicine. As the plant 
is said to be free from the element of fire, the leaves are 
assumed to be cooling in their nature. They are prescribed 
in difficult labors, being supposed to induce expulsive efforts. 
The ordinary toilet combs of women, being made of this wood, 
are often turned to account as a ready domestic remedy ; the 
incinerated wood being used in the same way as are the leaves. 
The powdered leaves are rubbed on prickly heat and summer 
boils. 


78 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


ee 


CAISALPINIA MINAX. — 4 :# (Shib-lien). This is 
the classification of Hance and Faber. ‘The plant has not 
been found mentioned in the /éz¢sao or any other Chinese 
work consulted. Its seeds appear in the Customs lists (1153) 
as an article of commerce; but what their medical uses may 
be, we have not been able to learn. 


CHSALPINIA PULCHERRIMA.—f# HB &B (Féng- 
huang-ch‘ang), 304, & JA #é (Chin-féng-hua). ‘The first term 
is given in the Customs lists for a root that is produced in 
Kuanetung. The second term is a Japanese identification. 
The plant has not been found mentioned in the Péztsao. Its 
medical uses have not been ascertained. 


CAISALPINIA SAPPAN.—#k [fj AR (Su-fang-mu). This 
is the tree which furnishes the Sappan wood, Safpanx wood, or 
Bukkum wood to commerce. It comes largely from the island 
of Sumbawa, which belongs to the East Indies lying east of 
Java. The island also produces the most valuable teak tree, 
as well as the tamarind. The Chinese name of the wood 
under consideration, as well as the word sappan, are doubtless 
derived from the name of this island. ‘The wood also is 
imported from Siam, Malaysia, and India, and is said to have 
been grown in Kuangtung and Kuangsi. Its common name 
is fig 7K (Su-mu). It contains much gallic and tannic acids, 
and is an excellent substitute for logwood, although much 
weaker. Anextract may be made from it. ‘The form in which 
the substance appears in the Customs list is that ofa coarse 
powder or saw dust, called ff 7K #R (Su-mu-k‘ang), 1201. 
Since it dyes a red color, the Chinese consider that it has a 
special affinity for the blood. It is therefore prescribed in 
wounds, hemorrhages, and disturbances of the menstrual 
function. It is also recommended as a sedative and in fluxes. 


CAISALPINIA SEPIARIA.—# # (Yin-shih). This 
is a climbing shrub, and the Chinese recognise its close 


VEGETABLE, KINGDOM, 70 


Pa 


relationship to other Cesalpinie by calling it BR (or 9k) B FG, 
‘‘wild (or water) honey locust.’?> Other names for the fruit 
are F W (T‘ien-tou) and 53 @ (Ma-tou). The stem is hollow 
and spiny ; it bears yellow flowers in racemes and a pod about 
three inches long, containing five or six dark colored seeds, 
which have an unpleasaut odor. ‘The seeds, flowers, and root 
are used in medicine. Although the /%@z¢sao discusses this 
among the poisonous drugs, it is not considered to be poisonous. 
The seeds are said to have astringent, anthelmintic, antipyretic, 
and auti-malarial properties. They are said to be used for the 
most part in the treatment of ague. To the flowers are 
attributed certain occult properties. If one ingests a quantity 
of them and then sees a spirit, he is driven mad. If burned 
they will drive away evil spirits. In former times their use 
was supposed to produce somatic levitation, but this is now 
denied by Li Shih-chen. The expressed juice of the root is 
used to assist in the removal of a bone from the throat, and it 
is also thought to be anodyne in such cases. 


CAJANUS INDICUS.—]]} BA #£ (Shan-tou-kén). This 
genus seems to be confined to Eastern Asia. ‘The common 
name adopted by Europeans is ‘‘ pigeon pea.’’ The East 
Indian names are cajyax and dahl, the Malay name, céchang. 
In the Péztsao it is also called fff 3% (Chieh-tu); and on 
another page an almost identical description is given under the 
heading of ff% #¢ -F (Chieh-tu-tzit), This may therefore be 
regarded as identical with, or very closely related to, the Shaz- 
tou-kén. In both cases the root is the part used in medicine 
(1104). This appears in the Chinese shops as a woody root, 
varying from the size of the little finger to mere rootlets ; the 
whole being connected by a knotted root-stock. Rats and 
mice are said to be fond of this root. It is considered to be the 
counter-poison par excellence. Anthelmintic, sedative, ex- 
pectorant, and vulnerary properties are also referred to it. 


CALAMUS DRACO. — fit E 3 (Ch‘i-lin-chieh), also 
called fj 38 (Hsiieh-chieh), 477. ‘This tree, growing in 
Sumatra, Java, and other countries to the south of China, is 
said also to be met with in the southern provinces. The 


80 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


names given for it in the Péztsao are # FY (K‘o-liu) and 7% 
(K ‘o-ping), which are probably transliterations of some foreign 
term. ‘The tree is said to resemble the alsamodendron 
myrrha. ‘The above Chinese names refer to the gum-like 
substance derived from the tree, which is known in commerce 
as ‘‘dragon’s blood.’’ ‘The tree is said to be chopped to yield 
the gum, but the most common form is that which covers the 
fruits, which is obtained by beating and shaking these in little 
bags or baskets, when the gum-tears drop off, and are allowed 
to conglomerate into masses in the sun, or are softened by hot 
water and formed into sticks. Dr. Williams describes the drug 
as ‘‘in drops of a bright crimson color when powdered, and 
semi-transparent.’? That commonly found in the Chinese 
shops is in large dark-red, friable masses, which have evidently 
been packed in matting. It makes a deep blood-red, gritty, 
almost tasteless powder, soluble in spirits of wine. Since the 
drug produces snch a brilliant red color, it may be readily 
surmised that the Chinese would use it in the treatment of 
wounds and hemorrhages. And this indeed seems to be the 
ptincipal purpose for which it is used. It is also thought to 
have some sedative and tonic properties. 

Dr. Williams erroneously identifies #g #€ # (Lung-hsien- 
hsiang) with this substance, but this is Ambergris. 


CALENDULA OFFICINALIS.—4 # 7% (Chin-chan- 
hua). This is the common marzgold. It is only prescribed in 
obstinate bleeding piles. 


CALYSTEGIA SEPIUM.—f@ 7 (Hsiian-hua). This is 
a Convolvulaceous plant, for which a large number of synony- 
mous names are given in the Péztsao. Among these is # # 
HH: J} (Ch‘an-chih-mu-tan), which is Cozvolvulus japonicus. 
The root, which from the shape it sometimes assumes, is also 
called Jif WG Hi (Tun-ch‘ang-ts‘ao), ‘‘sucking-pig’s entrail,” is 
edible, and is said to have a pleasant sweet taste. Tonic, 
nutrient, demulcent, and diuretic properties are attributed to 
it, and it is also said to have the power of cementing bones and 
tendons, if diligently applied as a poultice. On account of 
this last named reputation, the root is also called $§ ij #8 
(Hsii-chin-kén), ‘‘ healing tendon root.”’ 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 81 


CAMETAIA JAPONICA.—2 7£ (Ch‘a-hua), 12; also writ- 
ten ## 7£ (Cha-hua), 10, which seems to be a palpable mistake 
in penmanship. ‘This is the dried petals of this species, and 
also of an undetermined species of Camelia which flowers in 
the spring. The Chinese have, from very early times, classed 
the Camelias with the tea plant, doing so under the generic 
name of #£(Ch‘a). Since the dried petals and leaves of the 
Japonica are sometimes brewed as tea by the natives, one can 
see how they stumbled upon this classification. The tender, 
young, needle-shaped petals of the spring blooming variety are 
most esteemed, while the older ones of the same variety and 
those of the /afonica are held in less repute. The twigs of 
the latter are also used under the name of 2% 4 4% (Ch‘a-chin- 
t‘iao); the leaves also furnishing the jij 23£ (I'z‘a-ch‘a), so 
called on account of the spiny leaf of this variety. 

Therapeutically, a decoction is used in hemoptysis, 
heematemesis, and intestinal hemorrhage; or the petals are 
powdered and mixed with ginger juice, child’s urine, and wine 
for the same purpose. ‘The petals, powdered and mixed with 
linseed oil, make an application considered excellent for scalds 
and burns. 

Two other probably identical species, Camelia sasanqua 
(ZE He 7E, Ch‘a-mei-hua) and Camelia olezfera (Wt 2, Shan- 
ch‘a), furnish the ‘‘tea-seed-cakes’’ (28 -F fi, Ch ‘a-tzu-ping) 
and much of the so-called ‘‘tea-oil’’? (48 jh, Ch‘a-yu) of 
commerce. Large quantities of these products come from the 
hilly districts of Kiangsi and Hunan. Of the two, a decoction 
of the former is sometimes used as a demulcent and expec- 
torant, and it is said to take the place of soap in washing oily 
clothes. The latter is used as a food and in lamps, and as it 
is a bland, non-irritating oil, it might be used asa substitute 
for olive oil in dispensary practice. Shen Tsu-hsi, in his 
appendix to the Péxtsao, says that the 4 jf (Ch‘a-yu) of 
Fukien and Kuangtung is not Camelia oil at all, but a product 
of Corylus nuts, and it therefore ought to be called ‘‘ filbert-oil.’? 


CAMELIA THEA or Camelia theifera.—?% (Ming). By 
many botanists, the tea plant is considered to belong to a genus 
distinct from the camelias, to which they give the designation 


82 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Thea. ‘These generic terms will be used indiscriminately in 
this article. It was formerly supposed that black and green 
tea were derived from distinct species of the tea plant, which 
were then known as 7hea bohea and Thea viridis respectively. 
But it is now known that both kinds are made from the same 
plant ; the difference being in the process of manufacture. 
The essential difference in this respect is that black tea is 
allowed to ferment before firing, while the green is rapidly 
dried and fired. It is probable that there were originally 
only two distinct species of the tea plant; these being 
Thea sinensis and Thea assamica, or the Chinese and the Indian 
species, and that .the other varieties are due either to hybrida- 
tion of these, or to changes produced by adaptation to 
environment, and tocultivation. The Indian species, however, 
makes the better quality of black tea, while the Chinese 
produces a better green tea. The Chinese do not speak of 
black tea, but on account of the color of the infusion which 
this kind produces, call it ‘‘ red tea’’ (#7 28, Hung ch ‘a). 
Among the Chinese terms for tea 2 (Ch‘a) is the generic 


one; but in the colloquial this always refers to the infusion, 
cate the article itself is spoken of as 3 HE (Ch‘a-yeh). The 


character 3€ (Ch‘a) does not date beyond the Han dynasty. 
Before that time the character used for tea was 4 (T‘u); 
but a prince of that dynasty ordered that this character 
should be no longer pronounced ¢‘z, but ch‘a. Afterwards 
the stroke in the middle part of .the character was left out, 
thus distinguishing it from the old term. We have a relic of 
this old word in the Amoy pronunciation of 48, ‘‘té,’? from 
which we have our present English word, which originally 
was pronounced ‘‘tay.’? The term 7 (T‘u) is now used for 
the sow-thistle (Sozchws oleraceous). In proper parlance, the 
early pickings of the fey leaf are called 3 (Ch‘ a), while the late 
should be designated 4% (Ming). This ‘latter is the term for 
tea used in the ee as well as for the most part in the 
classics, and it may frequently be found on tea boxes. ‘The 
character #4:(Ch‘uan) is used for the old leaves of the tea plant, 
which are made into an inferior quality of tea. The name 
76 PE K‘u-t'u), or # 28 (K‘u-ch‘a) properly denotes the 
DR, although there is some confusion upon this point. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 83 


Other plants, like the ## (Chia) and the 2% (Shé) cannot be 
confounded with tea. For while infusions of the leaves of 
some of these are sometimes used as a beverage, they are not 
regarded by the natives as a substitute for tea. The same may 
be said of the willow (4% #]] Yang-liu), except that the leaves 
of this tree and those of the white poplar are sometimes used to 
adulterate tea. 

Wild tea, BF 2 (Yeh-ch‘a), is regarded by the Chinese as 
the best, especially that growing among the disintegrated stone 
of the hill sides ; that growing on clayey soil being not regarded 
so highly. Whether the tea plant is indigenous to China, or 
whether these are ‘‘volunteers’’? from some forgotten tea 
plantation, is uncertain. Suffice it to say that these shrubs 
are found growing plentifully upon the hill and mountain 
waste lands of the tea producing districts. 

The action of tea upon the system is never considered by 
the Chinese to be anything but beneficial. In the words of the 
Pintsao, ‘‘it clears the voice, gives brilliancy to the eye, 
invigorates the constitution, improves the mental faculties, 
opens up the avenues of the body, promotes digestion, removes 
flatulence, and regulates the body temperature.’’ Clear water 
is but little drunk in China, the common beverage being tea. 
Yet, although the Chinese are thus drinking tea continuously 
and in large quantities, it does not seem to have the deleterious 
effect sometimes observed, especially in America. ‘This may 
be due to the fact that the Chinese do not steep their tea, but 
only infuse it, preferably in a covered cup, but often in an 
earthenware pot. Or, what is more probable, tea in China is 
purer, containing no salts of copper and other such deleterious 
substances as are frequently found in teas imported into Amer- 
ica. 

The various names and brands of tea have reference to the 
place from which it comes, to the time of picking, to the 
character of the leaf, and some are merely arbitrary trade 
marks. In the order here given are Ningchow, from I-ning- 
chou in Kiangsi; Hyson, from fj #y (Vii-ch‘ien) ‘‘ before the 
rains’; Pekoe, from 4 8 (Pai-hao), ‘‘ white down”, 
referring to the white down. on the young leaves of which 
this brand is made ; and Oolong, from & j& (Wu-lung), ‘* black 


84 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


dragon’’. ‘The Chinese pay but little attention to these 
‘‘chops’? and brands. ‘Tea stores that profess to sell the best 
quality of tea, always put }fj Wy (Yit-ch ‘ien) on their sign boards; 
but its use in this case does not indicate any special brand, but 
only that the best qualities are offered for sale; that is, what 
the people like best, the early or first picking before the 
summer rains have set in. ‘These teas are all green, as com- 
paratively little black tea is used by the Chinese themselves. 
Among the few who distinguish between brands, that known 
as fz df (Lung-ching) is considered to be the finest among plain 
teas. Scented teas are made by mixing the petals of certain 
flowers, notably the ¥& fj (Chu-lan) or Chloranthus, and the 
4 Zi] (Mo-li), or white jasmine (Jasmenum sambac), of which the 
former is the one preferred, with the tea leaves until these 
have acquired the aroma of the flowers, then sifting out the 
petals and quickly packing the tea in air tight boxes to 
pteserve the flavor. These teas are not so popular with the 
Chinese as has been commonly supposed. 

Brick tea is made in China, at present principally by 
the Russian tea packers, for the trade of Central Asia. It is 
usually the older leaves, stems, and broken tea that are 
ground, steamed and compressed by machinery into bricks of 
various sizes. ‘These are wrapped in paper, packed in boxes, 
and shipped to the northern ports, thence to be sent by camel 
or mule train across the mountains and plains to their destina- 
tion in the heart of the continent. By the tribes inhabiting 
this large tract of country, including much of Siberia, it is 
consumed leaf and all, being by some dressed with milk, salt, 
and butter, and eaten as a vegetable. Inasmuch as tea con- 
tains a large amount of soluble nitrogen, it would seem that 
the use of the leaf as a food would be a rational procedure. 
Whether caffeine and theine are physiologically identical, is still 
undecided. ‘To say the least, the much feared deleterious 
effects of theine are not very apparent, either upon the Chinese 
tea drinker or the Central Asian tea eater. 

While but little attention is paid by the Chinese to the 
brand of tea used for ordinary consumption, it is quite other- 
wise when it comes to the domain of native therapeutics. 
Here, the place of origin, the time of picking, the mode 


— 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 85 


of preparation, or the condition of the substance is important 
in determining its efficacy in the treatment of disease. Without 
doubt, in some instances the difference in the species of the 
plant from which the leaf is obtained, will explain the apparent 
difference in physiological action, but often the distinction 
made by the native doctor is merely empirical or imaginary. 
Some of the more important of these ‘‘ medicinal teas” are 
here given. 

WE YH BE (P‘u-érh-ch‘a), 1052, comes from P‘uerhfu in 
Yunnan. The genuine article is in the form of a ball, about 
the size of a man’s head, containing approximately five catties. 
On account of its shape and size, it 1s also known as ‘‘ man 
head tea” (J\ 58 YE). The commonest kind of so called P‘u- 
érh tea, however, is in the form of a cake about the size of a 
breakfast plate, and comes from Southern Szechuan near the 
borders of Yunnan. ‘There is little difference in the quality 
of these, although that in the ball form is the more highly 
esteemed by the Chinese. This tea is regarded as an excellent 
digestive, assisting in dissolving fats, neutralizing poisons in 
the digestive tract, besides being deobstruent and promoting 
secretion. Marvelous stories are told in regard to the solvent 
action of this article ; it being said to dissolve even metals, like 
gold and iron. If toa pot in which a fowl or piece of meat 
is being cooked, is added a portion of this tea, flesh, bones, and 
stock are converted into a most nourishing broth. It is pre- 
sumed that the pot must be of earthenware, else an undue 
proportion of iron would be added to the mixture. 

HE 7 2 (Lung-chi-ch‘a) comes from the province of 
Kwangsi, and is sometimes made into brick tea. It is reputed 
to be good for the treatment of malaria and all forms of toxe- 
mia. It is also used in dysentery and diarrhcea. 

% 4% 28 (An-hua-ch‘a) is from Hunan. The leaves pro- 
duce a tea rather dark in color, and of a sweetish bitter taste. 
Its use is that of ordinary tea, but as its tonic and strengthen- 
ing properties are considered to exceed those of the common 
article, it is held in high esteem in sickness, fatigue, or bodily 
weakness. One brand of this tea, known as ff jH 2 
(Hsiang-tan-ch‘a) is all sent to the imperial capital for the use 
of the emperor, princes, and high officials. 


86 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


= 36 (Hsiieh-ch‘a) is the leaves from a rare plant growing 
on the mountains of Lingchiangfu in Yunnan province. It is 
said to be found within the snow limit; hence the name, 
“snow tea.” It is very difficult to procure samples of.it, and 
it commands a high price. ‘The plant is said to resemble the 
tea plant in appearance, and if of the same genus, shows the 
great range of adaptability of this plant to wide differences of 
climate. The method of preparation is similar to that used 
in preparing ordinary tea. This tea is considered to be warming; 
it being said that if a cupful is drunk on a cold day the 
internal organs are pervaded by a sense of warmth, ‘‘asifa fire 
had been kindled therein.’? Therefore it is regarded as most 
excellent for colds. By those who spit blood, who sometimes 
do not relish ordinary tea, this is considered to be a grateful 
drink. It is also.used for the cure of dysentery. 

£2 Wy} 26 (Lo-chieh-ch‘a) is named for a man of ancient 
times, who at Changhsinghsien, on the west side of the 
Wutung mountain, at the rear of a wayside shrine, raised 
most excellent tea. The leaves of this variety are at their best 
at the time of the summer solstice, and as the plant grows only 
in mountainous districts, it is therefore held in high esteem. 
Medicinally, it is valued most highly in the treatment of 
pulmonary troubles and dropsy. ‘That which comes from the 
province of Kiangsi is considered to be inferior in quality, and 
is only used as an aid to digestion. 

ME Be 2S (P‘u-t‘o-ch‘a), so called because it comes from 
the small island of Pootoo in the Chusan archipelago, is 
quite scarce, for the reason that a very small amount is 
gathered. In the mountains of Tinghaihsien on the large 
island adjoining Pootoo, quantities of it grow; but the natives 
do not gather it, possibly because the demand for it is small. 
It is said to be useful in hemorrhages, as in hemoptysis or 
dysentery. 

pt #4 248 (Wu-i-ch‘a) is from the Wu-i hills of Fukien, from 
the name of which is derived the foreign term Bohea. ‘This tea, 
when brewed, is rather dark in color, and the taste is described 
in the Ch‘a ching (‘‘tea classic’’) as sour (f#). It is said to 
be peptic, carminative, and to counteract the effects of wine 
drinking. It is also used to check dysentery. 


=. te) 


~~ —> > 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 87 


K YW 3 2 (Shui-sha-lien-ch‘a) is said to grow in the 
forests of gis. amidst the dense undergrowth, where its 
leaves never see the sun. It is considered to be cooling, and 
is adminstered in fevers. It is also given to bring out the 
eruption of small-pox. 

Tea leaves that have been brewed, are sometimes put into 
an eathenware jar and allowed to stand until decomposed, and 
then used as a medicine. ‘The older and more decomposed 
they are, the more highly are they esteemed in the treatment 
of all sorts of ulcers and swellings, dog bites, old burns, and 
bruises, They are applied as a poultice. The old leaves of 
the tea plant which have been frost-bitten are regarded as 
highly efficacious in the treatment of epilepsy. They are 
powdered and mixed in equal parts with crystal alum, and 
administered in doses of three mace. Infusion of the root of 
the tea plant is also sometimes used as a beverage, and in 
strong decoction in the treatment of sore mouth. Ordinary 
tea is constantly employed instead of water for washing 
wounds and sores of all descriptions, and as an eye wash in 
ophthalmia. 

A few other things used by native doctors under the name 
of ‘*ch‘a,’’ but which are derived from plants other than the 
tea plant, may be mentioned at this point. Some so designated, 
will also appear under other articles. § ji) 3 (Chio-tz‘u-ch‘a) 
is the leaves of Argemone mexicana. The supply comes 
from Huichou in Anhui. It is carminative and stimulant, 
and it is said that by its use conception is prevented. 9 
(Luan-ch‘a) is derived from the Koélreuteria paniculata. 
Others say from a species of Rhododendron. It is used for 
headaches. 32 4% 3 (Yiin-chih-ch‘a) is made from a lichen 
which grows on the rocks in Shantung, principally in Méng- 
yin-hsien. It is regarded as universally applicable in the 
treatment of all diseases. AL 76 YE (Hung-hua-ch‘a) comes 
from Kiangsi, and consists of the es. sprouts of the /7zdzscus 
rosa-sinensts. It is regarded as a fitting present for a friend. 
Medicinally it is used as a digestive and anti-miasmatic. 


CAMPHORA OFFICINARUM. — Laurus camphora, 
Lin. Cinnamomum camphora, Nees.— 4 (Chang). The 


88 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Chinese name is said to be derived from jfR %@ (Yii-chang), an 
ancient name for Kiangsi, because the tree grows large and 
abundant there. But it may as well have come from Chang- 
chou-fu (ji JH fF) in Fukien, as large quantities of camphor are 
produced in that prefecture. The parts of the tree entering 
into commerce are the twigs (Chang-ch‘ai, ##% 28), 22, the bark 
(Chang-mu-p‘i, # 7 jk), 23, and the seeds (Chang-mu- 
t2il, Ht KF), 24- 

The part most largely used in Chinese medicine, as else- 
where, is the steareopten, called fi |f§ (Chang-nao) when crude 
and in flakes, or #£ |§ H: (Chang-nao-p‘ien) when refined and 
in cakes. Other names for this substance are jij | (Ch ‘ao-nao) 
and #4 |} (Shao-nao); these two terms being used in the north, 
because the product came from Chaochoufu and Shaochoufu 
in Kuangtung. It is produced by chipping the trunk, root, 
and branches of the tree and boiling the chips in a covered 
vessel lined with straw. The sublimed camphor condenses on 
the straw, and is gathered in these impure flakes. Most of 
what is found on the market in China is of this impure kind. 
The Japanese camphor is purer than the Chinese, and is usually 
packed in tubs for the foreign market, while the Chinese 
article is packed in lead-lined chests. This latter is met with 
on the market in granular lumps or grains of the color of dirty 
snow, and having a strong terebinthinate odor, and a warm, 
bitter, aromatic taste, with a somewhat cooling after taste. 
It is not so strong as the foreign-prepared drug, but is more 
volatile. It is employed by the Chinese as a diaphoretic, 
carminative, sedative, anthelmintic, and anti-rheumatic remedy. 
It is used on decayed and aching teeth, and is put into the 
shoes to cure perspiring feet. Mixed with a species of 
Zanthoxylum called %§ #{ (Hua-chiao), and made into an 
ointment with sesamum oil, it is used in the treatment of favus 
in children. It is also used in the manufacture of fire-works, 
and to preserve clothing from the attacks of insects. However, 
for this last named purpose it is not altogether in favor, as the 
Chinese think that it injures the texture of fabrics, rendering 
them more liable to tear. For Borneo or Baroos camphor, 
see Dryobalanops camphora , for ‘‘ Ngai’’ camphor, see Blumea 
balsamifera. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 89 


CANARIUM.—‘# #% (Kan-lan), 578, #f 34 (Ch‘ing-kuo), 
&  (Wu-lan). This is the so-called ‘‘Chinese olive,’’ 
which has, however, no affinity with the true olive, belong- 
ing to the natural order Burseracee, instead of to that of 
the Olcace@, as does the latter. The first two Chinese names 
given above apply to Canarium album (Pimela alba), while 
the last is Canarium pimela (Pimela nigra). The first is 
also distinguished in the Péxtsao as #R FE (Lu-lan), ‘green 
pimela.’’ ‘These fruits grow upon a small tree or shrub in the 
south-eastern provinces of China and in Cochinchina. ‘The 
tree is said to be something above ten feet in height, and to 
yield good timber. ‘The fruits are oblong and pointed, either 
green or shriveled, being often preserved in salt, or added to 
wine to medicate it, or to counteract its effects. They vary 
from one inch and a quarter to an inch and a half in length. 
When the pulp of the drupe is removed, there remains the large, 
dark, pointed, polygonal, or triangular stones, having three 
apertures at the upper end, where they often show a tendency to 
split into three portions, disclosing the three celled interior. 
These hard stones are frequently beautifully carved into beads 
and other ornaments. The fruits are said to be stomachic, 
sialagogue, antiphlogistic, alexipharmic, anti-vinous, and astrin- 
gent. The pits, incinerated and reduced to powder, are thought 
to have the power of dissolving fish bones accidentally swal- 
lowed, and are used in a similar way in the treatment of fluxes 
aud the eruptive diseases of children. The bruised kernels are 
used as a poultice in herpes labialis. ‘This latter appears in com- 
merce (692), as do also the leaves of Canarium pimela (1462). 
The appendix of the Pézzsao also speaks of the kernels of this 
species, assigning to them stimulant, tonic, and corrective 
properties. ‘Two other kinds of Chinese olive are mentioned 
in the Péxtsao under the names of JK By fi AE (P‘o-sstt-kan-lan), . 
‘*Persian pimela,’’ and Jy #¥ (Fang-lan), ‘‘square pimela.’? 
What these are is uncertain. ‘Ihe former may indeed be the 
Syrian olive. It is not native of China, but is said to now be 
grown in Kuangsi. 

A soft, sticky, dark, resinous mass, compared to cow-glue, 
and having a strong aromatic odor, is prepared from the 
Canarium pimela. It is mentioned in the Péxtsao, but no 


gO CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


uses are given for it. It resembles, and is probably identical 
with Manila /-lemz, which is thought to be the product of 
Canarium commune. ‘The Chinese product is called RE 
(Lan-hsiang). It may be used as a_ substitute for black 
dammar. When heated with the leaves and bark of the tree, 
it produces a tarry mass, called #¥ #§ (Lan-t‘ang), which is 
used in caulking boats. 


CANAVALLIA ENSIFORMIS.—JJ @ (Tao-tou), 1256. 
This legume is said to be native of the province of Kuangtung, 
but is now extensively cultivated throughout the empire. It 
is generally known among foreigners as the ‘‘ broad bean ;’? 
the pod being one and a half to two inches broad and nearly a 
foot long. They are much relished as an article of diet by the 
Chinese ; the pods, while still tender, being fried and eaten 
with soy or honey, and the beans, when riper, being cooked 
with pork or chicken. They are thought to benefit digestion, 
to strengthen the kidneys, and to be constructive and tonic. 
They are especially recommended in cases of weak digestion 
during convalescence from acute disease. 


CANNABIS SATIVA.—F jK (Ta-ma). Also called 
YK fife (Huo-ma), 541; ww Sj, (Huang-ma); ya jit (Han-ma), 
‘Chinese hemp,’’ to distinguish it from ™ Jif (Hu-ma), 
‘“‘Scythian hemp ;’’ the staminate plant, ¥ }ij (I-ma), and 
the pistillate Jif, (Chti-ma). ©The flowers at the time of 
pollenization are called ff #4 (Ma-p‘o), and Jit # (Ma-fén) is 
used for both the flowers and the seeds, although it probably 
should be restricted to the latter. 

Hemp suas been known from most ancient times in China ; 
there being a tradition that the Emperor Shen-nung (28th 
century B. C.) taught the people to cultivate it, as he did also 
the mulberry tree for raising silk worms. On the other hand, 
flax was unknown to the ancient Chinese, and even at the 
present day the plant is only cultivated for its oil. At Peking 
the hemp plant is called oJy jij (Hsiao-ma), while 4 fi is 
incorrectly applied to the castor oil plant. 

Every part of the hemp plant is used in medicine; the 
dried flowers (4), the achenia (#¥), the seeds (ijt 42’, the oil 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. gt 


(jit #, the leaves, the stalk, the root, and the juice. The 
flowers are recommended in the 120 different forms of fal (Féng) 
disease, in menstrual disorders, and in wounds. ‘The achenia, 
which are considered to be poisonous, stimulate the nervous 
system, and if used in excess, will produce hallucinations and 
staggering gait. ‘They are prescribed in nervous disorders, 
especially those marked by local anzesthesias. The seeds, by 
which is meant the white kernels of the achenia, are used for 
a great variety of affections, and are considered to be tonic, 
demulcent, alterative, laxative, emmenagogue, diuretic, an- 
thelmintic, and corrective. They are made into a congee by 
boiling with water, mixed with wine by a particular process, 
made into pills, and beaten into a paste. A very common 
mode of exhibition, however, is by simply eating the kernels. 
It is said that their continued use renders the flesh firm and 
prevents old age. They are prescribed internally in fluxes, 
post-partum difficulties, aconite poisoning, vermillion poison- 
ing, constipation, and obstinate vomiting. Externally they 
are used for eruptions, ulcers, favus, wounds, and falling of 
the hair. The oil is used for falling hair, sulphur poisoning, 
and dryness of the throat. ‘She leaves are considered to be 
poisonous, and the freshly expressed juice is used as an antlhiel- 
mintic, in scorpion stings, to stop the hair from falling out and 
to prevent it from turning grey. ‘They are especially thought 
to have antiperiodic properties: The stalk, or its bark, is 
considered to be diuretic, and is used with other drugs in 
gravel. The juice of the root is used for similar purposes, 
and is also thought to have a beneficial action in retained 
placenta and post-partum hemorrhage. An infusion of hemp 
(for the preparation of which no directions are given) is 
used as a demulcent drink for quenching thirst and relieving 
fluxes. 

Another Tiliaceous plant, the Corchorus capsular?s, is 
identified by the Japanese as #¥ Jfijj (Huang-ma), which is one 
of the terms at the head of this article. It is cultivated for its 
fibre (7¢e) in South China and other parts of tropical Asia. 
It is not known to be used in medicine. It may be that in the 
FPéntsao and other Chinese medical works it is regarded as 
identical with Je fix. 


92 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


CAPSELLA BURSA PASTORIS. —& 3 (Chi-ts‘ai). A 
cominon name is fi} 3 3é (Ti-mi-ts‘ai). Its fruit is called 
@ (Ts‘o-shih). This is the common ‘‘shepherd’s purse,’’ 
which is eaten as food by many of the poor people of China. 
It is both wild and cultivated. The explanation of the first 
character in the Chinese name is given as # 4 Ei (Hu-shéng- 
ts‘ao), ‘‘ protecting life plant,’’? because it is said to drive away 
mosquitos and other nocturnal insects. "The root and leaves 
are used in medicine, and the plant is thought to have a 
specially beneficial influence upon the liver and stomach. 
Incinerated, they are prescribed in fluxes, and pulverized, are 
used in the treatment of sore eyes! ‘The fruits are used for 
similar purposes, and if used for a long time are thought to 
clear the vision. ‘The Mowers are said to destroy certain kinds 
of parasitic worms, and to be useful in dysentery. 


CAPSICUM ANNUUM.—## & (La-chiao), 685. Several 
species of this Solanaceous plant are met with in China. In 
addition to the one above named, Cafszcum /riutescens, 
Capsicum baccatum, Capsicum fastigiatum, and Capsicum 
Sinense are mentioned. ‘They are largely cultivated in all of 
the central provinces of China, and are eaten green, ripe, and 
after having been dried. ‘They are used as a condiment or 
relish with other food, and at the season when they are ripe 
and in market are seldom absent from the table. The less 
acrid kinds are used as a vegetable, and if deprived of their 
seeds they do not purge. The smaller and more acrid varie- 
ties are sometimes dried and pulverized, making a sort of 
cayenne pepper. ‘They are not mentioned in the Péz/sao, but 
the Chinese rightly consider them to be stimulant to the 
digestion and derivative. [hey are sometimes used to produce 
diaphoresis. 


CARDUUS CRISPUS.—i€ #E (Fei-lien). This com- 
posite plant (Cynaroid division) is found growing plentifully in 
Manchuria and the provinces of North China, including 
Szechuan. It has incised leaves with winged petioles. The 
root is straight, with dark colored skin, and white flesh marked 
with black veins. ‘The root and flowers are used in medicine. 


=r lle} 


eh 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 93 


The root is first prepared by decortication, and then soaking in 
wine over night. After this, it is dried and pulverized for use. 
It is said by some to be slightly poisonous, and by others to not 
be so. The effectiveness of the twelve hours’ soaking in 
wine would probably explain the difference in these observa- 
tions. It is considered to be alterative and anodyne. It is 
used in the treatment of rheumatism, both articular and 
muscular, and is thought to have special curative properties in 
the £az disease of children. Epithelioma and rodent ulcer are 
among the things for which it is recommended. 


CAREX MACROCEPHALA. — #f 2 (Shih-ts‘ao). 
Called also & $R 3% (Tz‘ti-jan-ku), ‘‘spontaneous grain, ’’ and 
i @® fa (Vii-yii-lang.) It is not to be confounded with the 
so-called eagle stone, which bears the latter name. It is an 
edible grain-fruit, growing in the eastern islands, but not found 
in China. It ripens in the seventh month, and is gathered by 
the people until winter. It is considered to be very nutritious, 
and is recommended as a constructive food in malnutrition. It 
is said to prevent nausea, and is recommended in anorexia. Its 
prolonged use produces great bodily strength. 


CARICA PAPAYA.—TDhis, the Jafaw or tree melon, 
which is native of tropical America, has been introduced and 
is now cultivated in South China and other tropical parts of 
the Far East. The name by which it has been called at 
Canton is 7g J (Mu-kua), which is a translation of ‘‘tree 
mielon.’’ But this is the name which is used in the Péxtsao 
and classics for the quince (Cydonza sinensis). Woureiro found 
that the papaw was also called B§ #2 JL (Wan-shou-kuo), 
‘‘longevity fruit.”’ Another name by which it is sometimes 
known in the south is # JK (Fan-kua), ‘‘ foreign melon”’?. 
Still another name is #7 JX (Shu-kua), which is an alternative 
way of saying ‘‘tree melon.’’ Certainly 7& JX cannot be used 
for it in the north, where the quince, which has no other 
designation, is so extensively grown. Although so recently 
introduced into China, the Chinese, where the papaw is grown, 
have learned to appreciate its property of rendering meat 
tender, as well as its alimentary and medicinal qualities. 


94 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


CARPESIUM ABROTANOIDES.—K 4% # (T‘ien= 
ming-ching). ‘The seeds are called #§ gf, (Ho-shih), ‘‘crane’s 
louse,’? 375. Other names are 4#¢ fF (Shih-shou) and g& ej 
(Chi-lu), both meaning ‘‘pig’s head,’’ sf te Bi (Chan-chu- 
lan), and the people in the south call it th #4 (Ti-sung’, 
‘‘ oround cabbage,’ and Fe 44 7h (Tien-man-ch ‘ing), ‘‘heavenly 
rape,’’ for the leaves resemble cabbage or rape leaves, and are 


I 


of a sweet pungent taste. The seed has a bitter, pungent taste, 
is slightly poisonous, and is reputed to destroy insects. ‘The 
plant is added to the water in which silk cocoons are boiled, 
presumably to kill the pupa. ‘The plant bears small yellow 
flowers, and is quite common in South and Mid-China. The 
achenia which bear the seeds are awned, causing them to 
adhere to the clothing of persons and the fur of animals in a 
manner similar to the beggar tick. The leaves, root, and seed 
are the parts used in medicine. The two former are regarded 
as non-poisonous and as being identical in medical properties 
and uses. ‘They are employed as astringent, alterative, anti- 
scorbutic, diuretic, expectorant, anthelmintic, vulnerary, and 
discutient remedies, in conjunction with the young shoots. 
They are specially recommended in bronchorhcea, hemoptysis, 
and ague. ‘The seeds, which are regarded as being slightly 
poisonous, are principally used as an anthelmintic. They are 
also highly recommended in ague. 


CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS.—#rE BE 76 (Hung-lan- 
hua). Other names, #f 7£ (Hung-hua) and ii BY (Huang-lan), 
although this latter is possibly a confounding this with Cyocus 
sativus. ‘Che commercial designations are #2 7— (Hung-hua), 

530, and 3% 7% (Yao-hua), 1510; the former being the best 
quality used for dyeing, and the latter an inferior kind used as 
a drug. ‘The natural habitat of this plant, which is safflower, 
was regarded-by the Chinese as Thibet. It is now extensively 
cultivated throughout China. The famous traveler and general, 
Chang Chien, brought the seeds from Turkestan. The flowers 
are extensively used for dyeing purposes and in the making of 
rouge. Medicinally, they are regarded as having stimulant, 
sedative, alterative, emmenagogue, and discutient properties. 
On account of their red color, they are thought to have an 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 95 


especial value in affections connected with the blood. They 
are also used to cause abortion and to expela retained placenta. 
The shoots of the young plant are eaten in times of scarcity. 
The seeds are given asa lenitive or purgative in apoplexy and 
dropsy. An oil obtained from the seeds is used as a lubricant. 
It is also used in candle-making. 


CARYOPHYLLUS AROMATICUS.—-J ¥ | Ting-hsiang), 
JT + & (Ting-tzii-hsiang). The Chinese say that the clove 
tree is dicecious, and that the pistillate plant is called #4 | 4 
(Chi-shé-hsiang), the ‘‘chicken tongue’’ referring to the shape 
of the dried immature flowers of this variety. As this tree is 
not indigenous to, nor is it much grown in China, the distinction 
here given was probably a shrewd guess based upon different 
qualities of the drug appearing in the market. These ‘‘ chicken 
tongue spice’’ cannot be the so-called ‘‘ mother cloves,” since 
the Chinese know of these also, and call them fF J 4 (Mu- 
ting-hsiang), which is an exact translation of the common 
English and German terms. The properties of this variety 
are considered to be similar to those of the ordinary cloves, 
but are especially recommended in combination with ginger 
juice as an application to prevent the hair from turning gray. 

The place of origin of this drug, as given by the /%z/sao, 
is the islands and countries of the East Indian Archipelago, 
Cochin China, and Polo Condor. ‘The cloves found on the 
Chinese market do not differ in any material respect from those 
found in the shops of the West. They are regarded as having 
warm, stimulating, carminative, corrective, stomachic, tonic, 
anthelmintic, and derivative properties. They are prescribed in 
cases of offensive breath, diarrhoea, cholera, intestinal disorders. 
of infants, uterine fluxes, sterility, and many other diseases. 
They are held to be especially efficacious in nausea and 
vomiting. The drug is also used in various ways in the 
treatment of nasal polypus, ulcers, cracked nipple, carious 
teeth, scorpion stings, and to prevent or render pleasant 
offensive perspiration. The bark, somewhat thicker than 
cassia bark, is used in toothache and as a substitute for the 
cloves. ‘The twigs and root, although regarded as inferior, are 
also used for similar purposes. In the Appendix to the Péndsao, 


96 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


the clove oil is mentioned as a foreign product, and traders of 
Macao are credited with having introduced it into China. It is 
now manufactured in the south, and has become an article of 
export. Its use asa substitute for the crude drug, aud especially 
its application to aching teeth, is well known and appreciated 
by the Chinese at the present time. 


CASSIA FISTULA.—Du Halde, who never was in China, 
but who wrote his work on things Chinese, drawing all of his 
information from letters of the Jesuit missionaries, says that 
this tree was found in the province of Yunnan, and was called 
Lf Bf (Ch‘ang-kuo-tzu-shu). It is said that the peds are 
collected in Kuangsi and exported. Dr. Williams gives 

ices (Huai-hua-ch‘ing) as the name of the fruit. He 
describes the pulp as ‘‘ reddish and sweet, and not so drastic 
as the American sort; if gathered before the seeds are ripe, its 
taste is somewhat sharp.’’? No other authorities are found for 
this plant occurring in China, and it is not mentioned in the 
Péntsao. The Customs Lists do not mention it ; so, if exported 
as Williams claims, it must be by land routes. The subject is 
worthy of investigation. Waring, in the Pharmacopoeia of 
India, quotes Dr. Irvine as stating that the root of this tree 
acts as a very strong purgative. 


CASSIA MIMOSOIDES. — || #4  (Shan-pien-tou) ; 
Cassia occidentalis, tr fF (Wang-chiang-nan) and 4 Je HA 
(Shih-chiieh-ming); Cassza sophera and Cassia tora, Je Wy 
\Chiieh-ming) and #% 3 8A (Ts‘ao-chiteh-ming), 1341. With 
slight exceptions, the Chanece make no distinction between 
these species. "he Péxtsao uses Ts ‘ao-chiteh-ming for Celosza 
argentea. At Peking, Wang- -chiang-nan 1s a common name 


for Cassia sophera. Another name for the Ca ssia mimosoides 
is ff Te Se WA (Chiang- spiane-cua ee ming.) ‘The proper way of 


writing the character Chzich is as above, although it is most 
frequently written #. Kanghsi’s Dictionary also uses 3 56 
(Chiteh-kuang), a synonym of 3 WA. 4 gt HW is also used for 
the shell of Haliotis funebris, 1144. 

Hupeh and Kuangtung are given by the Customs Lists as 
the sources of the drug. Shensi, Kansuh, and Hunan are also 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 97 


said to yield it. The long, reddish pods contain very many 
dark brown, shining seeds called 3e Hj)  (Chiteh-ming-tzit), 
1341, of an irregularly compressed, cylindrical shape, about 
three lines in length, and marked with two light stripes on 
opposite sides. [They are pointed at one end, and truncated 
or rounded at the other, and have a bitterish, mucilaginous 
taste. It is said that if eaten on an empty stomach during the 
day, on the succeeding night articles will appear as if 
illuminated. The drug is therefore considered to be of especial 
use in diseases of the eye, being used both internally and 
locally in their treatment. It is also recommended in herpes 
and furunculoid sores. The Péz¢sao says that the leaves 
can be eaten as a vegetable. ‘This must refer to the Chzang- 
mang, which may be Cassta auriculata, an edible species 
of India. ‘The leaves of Cassza tora are said to be used by 
Indian physicians as a substitute for sezvza. Another name 
for the Chiieh-ming is FR fii 3e WA (Ma-ti-chiieh-ming), so 
called from the shape of the seeds. The /éztsao also speaks 
of another plant, apparently of this genus, which it calls 
4 8) ¥& (Ho-ming-ts‘ao). It is as yet unidentified. In 
addition to its other virtues, it is considered to be diuretic. In 
China, as in India, a spirituous liquor and a leaven are made of 
the Cassia tora, by the addition of some starchy or saccharine 
ingredient. 


CASTANEA VULGARIS. —# (Li) This is the 
common chestnut, of which several varieties grow in China. 
They are cultivated throughout the empire, and are used as an 
article of diet, being most frequently cooked with chicken. 
However, they are thought to be somewhat difficult to digest, 
and are therefore not recommended to the sick as food, or to 
those suffering from deranged digestion. They are among the 
fruits considered suitable to be presented to the Son of Heaven, 
and by the ancient Chinese were used as a present of in- 
troduction by women. Owing to the similarity of the leaves 
and fruits of some varieties to those of certain kinds of 
Quercus, there is a certain amount of confusion among the 
Chinese in regard to these plants. Of the different kinds of 
chestnuts, the Féztsao mentions a large, smooth, flat variety, 


98 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


which grows plentifully in the central provinces, and is called 
AQ FB (Pan-li); a small, round variety known as ||j #& (Shan- 
li), of which there is a pointed kind which is called $f 3F 
(Chui-li) ; a small one shaped like an acorn called 3% #£ (Hsin- 
li) ; a still smaller one, like a hazelnut, called 36 3% (Mao-li), 
which in the Zrhya is called fi (Erh). The Sanscrit name of 
#8 sin (Tu-chia) is also given. 

The tree of some varieties is quite large, and some have 
very large leaves. The smallest varieties are very delicate 
little shrubs. They grow in all of the provinces except the 
two south-eastern ones; there being no chestnuts (##) there 
except the 4 #8 (Shih-li), A/eurites triloba. The best 
chestnuts come from Kiangnan and the north. Several parts 
of the chestnut tree and fruit are used medicinally. The fruits 
themselves are considered to be saltish and cooling in their 
nature. Children should not eat them much, either raw or 
cooked. ‘Their use is thought to hinder the development of 
the teeth. They are considered to have a beneficial action 
upon the “breath,’’ stomach, and kidneys, assisting in endur- 
ing hunger. Masticated into pulp and applied as a poultice, 
they are recommended in muscular rheumatism and extravasa- 
‘ted blood. ‘The crushed fruits are also used as poultices in bites 
of animals and virulent sores of various kinds. ‘The septa of 
the involucre, called #£ #% (Li-hsieh), is considered to be 
especially efficacious in muscular rheumatism and to promote 
the circulation of the blood. The tegmen of the seed, which 
is known as 3K ¥& (Li-fu), is pulverized and added to honey as 
a cosmetic application ; it is thought with the effect of improv- 
ing the completion. Incinerated and powdered, it is used for 
removing a fish bone from the throat. A decoction of the 
hulls is recommended in nausea, thirst, and bloody stools. A 
decoction of the spiny involucre is said to be useful as a wash 
for inflamed ulcers. ‘The flowers are used in scrofula, a 
decoction of the bark of the tree as a wash in poisoned wounds, 
and the root in hernia and hydrocele, between which difficulties 
the Chinese do not clearly distinguish. 


CATALPA BUNGEI.—#fk (Ch‘iu). Classical name, #¢ 
(Tz). Catalpa kempferi, the same Chinese name or % fff 


“VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 99 


(Chio-ch‘iu). The names are confounded by both Chinese and 
Japanese botanists. Li Shih-chen says there are three varieties, 
and then proceeds to name four! ‘That with a white veined 
wood is the ¢z#, that with a red wood is ch‘zu, that with a 
beautifully veined wood is # (1), while a smaller variety is 
called ## (Chia). T’his last character is also written fq, but 
this seems also to be used in the Avhya for the tea plant. 
The characters ff{ and }## refer to the fact that the leaves of 
this tree fall at the end of summer or the beginning of autumn, 
and during the Tang dynasty the leaves were worn cere- 
monially at the time of the autumnal equinox. 

The catalpa is a large tree with very excellent wood, which 
is used for buildings of the better sort, for making chess-men, 
chess tables, weighing-scale frames, and printing blocks; in 
this last replacing the more expensive boxwood. ‘The white 
inner bark and the leaves are the parts used in medicine. 
This tree is said to have been formerly in much repute asa 
remedy for surgical diseases. ‘The bark is considered to be 
stomachic, anthelmintic, and very useful as an ingredient in 
lotions for stimulating wounds, ulcers, cancer, fistula, and 
other indolent or obstinate sores. An extract is prepared from 
the bark, and the leaves are reputed to be very efficacious in 
the treatment of carbuncles, swellings, abscesses, struma, 
porrigo, specks on the cornea, and the like, and are given in 
bronchitis and emphysema. ‘The leaves are used in treating 
eruptions on hogs, and these and the leaves of Aleurites 
cordata are fed to pigs to fatten them. 


CECRODENDRON FORTUNATUM.—lIn the Customs 
Lists (637) this is given as the identification of FF  & 
(K‘u-téng-ch‘ai, by which is evidently meant #f ¥& (K ‘u-téng) 
and #7 J 2 (K‘u-ting-ch‘a), the second character of which 
should be written “7. It is described in the Péxtsao under the 
heading of { J (Kao-lu), and is also called JL jf (Kua-lu). 
It is said that the people of the Kuang provinces call it A‘w- 
téng. ‘The leaf of the shrub is said to be very much like the 
tea leaf in shape, but considerably larger. Its action is con- 
sidered to be very much the same as that of tea, quenching 
thirst, brightening the eye, quieting the nerves, and acting as 


100 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


a diuretic. If taken in excess, sleep will be prevented. No 
authority is given for the above identifiction ; the plant is not 
mentioned in the Index Flore Sinensis, nor has it been found 
in any other work consulted. 


CEDRELA SINENSIS. —# (Ch‘un). In the classics 
the character is written ff. The /éztsao includes this with 
Ailanthus glandulosa under the common heading of # 4% 
(Ch‘un-ch‘u). External resemblances led the Chinese to con- 
found these trees of perfectly distinct orders. The leaves of 
the Cedre/a are edible, and on account of their fragrance the 
tree is sometimes called # # (Hsiang-ch‘un), while the 
Ailanthus receives the name of 5% # (Ch‘ou-ch‘un) because of 
the bad odor of its leaves, which for the same reason are not 
eaten. The wood of the Cedrela resembles mahogany, and is 
used in cabinet work. ‘The parts of the plant entering 
commerce are the twigs (4 4% #X%, Hsiang-ch‘un-chih), 409, 
and the root (# #& #2, Hsiang-ch‘un-kén), 409. 

It is evident that the Chinese regard the medical properties 
of Azlanthus and Cedrela as similar, if not identical. ‘There- 
fore it is a little difficult to determine if either is put to any 
peculiar use. Reference to the article on Azlanthus glandulosa 
is made for the general uses of these drugs. The tender leaves 
of the Cedve/a are in the spring boiled and eaten as a vegetable, 
and are regarded as carminative and corrective. They are also 
fed to silkworms. In combination with the leaves of Cazalpa, 
they are decocted and used as a remedy for scald head and 
baldness. ‘The inner bark of the trunk and that of the root are 
used in the treatment of the ff (Kan) disease of children, 
intestinal fluxes, menorrhagia, and post-partum hemorrhage. 
It is also used in gonorrhcea in both male and female. The 
fruits (#, Chia) are regarded as astringent, and are used also in 
affections of the eye. 


CELOSIA ARGENTEA.—% #i (Ch‘ing-hsiang). This 
is also called BF $f 5 (Yeh-chi-kuan), ‘‘ wild cock’s-comb,” 
and Wi #4 FF (K‘un-lun-ts‘ao), ‘plant from Kunlun.”’ The 
seeds are called WH Se Ay (T's‘ao-chiieh-ming), and are therefore 
both theoretically and practically confounded with those of 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. IOI 


Cassia tora, the former being frequently found mixed with the 
latter in the shops. The plant is found throughout the country, 
but the drug supply comes principally from Fukien and 
Kuangtung. It is a troublesome weed among the farmer’s 
crops, but the common people gather it and consume it as a 
vegetable. ‘The stalk and leaves, bruised and applied as a 
poultice, are used in infected sores, wounds, and skin eruptions, 
and the juice, taken internally, is considered to have special 
virtues in pestilential difficulties. To the seeds are attributed 
cooling, anti-scorbutic, anthelmintic, vulnerary, and tonic 
properties ; and they enjoy an equal reputation with Cassza 
tora in the treatment of affections of the eye. ‘TShree-tenths of 
a pint of the juice of the seed forced into the nostril is 
considered to be a sure cure for epistaxis. 


CELOSIA CRISTATA.—€ 5# (Chi-kuan). This cock’ s- 
comb, which by some is regarded as a variety of the last, is a 
common weed in China, although it is also extensively culti- 
vated as a garden flower. The prevailing colors of the flowers 
are red, yellow, and white, and the seeds are flat, black, and 
glossy. The red flowered variety is the one preferred in medi- 
cine, and consequently is fancifully supposed to benefit all 
diseases of the blood, such as hemorrhages, fluxes, piles, 
menorrhagia, and deficiency of the lochia. The young shoots, 
the flowers (50), and the seeds (51), are the parts used. 


CELTIS.—According to Henry, Celtzs sinensis is ph 
or #£(P‘o). In Japan ft is Celtis muku (Homoroceltis aspera), 
and Fp is Celizs szzensis. ‘These do not seem to be mentioned 
in the Péxtsao. In Japan HH }3 (Sung-yang) is also Celtis mukue 
or Ehretia serrata, which is a synonym. But Swxg-yang in 
China has been indentified by Henry as Cornus machrophylla 
(which see). This shrub bears an edible fruit, and it has been 
suggested that it may bea Prunus. As for the Fp (P‘o), it is 
possible that this refers to the EB #f/ (Hou-p‘o) of the Pézzsao, 
which is extensively used in medicine, and is Magzolia 
hypoleuca (which see). 


CERCIS CHINENSIS.—& #iJ (Tztf-ching), 1408. This 
is the Judas tree or Red bud, of the order of Leguminosae. 


I02 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


The character J, however, is usually applied to different 
species of the Vztex of the natural order of Verbenacee. 
Similarity of foliage and general appearance has again led the 
Chinese to confound plants of two distinct orders. On account 
of its beautiful purple flowers, this tree is much cultivated in 
gardens. ‘The whole tree, including the wood, is beautiful, 
and adds much to the ornamentation of any place it occupies. 
The wood and bark are used as medicine. ‘‘The kind that 
is as bitter as gall is the best.’? ‘They are employed in the 
treatment of bladder disease, and a decoction is used both 
internally and asa wash in mad dog bite, intestinal parasites 
of all kinds, vicious post-partum discharges, bleeding piles, 
and similar difficulties. 


CHAMAROPS EXCELSA.—#® # (Tsung-li), #F 
(Ping-lii). It is probable that Chamerops fotunet is either 
very closely allied to or identical with this. It is also by some 
referred to the genus Zvachycarpus and that of Caryota. This: 
is one of the coir palms, producing that useful fibre which is 
made into cordage, clothing, trunks, brushes, and the like. It 
is found in the south of China, and formerly extended as far 
north as the Yangtsze. The tree grows to a height of more 
than thirty feet. The fibrous integument is annually gathered 
and steeped in water, to separate the fibres for use in manufac- 
tures. Excellent matting is made from the bark, combined 
with more or less of the fibre. The large leaves of this palm 
are made into fans. The young flower buds, which are likened 
to fish roe and therefore called #2 ff (Tsung-yii), also called 
ja St (Tsung-sun), are eaten, although by some considered to 
be more or less deleterious. Steeped in honey and soaked in 
vinegar, they are used as votive offerings by the Buddhists. 
The buds, flowers, and seeds (1350) are recommended in 
fluxes and hemorrhages. The bark is prescribed in similar 
cases, but as only the ash or charred remains, after incinera- 
tion, is used, it is probable that its only action would be to 
check fermentation. 


CHAVICA BETEL.—3y 4% (Chii-chiang), + # ¥ (T‘u- 
pi-po), and the vine is called # AB — BE Be (Fu-ya-t‘u-lu- 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 103 


t‘eng), which is probably a reproduction of the Malaysian 
name for this plant (vettz/a). The Péntsao gives several 
other names of somewhat similar sound, which it says have 
not been explained, and which are probably local variations of 
the same name. ‘The leaves (called $£ #£, Lii-yeh) of this vine 
are spread with chunam and wrapped about a slice of Areca 
nut, and the product is chewed by the Malays. It produces a 
species of intoxication, which is probably the result of a 
substance developed in the combination, as none of the com- 
ponent parts taken alone has any such effect. It is now said 
to grow in South China, as far north as Szechuan. ‘he 
leaves are used in Yunnan as a condiment. The root, leaves 
(695, 696), and fruits are employed in medicine, being con- 
sidered to have carminative, stimulant, corrective, and pro- 
phylactic properties, and they have some reputation in the 
prevention and treatment of malaria. In the appendix to the 
Péntsao an oil, called $f jf (Lii-yu), is mentioned, and is said 
to be made from the leaves of this plant. It is highly 
recommended as a counter-irritant in swellings, bruises, and 
painful sores, as well as to reduce enlarged glands, 


CHAVICA ROXBURGHIIL— ¥ (Pi-po), 1008. This 
is the long pepper, the Piper longum of Linneeus. A number 
of combinations of characters, having approximately the same 
sound, are given in the /éztsao for this plant. This shows 
that the name is of foreign origin, and inasmuch as it approxi- 
mates the sound of the name for this articie found in other 
languages, it is probably of identical origin. The Sanscrit 
name was fzppala, which is approximated by 33£ 1 #4 (Pi-po- 
li), given in the /éztsao as the name in the language of the 
country of #& jm BE (Mo-chia-t‘o), or Magadha, which became 
the Pali of the Buddhists. In the country of Fulin the drug 
was known by the name of [ij 4 gi) PE (A-li-ho-t‘o). Many 
countries of Southern Asia, from Persia eastward, are given as 
the places of origin of the drug, but the principal supply is 
shipped from India. Points of similarity to other peppers, 
especially to Chavica betel and Piper nigrum, are noted by 
Chinese authors. The spiked fruits, sold under this name on 
the Chinese market, average more than an inch long, are 


I04 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


cylindrical, generally pedicellated and slightly tapering at the 
point. They are darkish-grey in color and studded with 
spirally arranged eminences. The taste is hot, pungent, and 
slightly aromatic. Stimulant, stomachic, carminative, cor- 
rective, and astringent properties are attributed to the peppers, 
which are given in various combinations for coryza, pyrosis, 


dysentery, cholera, violent fluxes, enlargement of the spleen, . 


menstrual disorders, and toothache. They are used in India 
in the treatment of beri-beri. 

A derivative of this plant, called 34 #) 7% (Pi-p‘o-mu), 
which is probably in imitation of the Hindustani name of 
the root, peepla-mool, is spoken of in the Péztsao under the 
heading of this same article. Its qualities are much weaker 
than those of the fruit, but it is reputed to have the same 
stimulant, tonic, and peptic properties. It isa much vaunted 
remedy in the treatment of ‘‘cold’’ viscera and diseases 
resulting from this condition. Barren women, whose wombs 
are supposed to be cold, those suffering from ‘‘cold indiges- 
tion,’? and certain kidney and urinary difficulties which are 
regarded as ‘‘cold,’’ are all to be benefited by administering 
this drug. Dr. Waring reports its use in Travancore for 
expediting the expulsion of the placenta. 


CHENOPODIUM ALBUM.—z# # (Hui-t‘iao), KR 
(Hui-hsien). There is the same uncertainty in the identifica- 
tion of the Chinese names for the Chenopodiacee that there is 
of those for the Amarantacee, and for the same reason, viz: 
the names are not uniformly applied to the same plant in 
different parts of China. # is a general term for Chenopodium, 
and throughout the north of China //uz-t‘zao is undoubtedly 
Chenopodium album, which is a very common weed there. 
The #% (Li) of the classics, and also the 3 (Lai), are thought 
to be the same. It was evidently the plant which Fohien 
saw when he returned from his journey to the Buddhist 
countries. In the account of his journey, it is said that when 
he landed in Shantung and saw the #% #2 3é again, he knew 
that this was the land of Han (China). The plant (stalk 
and leaves) is thought to have insecticidal properties, and 
is used in cases of insect stings and bites, and the expressed 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. I05 


juice in freckles and sunburn. The seeds are eaten as au 
anthelmintic remedy. 

In Japan, Chenopodium ambrosoides is called 4+ Fi FF 
(T‘u-ching-chieh) ; whether this includes the variety amthel- 
minticum or not is not stated, nor has it been possible to discover 
whether or not wormseed is met with in China or Japan. 


CHIMONANTHUS FRAGRANS. — i$ # (La-mei), 
ja Ms 7E (Huang-mei-hua). This plant has several common 
names in Chinese. It blooms in the Chinese twelfth moon, 
and its flowers are strung on fine wire and made into hair 
ornaments, which are much worn by the women. ‘They have 
a very pleasant odor, and their color and texture are also 
pleasing. The bark is also fragrant, but not so much so as 
some other shrubs of the same order, the bark of which is 
sometimes used as a substitute for cinnamon. ‘The Chinese 
soak the wood of this tree in water, and then polish it by 
rubbing to a brilliant, black surface. The flowers are used in 
medicine as a cooling and sialagogue remedy. 


CHLORANTHUS INCONSPICUUS.— $§ (Chu-lan), 
$2 JN WW 76 (Chi-chao-lan-hua). In Japan this is called 
& SE fe (Chin-su-lan). The flowers of this plant, which is 
of a tropical genus, are used to scent tea, which is consequently 
called 3 PH 26 (Chu-lan-ch‘a), Directions are given that, 
after having imparted their fragrance to the tea, the petals 
should be carefully sifted out, as their use is considered to be 
deleterious. Among scented teas, this is in most favor, 
although that scented with the petals of /asmznum sambac is 
preferred by some. The bruised root is recommended as a 
poultice in boils and carbuncles. Its action is sudorifie and 
stimulant, and its use is suggested in malarious fevers, since 
according to Blume, the root of a very similar species is 
_ extensively used in Java in the intermittent fevers of that island. 


CHLORANTHUS SERRATUS.—& G (Chi-chi). This 
is the same as Chloranthus japonicus and Tricercandra 
quadrifolia. Its leaves are said to be of the shape of a deer’s 
ear and its root like that of Asaruwm. For these reasons it is 


called J He $8 36 (Chang-érh-hsi-hsin). It grows in shady 


106 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


mountain valleys, shooting up in a single stem, at the top of 
which come out four leaves, and bearing white flowers which 
appear between the leaves. The root is dark in color, bitter, 
and poisonous. It is used, chiefly in decoction, externally in the 
treatment of parasitic skin diseases, and in infected ulcers and 
sores. It has also some reputation as an anthelmintic. 


CHRYSANTHEMUM CORONARIUM.—fij & (T‘ung- 
hao), #€ %% (P‘ng-hao) The Péxtsao makes these two 
identical, although the character ¥ also refers to EAvzgeron 
and Conyza. Because the plant is said to bear some 
resemblance to Artemzisza stelleriana, it is classed by the 
Chinese among the Artemisie(#H). While it is not considered 
at all poisonous, its excessive use is said to result in a species 
of intoxication. Its action is considered to be sedative, and 
its use is thought to benefit the digestive and vital functions. 
It is not employed in any particular class of diseases. 


CHRYSANTHEMUM SINENSE.—% 7 (Chii-hua), 
227. The character 4% is a general name for several kinds of 
Composite plants, but is applied particularly to this one species, 
which is indigenous to China, growing in a wild state in 
several parts of the empire, especially the north. It has also 
been cultivated from very ancient times as a favorite winter 
flower, very many varieties being found in the Chinese gardens. 
The wild plant is small, seldom exceeding one foot in height, 
and late in the autumn bears small flower heads, the florets of 
the disk being yellow, while those of the ray are rose colored. 
A yellow flowered variety is also very common, is called at 
Peking oJy BF 4 7E (Hsiao-yeh-chii-hua), and may be Chrysan- 
themum indicum. The Péntsao gives a large number of 
alternative names, but the one at the head of this article is the 
one by which the plant is universally known. The varieties 
entering commerce are the #¢ 4 7¢ (Hang-chii-hua), or variety 
from Hangchou; the # % 7% (Huang-chii-hua), which by 
some is considered to be Anthemis » the tf 3) 7 (Kan-chii-hua), 
or ‘sweet chrysanthemum ;’’ and the § 3 %& (Pai-chii-hua), 
or ‘‘ white chrysanthemum.”’ 

Some difference is made by the Chinese in the medical 
uses of different varieties, although their therapeutical action 


e 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 107 


is regarded as practically identical. The use of the ordinary 
cultivated varieties is thought to. benefit the blood and 
circulation, and to preserve the vitality. The flowers are 
prescribed in colds, headaches, and inflamed eyes. Pillows are 
recommended to be made of the flowers or leaves for the 
treatment of these difficulties. The white variety is considered 
to be especially useful in preserving the hair from falling out 
or turning grey. The flowers are soaked in wine, producing 
a ‘‘chrysanthemum wine,’’ the use of which is considered 
beneficial in a great variety of digestive, circulatory, and 
nervous difficulties. The use of the dew gathered from the 
flowers is also held in much repute in preserving and restoring 
the vital functions. Of the wild variety, the whole plant is 
recommended to be used. It is thought to be slightly 
poisonous. It is employed in decoction in the treatment of 
retained menses, and as a wash in infected and cancerous sores, 
and as a fomentation in enlarged glands. Anti-vinous properties - 
are also ascribed to this plant. Any of these varieties, and 
especialy the Kan-chii, will make a good substitute for 
chamomile. 


CICHORIUM.—It is uncertain whether this genus in 
found in China, although Loureiro mentions it. The plants 
are generally referred to the related genera of Sonchus and 
Lactuca (which see). 


CINCHONA.—4 $€ 8 (Chin-chi-lo). In the appendix 
to the Pénisao it is said that the foreigners at Macao introduced 
this drug in the fifth year of the reign of the Emperor 
Kiaching (1801). Its specific action in the cure of malarial 
fevers was soon recognized, and the bark was long used before 
the introduction of quinine. Dr. Hobson did not seem to be 
aware of this fact when he coined his term for Czzchona. Its 
use was also highly recommended as an anti-vinous remedy. 


CINNAMOMUM CASSIA.—#§ (Kuei), ¢£ #£ (Mou-kuei), 
fa #E (Ch ‘iin-kuei). The cinnamon tree is a native of Kuang- 
si; the best quality being still produced in the prefecture of 
Hsinchou, where it was found by Martini in 1645-1655. It is 


108 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


now grown in other parts of Southern China, as well as in 
Cochin-China, often giving a name to the political division in 
which it is produced; as, for example, Kuiyang, Kuilin, and 
Kuichou. ‘The mou-kuez (‘‘male cinnamon’’), which is also 
called 7X FE (Mu-kuei, ‘‘ wood cinnamon’’) and WJ FE (Jou- 
kuei, ‘‘ fleshy cinnamon’’), is the unscraped bark of the larger 
cinnamon tree. ‘The scraped bark is called #E JR ( Kuei-p‘i). 
The difference between the ma-kuwez and the jou-kuez is that 
the former is taken from the larger and older branches, and is 
therefore more woody and less pungent, while the latter comes 
from the smaller and younger branches. This latter is also 
called #E # (Kuei-chih), and after being scraped, is called #E a 
(Kuei-hsin). A very inferior kind of cinnamon, which has 
but little aroma, but which is also found on the market, is 
called #% #E (Pan-kuei, ‘‘board cinnamon’’), because it is in 
unrolled, flat pieces. ‘This is probably the thick inner bark of old 
trees. ‘The most delicate young shoots of the cinnamon twigs 
are called #) FE (Liu-kuei, ‘‘ willow cinnamon’’), The ch‘%n- 
kuet is a smaller tree bearing a thinner bark more like that 
from Ceylon. As it quills more readily than the other, it is 
called 7 #E (T‘ung-kuei, ‘‘tube cinnamon”’). Another name 
is Jy #E (Hsiao-kuei, ‘small cinnamon”’), evidently referring 
to the size of the tree. ‘The finest qualities of the bark of this 
tree are the #% j& #E (An-pien-kuei), a highly valued kind 
brought from Annam, and 2 Jit #E (Chiao-chih-kuei), probably 
the same as or similar to the last, but on account of its great 
repute these characters are often found on the sign boards of 
Chinese medicine shops. 

In the Péxtsao, at the close of the article on Ch‘zn-kuet, it 
is said that there is a tree much cultivated in China, and bears 
the names of /# #E (Yen-kuei) and JR #~ (Mu-hsi). ‘There are 
three varieties named according to the color of the flowers they 
bear ; the white being called gt #E(Vin-kuei), the yellow & #€ 
(Chin-kuei), and the red J} #£ (Tan-kuei). The flowers 
appear in the axils of the leaves, are very fragrant, and are 
used for scenting tea. ‘The common name used by the flower 
gardeners, who cultivate it extensively for sale, is RE 7 (Kuei- 
hua, “cassia flowers’’). It is the Olea (Osmanthus) fragrans, 
and has none of the properties of true cinnamon. J} #E (Tan- — 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. I09 


kuei), however, is also used for a red kind of true cinnamon 
bark, which comes from a variety of tree found most largely in 
the province of Kuichou. A similar kind is known as #% #£ 
(Yao-kuei), and comes from the country of the Yao tribes. 

Another kind mentioned in the Péx¢sao is KR & FF (Tien- 
chu-kuei). Porter Smith, on the supposition that the first two 
characters meant India, identified this with Crxxamomum 
tamala. But Li Shih-chen says that it is so named from a 
place called T‘ien-chu, in the prefecture of Taichou, Chekiang, 
where it grows plentifully. It isa large tree, bearing abundant 
flowers and a fruit the size of a lotus nut. The Buddhists 
regard it as identical with the JW #— (VYiieh-kuei). In Japan it 
is called Cznnamomum japonicum, which is the Czzxamomum 
pedunculatum of Nees. Its fruits are called RE f (Kuei-tzit), 
as are also those of the Yzeh-kuwer (see Litsea glauca), and the 
immature flowers of the C7zuamomum cassia, although the 
proper name for these last is #— J (Kuei-ting), according to 
the appendix to the Péztsao. 

The parts of the cinnamon tree now found in Chinese 
commerce are the bark (557, 659, 667, 668, and 672); the 
twigs (658, 660) ; the buds (673); the peduncles (671) ; and the 
oil (558, 669). The leaves are not found as an article of com- 
merce, but the Chinese use the bruised fresh leaves in water 
for cleansing the hair. The oil is manufactured in Canton and 
exported, but much of that now found in China comes from 
abroad, as it is of superior quality to the Chinese article and 
sells as cheaply. It is used as a perfume and flavoring in- 
gredient, and also as a substitute for the bark in medicine and 
cookery. Dr. Williams says that the #E # (Kuei-chih) are the 
‘‘extreme and tender ends of the branches’? of the cassia tree, 
such as are used in distilling oil at Canton. ‘The leaves are 
sometimes used in combination with these twigs for distilling 
purposes. 

Kuei-pt is met with on the Chinese market in half quills 
of a foot in length, half an inch in diameter, and one-twelfth 
of an inch in thickness. It is darker, closer in the grain, 
thinner, and much less pungent than the /Jou-kuet. ‘This 
latter, which is the ‘‘cinnamon”’ of Dr. Williams, is met with 
in close, perfect quills, of the same length as the Awez-p'2, but 


IIO CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


much stouter and thicker. ‘The texture is more open, of a 
lighter color, and the inner surface is more distinctly striated. 
The external surface, like that of the Kwe7-f‘z, is variegated 
with lichenous patches. ‘The taste is exceedingly pungent and 
spicy. 

Cassia is more often used by the Chinese as a condiment 
than as a medicine, being employed as a flavor for pork and 
other meats. Stomachic, stimulant, carminative, astringent, 
sedative, and tonic qualities are attributed to this drug. It is 
especially recommended in colic and excessive sweating. Post- 
partum difficulties and retained foetus are among the troubles 
for which it is prescribed, as also are snake bite and rhus poi- 
soning. ‘The prolonged use of the better qualities of cassia is 
thought to improve the complexion, giving one a more youth- 
ful, rubicund appearance. » Pao P‘u-tzif said that if cassia was 
taken with toad’s brains for seven years, one could walk on 
the surface of the water and never grow old or die; and Chao, 
the hunch-back, took the drug continuously for twenty years, 
with the result that hair grew on the bottom of his feet; he 
was able to walk five hundred /Z (200 miles) in a day, and lift a 
weight of one thousand chzz (1,333 pounds). 


CITRULLUS VULGARIS. — fy MM (Hsi-kua) # & 
(Han-kua), #8 ¥ IK (Yang-ch‘i-kua). This is the ordinary 
watermelon, which is very extensively grown in China, and is 
eaten as a cooling fruit in very hot weather. It was introduced 
from Mongolia in the tenth century, having been brought 
there at an earlier period by the Kitans from the country of the 
Uigurs farther west. ‘This is the reason that it is called 
‘‘western melon’’, and not as some have supposed, because it 
was introduced from what is now ‘‘the west’’. ‘The Chinese 
melon is not so large as the ordinary American variety, and 
not so sweet or so fine flavored ; but it is very juicy. Several 
varieties are grown; some having white pulp, some yellow, and 
some red. The seeds of these varieties are of different colors— 
white, red, brown, and black. ‘The black seeded variety with 
red pulp is usually the finest flavored. Melon seeds (Jh F, 
Kua-tzt) are extensively eaten in tea shops, and in fact are in 
evidence wherever tea is formally or socially served. They 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. II! 


are prepared for this purpose by salting and parching. In 
eating, the shells are cracked with the teeth and the kernels 
extracted. To crack the seed, extract the kernel, and spit out 
the shells without using the hands, is an accomplishment that 
is considered to evidence the good breeding of the gentleman. 
The melon grown to produce these seeds is of a special variety, 
evidently the result of a long period of selective development. 
It is not so large as the other varieties, contains but little pulp, 
and is a mass of seeds. The pulp has little or no taste. The 
kernels are said to be demulcent, pectoral, and peptic. Much 
of their good effects, however, may be attributed to their 
saltiness and the masticatory effort made in eating them. ‘The 
Chinese consider that sometimes the eating of melons produces 
fluxes, and even Asiatic cholera. But as liquid night soil is so 
largely used in their cultivation, and as they are usually left 
lying cut open in the markets, it is probable that the infection 
comes from the outside of the melon. It is well to wash the 
melon thoroughly before cutting. The rind of the melon is 
dried and incinerated, and after being finely powdered, is used 
in the treatment of aphthous sore mouth. 


CITRUS. —}% (Chi). This term is practically generic, 
as well as being used with qualifiers as a common term for the 
fruit as it appears in the market. There are several species, 
with many varieties, all apparently indigenous to China and 
_the East Indies. Indeed, it is probable that this is the natura] 
habitat of the orange, from whence it has spread to other 
parts of the world. After discussing the general subject of 
these fruits under the term above given, the P’z¢sao describes 
five species, viz: (1) Hf (Kan) or Crtrus nobilis, the tangerine 
and mandarin orange, also called ® hy t¥ (Chu-sha-chii) (2) 
te (Ch‘eng) or Crtrus aurantium, the coolte orange, also 
called fe@ fj (Kuang-chii, ‘‘Canton orange’’) and 4 $f (Chin- 
ch‘iu, ‘* golden ball’’); (3) #4 (Yu) or Citrus decumana, the 
pumelo or shaddock ; (4) #y KE (Kou-yiian) or Crtrus medica, 
the cztron, of which there are some peculiar varieties (see 
below); (5) @ #§ (Chin-chit) or Crtrus japonica, the cumguat 
or golden orange, also callec 4 ¥ (Chin-tou, ‘‘ golden bean ’’) 
and jf 4 (Lu-chii), after the Cantonese sound of these char- 


712 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


acters ‘‘/oguat’’, although this term is more often applied to 
the pipa (Zr7zobotrya japonica). 

The fruits of all of the different species and varieties are 
considered by the Chinese to be cooling. If eaten in excess, 
they are thought to increase the ‘‘phlegm’’, and this is 
probably not advantageous to the health. ‘The sweet varieties 
increase bronchial secretion, and the sour promote expectora- 
tion. ‘They all quench thirst, and are stomachic and carmina- 
tive. 

The peel of the ripe fruit is found under various names, 
of which the Péxtsao gives Fy If JE (Huang-chii-p‘i), AL Je 
(Hung-p‘i), and PR je (Ch‘en-p‘i). The Customs lists also 
give # ZZ (Kuo-p‘i) as an equivalent for the last (39), and says 
that at Canton it is the peel taken from the mandarin orange. 
§§ #0 (Chii-hung) or #§ 4% (Chieh-hung) is another term for 
the peel coming from Fukien and Chekiang, while f§ J¥ 
(Chii-p‘i) or #7 j& (Chieh-p‘i) comes from southern Fukien and 
Kuangtung. Although citrus fruits of many varieties are 
exceedingly plentiful in China, very little of the peel of these 
fruits is thrown away; servants, children, rag-pickers, and 
others gathering it all up, drying it and selling to the drug- 
gists, who use enormous quantities of it in the preparation of 
medicines. ‘The coolie orange peel is especially esteemed, and 
sells at a higher price than the others. The peel is regarded 
by the Chinese doctor as a panacea for all sorts of ills. Among 
the many qualities attributed to it are stomachic, stimulant, 
antispasmodic, antiphlogistic, and tussic. ‘The difficulties for 
which it is recommended also include marasmus in children, 
dyspnoea in the aged, fish and lobster poisoning, pin worms, 
and cancer of the breast. It is administered both in pill and 
decoction, together with ginger and other carminatives. 

The peel of the unripe fruit is called 7 i JR (Ch‘ing- 
chii-p‘i), or simply 7 Je (39). At the present time the 
immature or unripe fruit is often dried whole or in slices. 
Other names found, therefore, are »Jy $f J& (Hsiao-ch ‘ing-p ‘1), 
if Jk F (Ch‘ing-p‘i-tzit), and Ff JK #% (Ch‘ing-p‘i-ho). When 
fresh, it is very fragrant, but seems to soon lose its aroma and 
become of little value. Its virtues are regarded to be for the 

most part carminative. ‘The virtues ascribed to several decoc- 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. © 1 ee) 


tions for external application must be purely imaginary. A 
sort of a spirit of orange, made with hot wine of the membrane 
covering the pulp, is regarded as a sure remedy for nausea. 

Orange seeds, (225, 235), deprived of their husks and 
rubbed up in a mortar, and then decocted with wine, are 
prescribed for urinary difficulties, ‘‘ wine nose’’, varicocele, 
and buboes. ‘The expressed juice from orange leaves is also 
used as a carminative, to promote menstruation, and as a 
dressing to ulcers and cancerous sores. The dried leaves (236) 
are also used in decoction for the same purposes. ‘The chalaza, 
4& ¥§ (Chii-lo), #§  (Chii-pai), is employed in the treatment 
of menstrual disorders. : 

Citrus nobilis is considered to be stimulant to digestion, 
corrective, and diuretic. The peel is used as a carminative 
and in alcoholism. A hot, strong decoction is used in feverish 
colds. The peel of the wild variety is considered efficacious 
in sore throat. The seeds are used in the preparation of 
cosmetic applications, and a decoction of the leaf buds in the 
treatment of otorrhcea. 

Citrus aurantium is considered to be similar to the shad- 
dock. Its special properties are thought to be corrective and 
deobstruant. The sour juice is rejected, and the remainder of 
the pulp is mixed with honey for the treatment of indigestion 
and flatulence. It is also used as an antidote to fish and 
shrimp poisoning. ‘The seeds are bruised and applied to the 
face at night for pimples and freckles. Excellent marmalade 
(4% 9, Ch‘eng-kao) may be made from this orange. 

Citrus decumana, the shaddoch, pumelo, or pompelmoose, 
is a large, thick skinned, yellow fruit. It has been known 
since the days of the Great Yii, who mentions it in his Tribute 
Roll. Other names given in the Péxtsao are ff (Tiao), # Ht 
(Hu-kan, ‘‘jug orange’’, from its occasional shape), & {8 
(Ch‘ou-ch ‘éng, ‘‘stinking-orange’’, from its strong odor), and 
Fe #4 (Chu-luan). An ancient way of writing the character 
commonly used for the pumelo is #{ (Yu). This fruit fourishes 
throughout south China, and is especially found in the Amoy 
region, which is famous for its pumelos. ‘The flowers of the 
tree are very fragrant, and the fruit, when stripped of its thick, 
spongy rind, is of exquisite taste. It is frequently grafted upon 


«< 


114 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


other species of Citrus, and considerable improvement in flavor 
has resulted therefrom, ‘The fruit is considered to be digestive, 
corrective, antivinous, and is specially recommended for the 
use of pregnant women. ‘The peel is bitter, but very aromatic. 
If enough is used, it makes an excellent stomachic. The 
Chinese use it in coughs and dyspepsia, The leaves are bruised 
together with onions, and applied to the temples for headache. 
The flowers are used in cosmetic preparations. 

Citrus medica in China, as in southern Europe, is rep- 
resented by many varieties. ‘The most common one is that 
of Cztrus chirocarpus, {ih = Hf (Fo-shou-kan), 323. The fruit 
is formed by the natural separation of its constituant carpels 
into a form somewhat resembling a hand with the fingers laid 
closely together longitudinally. Why it should have been 
called Buddha’s hand is not clear. The Jews carried the 
citron (e¢hrog) in the left hand at the Feast of Tabernacles as a 
sacrifice of a sweet smell, and possibly the Chinese name of 
this denotes some similar practice connected with the worship 
of Buddha ; or it may have been thought to resemble the hand ~ 
of Buddha’s image. ‘The tree grows near the water in all of 
the southern provinces, ‘The leaves are long and pointed and 
the branches prickled. The yellow fruit attains a very large 
size in some cases, and is much prized in Central and Northern 
China, where it is carried in the hand, or placed on tables, to 
give out its strong and delicious perfume. In the south, where 
the fruit is plentiful, it is also placed in clothes-presses with 
the same object in view ; and it is made into a preserve, or the 
juice is used to wash fine linen. ‘The product is found in 
commerce principally in the form of the dried peel, f§ = fe 
(Fo-shou-p‘ien), 325. This occurs in fine dried slices, thin 
and shrivelled, the greenish-yellow cuticle fringing the white, 
inert, cellular tissue which forms the greater part of the drug. 
The smell is citron-like, but faint, and the taste aromatic and 
bitter. Some of the drug met with in the drugshops is very 
dark. Stomachic, stimulant, tussic, expectorant, and tonic 
properties are attributed to this drug. = Hg (Fo-shou-kan) 
is simply the whole fruit dried, and does not differ in use from 
the peel. The root and the leaves are used for the same 
purposes as the peel, and the flowers appear in commerce, but 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. II5 


are not mentioned in the Pév/sao. It is probable that their 
uses are the same as those of other species of Citrus. In 
Barbadoes, cztronella is prepared from the rind of the citron, 
and it is shipped from there to France and used to flavor 
brandies. ‘This term, however, is given to several products, 
such as: a perfume prepared from Melissa officinalis, an oil 
produced from Azdropogon schenanthus, and in France the 
term is applied to Artemzsia abrotanum. 

Citrus japonica has, in addition to the names already 
mentioned, several others by which it is known. The Péz¢sao 
gives 4» #} (Chin-kan), @ 1% (Hsia-chii, ‘‘summer orange’’), 
Wy 4 (Shan-chi, ‘‘hill or wild orange’’), #4 2 AR (Chi-k‘o- 
ch‘éng, ‘‘give-guest orange’’). When dried, it has some 
resemblance to a nutmeg, and is therefore called ‘‘nutmeg 
orange.’’ It is used as a dessert, or garniture, at weddings, 
and is made into a conserve. It is regarded medicinally asa 
stimulant, carminative, antiphlogistic, antivinous, and deodoriz- 
ing remedy. This ‘‘golden orange,’? in dwarf variety, is 
grown in pots, and when the plant is covered with green 
oranges, or after they have begun to turn yellow, is used as a 
present to friends or guests. 

Another form of drug, described by Porter Smith as 
Citrus aurantium, var. scabra, is found at Hankow, and is 
called 44 4% #£ (Hua-chii-hung). It is probably a different 
form of Chii-hung (228), which the Customs lists give as 
coming from Chekiang and Fukien. Braun, in the Hankow 
list (1909 revision), gives its origin as Szechuan. In regard 
to the former, Porter Smith says: ‘‘The dried peel of this 
immature orange, a variety of the sweet orange, is brought 
from Huachou in Kaochoufu (Kuangtung) and sold at a very 
high price in Central China. It is externally of a dark brown, 
or blackish color, and covered with a yellowish bloom, which 
is seen, by means of a glass, to consist of short hairs. The 
inner surface is of a dirty white color. As usually sold in the 
shops it is put up in the form of a six-rayed star, made by 
dividing into six parts the fruit or rind, from nearly the apex 
to the bottom, and doubling the segments of the peel upon 
themselves into a flat star. ‘The whole fruits have their rind 
thus treated, the pulp being taken away, and the two star-like 


116 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


pieces bound together in the centre with red silk thread. 
These sell for about a tael a pair.’? (Braun says that they 
sell for five cents a pair in Canton.) ‘The pieces vary from 
two inches and a half to three inches and three-quarters in 
diameter ; the smallest pieces fetching the highest price. It is 
made into a tincture, and is much esteemed in the central and 
northern provinces as a sedative, carminative, stomachic, and 
expectorant remedy.’’ ‘The appendix to the /éztsao describes 
this Hua-chou-chii-hung (4% Ji {4 #0) in very much the same 
way as does Porter Smith. It makes it out to be a hairy orange, 
taken in the immature state and split into a stellate form of 
Seven rays, and after being dried is tied in pairs with red cord. 
The same orange is sometimes candied whole, or compressed 
into a cake and then candied. 

Citrus fusca, or Citrus trifoliata, $4 (Chih). ‘This seems 
to be the best identification attainable. Loureiro, Franchet, 
and the Japanese all so regard it. Siebold and Hemsley call 
it gle sepiaria. Other names which the Japanese apply to 
the same plant are #y | (Kou-chii) and 5£ f§ (Ch‘ou-chii), 
but the /%ztsao discusses these two latter under a heading 
separate from the Chih. Bretschneider says that one of the 
plants thus confounded may be 77rzphasia trifoizata, a thorny 
bush indigenous to China as well as to Japan and cultivated at 
Kew. There is no doubt that the products appearing in 
Chinese medicine are from a Citrus. ‘The most common form 
is called 44 #% (Chih-k‘o), and-consists of the fruits cut in half 
and dried. It is in circular discs of one or two inches in 
diameter, nearly flat on the cut side and rounded on the other. 
The peel is firm and very thick, forming about half the 
thickness of the specimen. Externally it is rough, of a 
reddish or blackish-brown color, and internally it is buff. 
The taste is bitter and agreeably aromatic. Whether the 
form known as #8 ## (Chih-shih) is the same fruit gathered in 
a more immature state and dried, or whether it is the product 
of a different plant, is not clear. "The /éx/sao says that both 
are gathered in the ninth and tenth moons, and while the 
language is not clear, the place of collection would seem to be 
somewhat different. The principal sources of supply for both 
drugs is Szechuan and Kuangtung. ‘The properties ascribed 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. t17 


to both are stomachic, cooling, deobstruant, and carminative. 
They are both prescribed for a very large number of exceed- 
ingly dissimilar maladies, and seem to be in very great favor 
with the Chinese in all sorts of prescriptions. The rind 
of the fruit, the bark of the root, and the young leaves are 
all used; the latter being recommended in place of tea in 
colds. A wine decoction of the root bark is recommended in 
toothache, 

Of the #y #4 (Kou-chit), which indeed may be 4£gle 
sepiaria, the leaves, thorns, seeds, and bark of the tree are all 
used in indigestion, fluxes, and dysentery. ‘The flowers and 
fruit of this, while resembling those of the orange, are uot 
fragrant. Porter Smith calls this Cztvus dzgaradia. 

The % # (Hsiang-yiian), which is very common in some 
parts of China, isa variety of citron, not so large as some others. 
Its pulp is very sour and somewhat bitter, resembling in taste 
the “me, although the fruit is larger than that of Cztrus acida. 
It may be regarded simply as a variety of Czérus medica. ‘The 
lemon has been called by the same name by foreigners in 
China, as well as by the names f# # (Ning-méng) and 3 #§ (Li- 
méng). But it is pretty certain that the lemon does not grow 
in China proper, or at least has been but lately introduced, and 
therefore it isnot named. The Awang-chiin-fang-fu refers toa 
small species of vrs under the last name given above, as 
having very acid fruit, but no medicinal properties are referred 
to it. Mr. Kitel gives #@ 45 $2 (Tan-pu-lo) or 7G JE Be (Chan- 
p‘o-lo) as the Chino-Buddhist name of the C7ztrus acida. 


CLAUSENA WAMPI.—# jk fF (Huang-p‘i-tzt), 519. 
This is a Rutaceous plant, yielding the delicious yellow-skinned 
fruit called # je 34 \ Huang-p‘i-kuo) by the Chinese, and by 
foreigners wampee. It is common in southern China and the 
Indian archipelago. The Péztsao gives its origin as Huang- 
chou in Kuangsi, but says that it is also found in Kuangtung. 
The fruit is sour, with a yellow, furry skin, and whitish pulp 
surrounding several greenish-black seeds. If one has eaten too 
many /zchzs, the wampee will counteract the bad effects. Lichis 
should be eaten when one is hungry, and wampees only on a 
full stomach. ‘Their medical properties are stomachic, cooling, 


118 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


and anthelmintic. The root of the plant also appears in com- 
merce (520), but the /2éx/sao does not mention it. 


CLEMATIS GRAVEOLENS.— #8  (Huang-yao- 
tzti), 524. Other names are FR #& - (Mu-yao-tzii), K tH (Ta- 
k‘u), of BR (Ch‘ih-yao), and #¢ #% F (Hung-yao-tzu). The 
Péntsao says that the plant bears some resemblance to both 
Glycyrrhiza glabra and Mentha piperita, but that it is neither. 
It grows to the height of two or three feet, with a jointed stalk, 
large leaves, white or pinkish flowers, and has a long root, 
yellow in color. ‘The root is the part used in medicine. Its 
taste is exceedingly bitter and somewhat cooling. Its action is 
regarded as antiseptic and cooling. It is prescribed as a gargle 
in ulcerated throat, as an application in dog and serpent bites, 
and to be taken in cases of hemorrhage from the stomach or 
throat. Clematis florida (FR #5 GHi, Tieh-hsien-lien) is not 
mentioned in any of the Chinese medical works consulted, and 
neither is Clematzs patens (§§ -F 3 Chuan-tzu-lien). Loureiro 
calls FA 3 (Mu-t‘ung) Clematis sinensis, but the drug selling 
under this name has been identified as Akebza guinnta (see 


p- 22). The plant producing the drug, however, still needs 
identification. 


CLEMATIS MINOR.— # {il| (Wei-ling-hsien), 1443. 
This plant grows in the northern provinces, especially in 
Shensi. It bears jade-like white flowers in a panicle, and has 
a long blackish root, which turns quite black when dry. Roots 
of a lighter color are not regarded as genuine. The taste is a 
sweetish-bitter. Its action is considered to be antimalarial, 
diuretic, and antirheumatic, and is prescribed in all sorts of 
muscular rheumatism, constipation, and difficulties due to 
catching cold. | 


CLEMATIS PANICULATA.—{] A #4 (Hsien-jén-ts ‘ao). 
A decoction of this plant is used to wash scrofulous sores in 
children. It is reputed to be an antidote in vermillion poison- 
ing, and the expressed juice is used in the treatment of corneal 
opacities. 


CNICUS JAPONICUS.—)\ #ij (Hsiao-chi), 433. This 
is the identification of Maximowicz and the Japanese. Siebold 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. IIg 


calls it Carduus acaulis. Henry claimed that in Hupeh Cyzcus 
japonicus is Fc By (Ta-chi). There is very little difference 
between the two. Another name for this is $i yj (Mao-chi, 
‘Scat thistle »”), ‘The root, which has a sweetish pleasant taste, 
is the part used in medicine. Very remarkable virtues are 
ascribed to it, such as building up the animal spirits and 
restoring the blood. It is therefore prescribed in hemorrhages, 
wounds, and bites of poisonous reptiles and insects. It is also 
said to have tonic and febrifuge properties. The shoots of 
the plant are also used medicinally, but will be referred to 
under Crzcus spicatus. 


CNICUS NIPPONICUS.—7§ 3% (K‘u-yao). This was 
also called by Maximowicz Czzcus sinensis. Other names for 
it are #y 3 (Kou-yao) and 7 # (K‘u-pan). This is the 
ordinary thistle found throughout the central provinces. The 
shoot is the only part used, and edible. Ithas a bitter, saltish 
taste, and is thought to promote respiration and to cool the 
blood. A decoction is highly recommended for washing bleed- 
ing piles, and the ash is used as an application to wounds. 


CNICUS SPICATUS.—X ij (Ta-chi), 1216. Other 
names are #F #y (Hu-chi, ‘‘tiger-thistle”), FR gj (Ma-chi, 
‘‘horse-thistle’’), i) Rij (Tz‘i-chi, ‘‘thorny thistle’’), jj 4: 3 
(Shan-niu-p‘ang), 4 J@ #i (Chi-hsiang-ts‘ao, ‘‘chicken neck 
grass’’, from the character of its stalk), Bf fx 76 (Yeh-hung- 
hua, ‘‘ wild Carthamus), and F $f ¥i (Ch ‘ien-chén-ts‘ao) ; the 
last being the name by which it is called in the north. The 
root, which is the part used in medicine, is tuberous, and in 
the south is called + A # (T‘u-jén-shén, ‘‘ native ginseng ’’). 
The plant grows from four to five feet high, and has wrinkled 
leaves. In the Peking mountains the people apply the name 
Ta-chi to Crzcus pendulus, which grows from five to six feet 
high, is very spiny, and has enormous purple flower heads, 
The use of the drug is thought to promote plumpness of the 
body. It is prescribed in menstrual difficulties, irritable 
uterus, and in hemorrhages. ‘The leaves are also used for 
similar purposes, and as a diuretic. Bruised, they are applied 
in scaly skin diseases. In many cases, little distinction is 


I20 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


made between this plant and the Cxzcus japonicus, as the 
Chinese regard the latter as simply a small variety of the 
other. Generally speaking, the //szao-chz is used internally, 
and the Za-chz is the more frequently recommended for external 
application. 


CNIDIUM MONNIERI.—# jk (Shé-ch‘uang), r1r4. 
This is the Sedzzum monnzeri of Linneeus. The classical name 
is BF (Hsii). Other names are J jt (Hui-ch‘uang), By yk 
(Ma-ch‘uang), Be % (Shé-mi), #2 4 (Sst-i), #h 3 (Shéng-tu), 
3 PR (Tsao-chi), and #& fe (Ch‘iang-mi). It is a fragrant 
umbelliferous plant, the seeds of which are used in medicine. 
It is found in nearly every part of China, but the product 
coming from the region of Yangchow is considered to be the 
best. The drug has very little odor, but a warm taste. It is 
said to act on the kidneys, and to be aphrodisiac, antirheu- 
matic, sedative, astringent, vulnerary, and discutient. Washes 
and ointments are made from the erushed or powdered seeds 
for bathing prolapsus recti, piles, anal fistula, and leprous or 
scabious sores. Li Shih-chen makes the very appropriate 
remark, that although we are familiarly acquainted with our 
own indigenous plants, we are apt to neglect them in search of 
far-fetched drugs of no better quality. . 


COCCULUS.—}¥ G (Fang-chi), 291. This identification 
is somewhat doubtful, but is from Hoffmann and Schultes, 
who follow Siebold. They give yj Bf G (Han-fang-chi) as 
Cocculus japonicus, and AX Py G (Mu-fang-chi) as Cocculus 
Thunbergit. Faber gives Fang-cht as Menispermum daurt- 
cum, and a Japanese identification is Stephanza hernandifolta. 
The Chinese books describe only the root, so it cannot be 
decided from these what plant is meant. Henry says that 
Cocculus Thunbergii is known by other Chinese names in 
Hupeh, but he does mot say what these are. Other names 
given by the Pétsao are fi fie (Chieh-li) and 4 ff (Shih- 
chieh). The drug is a brown, bulky, amylaceous, tuberous 
root, split longitudinally into two or four pieces, and showing 
on its cross section something of the same radiated disposition 
of the vascular tissue as is met with in Adenopnora and other 


yj 4 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. I21 


of the Campanulacee. The smell is agreeable, and the taste 
bitterish and mucilaginous. It is used in fevers, dropsies, 
rheumatism, and pulmonary diseases, and is also said to be 
diuretic. ‘Ihe diseases for which it is to be prescribed are all 
of a grave character, and include cholera and pulmonary 
hemorrhage. When the innoccuous character of the drug is 
considered, one wonders how it secured such a reputation, even 
in China. ‘The fruit is used in prolapsus recti. 


COCOS NUCIFERA.— pp Ff (Yeh-tzti). Also called 
i FE BA ( Yiieh-wang-t‘ou, ‘‘hornbill head”) and 7 ¢& (Hsii- 
vii). In regard to the first of these two names, the /éztsao 
says that the king of I was angry with the king of Yueh, 
invited him to be his guest, made him drunk, and took off his 
head and hung it in a tree, when it turned to a cocoa-nut. 
So it seems that the slang phrase ‘‘my cocoa-nut,’’ referring 
to the head, has its origin in ancient Chinese legend. This 
tree is met with in the island of Hainan and on the adjacent 
mainland of the Kuangtung province, as far north as latitude 
21°. The albumen of the drupe is eaten by the Chinese, and 
is considered by them to be very beneficial, promoting a 
healthy plumpness of figure and face. ‘The juice or milk, 
called af fF #€ (Veh-tzti-chiang), is considered by some to be 
cooling and by others heating. This discrepancy is probably 
_ due to the fact that one is speaking of the fresh juice, and the 
other of that which has been fermented. The intoxicating prop- 
erties of the latter are recognised, and it is said to increase 
thirst instead of relieving it, as the unfermented juice does. 
This juice is said to be nutrient and serviceable in hematemesis 
and dropsy. It has lately been recommended in India as a 
remedy in phthisis, debility, and cachexia. The bark of the 
root of the tree is recommended as an astringent and styptic 
remedy in hemorrhages and fluxes. The shell of the nut, 
which is sometimes carved and polished to make drinking 
vessels and ornaments, is incinerated and mixed with wine, 
to be used in the treatment of secondary and tertiary syphilitic 
manifestations. The collection of the sweet juice of the 
flowering branch of this and of the Palmyra palm, is alluded 
to as having been known in China since the Han dynasty. 


122 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


The Palmyra palm, Borassus flabelliformts, is called the fA Hy 
(Pei-shu), and it yields arrack and a kind of white sugar called 
jaggery in India. The tree is said to grow in the southern 
provinces. Dr. Waring speaks of a toddy poultice, made by 
adding the freshly drawn juice of the cocoa or Palmyra palm 
to rice flour till it has the consistence ofa soft poultice, and 
subjecting this to heat over a gentle fire until fermentation 
commences. This poultice, applied after the manner of the old 
fashioned yeast poultice to gangrenous sores, carbuncles, and 
indolent ulcers, is said to be very useful. The fibers of the rind 
of the cocoa-nut, and the brown cotton-like substance from 
the outside of the base of the fronds of the Palmyra palm, nay 
be used to staunch wounds. 


COIX LACHRYMA. —3& fX fE (1-1-jén), 547. Other 
names, ff? #§ (Chieh-li), & @ (Chi-shih), # 3¢ (Kan-mi), 
El fl 4 (Hui-hui-mi), and  H F (I-chu-tzii). This grami- 
neous plant grows in marshes, as well as on the plains and 
fields, to the height of several feet. It is said that the famous 
general Ma Yuen (A.D. 49) introduced the plant into China 
from Cochin China. It does not flourish so well here as it does 
in the Philippines, where the Chinese settlers make a kind of 
meal of the seeds, which is very nourishing for the sick. The 
seeds are hard and beadlike, and are somewhat like pearl 
barley, for which they are sometimes mistaken in the Customs 
lists, and for which they make an excellent substitute. How- 
ever, they are larger and coarser than pearl barley. The un- 
hulled corns are often strung by children as beads, and priests 
are sometimes seen using the largest ones in their rosaries. 
The seeds are considered by the Chinese to be nutritious, 
demulcent, cooling, pectoral, and anthelmintic. Given either 
in the form of soup or congee, it is highly recommended by 
native doctors. It is considered to be especially useful in 
urinary affections, probably of the bladder. A wine is made 
by fermenting the grain, and is given in rheumatism. The 
root of the plant is said to be an excellent anthelmintic. The 
leaves also, gathered in the summer month and made into a 
decoction, are said to benefit the breath and blood. A new born 
infant, washed in this decoction, will be preserved from disease. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 123 


COLOCASIA.—z# (Vii), —- & (T‘u-chih). This is the 
same as the /avo of the South Sea Islands, which is cultivated 
for its edible roots, known as 3 BA (Yii-t‘ou). But the name 
tara or kopeh is also applied in New Zealand to the root of 
Pteris esculenta, an edible fern. Several species of Colocasza 
are cultivated in China. It has been known since before the 
Han period. The seeds are used in medicine, as are also the 
leaves and stalk. The former are considered to be somewhat 
poisonous, and are recommended in indigestion, flatulence, and 
in disorders of parturient women. A decoction is prescribed 
as a wash in pediculosis. The leaves and stalk are recom- 
mended in similar cases and as an application in insect bites 
and other poisons. 


COMMELYNA POLYGAMA.—f® §% Ef (Ya-chih-ts‘ao), 
f # 36 (Chu-yeh-ts‘ai). This isan identification of Tatarinov 
adopted by Porter Smith, who says in regard to it: ‘*’This 
‘duck’s-foot-grass,’ with its flat narrow leaves and herbaceous 
calyx, is considered to be related to the bamboo. ‘The flower of 
this Spider-wort is compared by the Chinese to a moth. The 
plant is much cultivated as a pot herb, which is eaten in the 
spring, and the juice of the flower is used as a bluish pigment 
in painting upon transparencies. Demulcent, diuretic, and 
lenitive qualities evidently reside in the herbage of this plant, 
which is taken internally in cyanache, fevers, dysentery, 
abdominal obstructions, and dysuria, and is applied topically 
to piles, abcesses, and bites. Dr. Hasskarl, of Java, has pub- 
lished a valuable monograph on the Commelynaceze of India 
and the Indian Archipelago. In some countries the rhizomes 
of Commelynas become very starchy, and are eaten. Com- 
melyna rumphit is used in India as an emmenagogue.”? 


CONIOSELINUM UNIVITTATUM.—# 3% (Hsiung- 
ch‘iung), 469. This is a Japanese identification. It is an 
umbelliferous plant, resembling Azgelica. ‘The common 
name by which it appears in commerce is JI| # (Ch‘uan- 
hsiung), 247. Other names are #j 43 (Hu-ch‘iung) and  # 
(Hsiang-kuo). The leaves are called § 4 (Mi-wu), which is 
given a special article in the Féuztsao. Faber calls this 


I24 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Selinum. VA Shih-chen says that the drug was called & # 
¥2 (Ma-hsien-hsiung-ch‘iung), from the resemblance of the 
root with its joints to a horse’s bit. It was also called # |i} FF 
(Chiao-nao-hsiung), when coming from Kuanchung, on account 
of the compact masses resembling the brain of a bird. /This 
latter is also called ff F¥ (Ching-hsiung) and Py  (Hsi- 
hsiung). The Chekiang variety is called & #7 (T‘ai-hsiung), 
and that from Kiangnan is called #€ f¥ (Fu-hsiung). ‘The 
drug is cultivated in some parts of China, and the cultivated 
varieties are regarded more highly than the wild ones ; these 
latter often being small in size, and having a bitter ea: 
taste. The parts used in medicine are the root and leaves. 
The former is recommended for a large variety of difficulties : 
such as colds, headache, anzemia, menorrhagia, retained 
placenta, sterility, pains and aches of all kinds including 
toothache, hemoptysis, phthisis, strumous difficulties; rheu- 
matism, and fluxes. The leaves are said to .be anthelmintic, 
and are also used in the treatment of diarrhcea and dysentery. 


The flowers of the plant are used in the preparation of facial 
cosmetics. 


CONOCEPHALUS CONICA.—Ht $% #4 (Ti-ch ‘ien-ts ‘ao). 
This is Faber’s identification. But this name is given in 
the /éxtsao under the article on ff 3¢ Fi (Chi-hsiieh-ts‘ao), 
which is Vefeta Ai cikeac under which title this will find 
reference. 


CONOPHALLUS KONJAK.—3% #§ (Chu-jo). This is 
an Aroid plant, so identified by the Japanese. Other names 
given in the Péztsao are #3 BF (Jo-t‘ou), 5% 4e (Kuei-yii), and 
fa DH (Kueit‘ou). It is said to grow in moist and shady 
places, principally in the mountainous regions: of Szechuan 
and Fukien. ‘The root is the part used, and it is considered 
to be very poisonous, being said to produce hematemesis when 
ingested in sufficient dose. Its medical uses are not clearly 
stated. Being a virulent poison, it is recommended in such 
difficulties as cancer, rodent ulcer, lupus, and the like. The 
only medical property mentioned is that of relieving thirst, 
possibly due to a sialagogue effect. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. I25 


CONVOLVULUS.—The common representative of the 
Convolvulaceze in China is the jf 7é (Hstian-hua), and this is 
Calystegia sepium (which see). Another is # 4b - (Ch‘ien- 
niu-tzii), which is Zbomea, and will be referred to under that 
title. At Peking Convolvulus arvensis is found under the 
name ot 47 Be 7E (Ta-wan-hua) and #¢ $4 (Yen-fu). Another, 
identified by Faber as Convolvulus japonicus is $8 FE te FF 
(Ch‘en-chih-mou-tan). None of these latter, however, is 
specially mentioned in the Péztsao, and they are not considered 
as differing materially from the principal members of this 
family. 


COPTIS TEETA.— it j (Huang-lien), 516. The 
different names given for this drug in the Customis lists refer 
to different qualities and places of origin. The Péztsao gives 
as additional names = $# (Wang-lien) and 3 $ (Chih-lien). 
The plant grows extensively throughout China, but the best 
comes from Szechuan, where it is cultivated. It is a 
Ranunculaceous plant, and the root has sometimes the 
appearance of a bird’s claw. Two kinds of roots are described 
in the Chinese books: one being hairy (fine radicle fibers) and 
the other coarse and knotted, forming a series of united tubers, 
Large quantities of this drug are shipped from China to India. 
Siebold identifies it as Copizs anemonefolia, and the Japanese 
describe a three-leaved and a five-leaved variety. Porter 
Smith wrongly identifies Huwang-len as Justicia. The drug, 
as it appears in the market, is in short branching pieces, one 
or two inches long, of a yellowish-brown color, and often 
bristled with radicles. The interior is hard, the cortical part 
being dark, and the central portion being pierced by a pith of 
deeper shade. The color of the main portion is a deep, rich 
yellow. The taste is intensely bitter, but aromatic. The 
more brittle the root is, the more highly its reputed virtues. 
It is regarded by Chinese doctors as a sort of a panacea for a 
great many ills. It is supposed to clear inflamed eyes, to 
benefit the chest, to combat fever, and to act as an alterative 
or alexipharmic drug. Its use in all forms of dysentery is 
specially recommended, and in diabetes to relieve thirst and 
reduce the quantity of urine. Various poisons, especially that 


126 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


of the Croton bean, are said to be antagonized by it. Most 
midwives insist upon every infant swallowing a dose of this 
drug, mixed with borax, soon after birth. This is said to 
prevent apthze and to eliminate or counteract all syphilitic 
poison. ‘The drug closely resembles the Creyat, or Karzat of 
India in its action, which is the same in general character as 
that of Chzretta. The leaves and stalk are not used. The 
#7 (Kan) and other infantile disorders are treated both 
topically and internally by this drug. A tincture may be 
made to be taken asa ‘‘bitter,” by digesting three ounces of 
the sliced root and two ounces of coolie-orange peel for a week 
in a pint of brandy. ‘This is of some use in indigestion in 
cases where bitters are sometimes prescribed. 


CORCHORUS PYRIFORMIS.—*# # (T‘ang-ti). Dr. 
Morrison gives this as the name of the Chino-Japanese species 
of Corchorus which with 7rzumfetta, another Tiliaceous plant, 
yields the hemp-fiber called Po-lo-ma. The Shuowén makes 
the above characters to be only a various writing of HE #f 
(T‘ang-ti). Chinese writers describe this tree very differently ; 
some making it out to be a sort of plum or cherry, while 
others think it to be an aspen or poplar. Li Shih-chen says 
that it is the same as the 3 } (Ch‘ang-ti), which is identical 
with the 4 24: (Yii-l), Prunus japonica. tie Be (Ti-t‘ang) is 
Kerria japonica. 

Corchorus capsularis is also identified by the Japanese as 
ii ik (Huang-ma). It is cultivated for its fibre (7wée) in 
south China and other parts of tropical Asia. It is not known 
to be used in’ medicine. It may be that in the #e77sae 
and other Chinese medical works it is regarded as identical 


with hit. 


CORDYCEPS SINENSIS.—B # & i (Msia-ts‘ao- 
tung-ch‘ung), 287. This fungus, described by the Chinese as 
a plant in summer and an insect in winter, grows upon the 
pupa of a kind of caterpillar as a parasite. It is said to be 
common in southern Thibet, but the /éztsao says that it 
comes from Szechuan, and this is the source of origin given in 
the Customs lists. It is not so rare nor so much thought of as 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 127 


in the days of Duhalde, who praises it immoderately. It 
belongs to the class of drugs called *# ¥ 4 (Leng-tan-huo), or 
things uncommon, but not in great demand. It is sold in 
bundles weighing two mace (116 grains Troy) each, or there- 
abouts. The bundles are three-quarters of an inch in diameter 
and from three to three-and-a-half inches in length. Each of 
the many pieces forming the bundles consists of two distinct 
portions : one, which is the larger and belonging to the insect, 
being more than an inch long and of a yellowish-brown 
color, and showing the rings, joints, and more or less of the 
characteristic structure of the grub; and the upper fungus 
portion, consisting of a spurred filament of a greyish-brown 
color, flexible, more or less twisted, and internally of a lighter 
shade. It is said by Duhalde to be found in the province of 
Hukuang, answering to Hupeh and Hunan of the present time, 
and it is entirely probable that it can be found in other parts 
of China. The /éxz¢sao compares its action to that of gzvseng, 
and it is said to be worth four times its weight of silver. It is 
considered to be restorative and tonic, and is used in jaundice, 
phthisis, and in cases of injury of any serious nature. Taken 
with duck, its virtues are very much increased. Ifa drake is 
taken, prepared for cooking, the head split open and the 
cavities filled with this drug, while cooking the aura of the 
medicine will spread to the whole bird permeating every part, 
and thus increasing the potency of the medicament. It is said 
that one duck thus prepared will be quite the equivalent of an 
ounce of the best gznseng. 


CORIANDRUM SATIVUM.—f 4% (Hu-sui', GF 4 
Hsiang-sui) Je 3 (Ytian-sui), and 3g 48 (Viian-sui), 1565. 
The root and leaves are used in medicine, as well as the fruits. 
The former, although sometimes used with green vegetables, 
is considered to be slightly deleterious. Carminative, correct- 
ive, and quieting properties are ascribed to the plant, and it is 
recommended in ptomaine poisoning as well as in the treat- 
ment of the 8 (Ku) poison. The fruits, deprived of their 
husks, can be eaten, and have carminative and corrective 
properties. They are specially recommended to be used freely 
in fluxes. 


128 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


CORNUS MACHROPHYLLA. —# }% (Sung-yang). 
Henry so identifies this. But in Japan Swxg-yang is Celtis 
muku or Ehretia serrata. Another name given by the 
Péntsao is fe F AC (Liang-tzt-mu). According to the Erhya, 
ii (Liang) is the same as ## (Lai). This is a tree of some 
proportions, growing in Kiangsi, bearing a small edible fruit 
called & Ff IB (Tung-ch‘ing-kuo), and having a reddish 
colored sap. ‘The wood is thought to be efficacious as a 
constructive remedy, probably on account of the color of the 
sap. It is said to destroy bad blood and to build up good 
blood, quieting the uterus, relieving pain, and nourishing the 
body. ‘he bark is prescribed in all forms of dysentery, prob- 
ably being astringent in character. 


CORNUS OFFICINALIS.—]]jy 32 #& (Shan-chu-yii), 
1094. Other names, 4 jf Ze (Shu-suan-tsao) and WF 3 (Jou- 
tsao). This is a large thorny shrub or tree, growing in the 
mountainous districts of China. It bears white flowers, resem- 
bling those of the apricot. The drupe is red, enclosing a 
stone which is retained in the prepared drug. It has a sub- 
acid taste, and contains considerable of oil. It is the only part 
recommended in Chinese medicine, although the bark of all of 
these dogwoods has excellent tonic and astringent properties, 
as well as some anti-malarial virtues. Various medical quali- 
ties are ascribed to this drug, among which are diuretic, 
astringent, tonic, anthelmintic, and antilithic. It is recom- 
mended for menorrhagia, impotence, and the urinary difficul- 
ties of the aged. 


CORYDALIS AMBIGUA.—iE ff # (Yen-hu-so), 1529, 
ZS A # (Hsiian-hu-so). The tubers of this Fumariaceous 
plant are met with as small, firm, brownish-yellow, flattened 
pellets, with a depression on one of the surfaces, giving them 
some sort of resemblance to the tubers of Przellia tubertfera. 
They are from four to six lines in diameter, and are marked 
externally with wrinkles or reticulations. When broken, they 
present a horny, semi-translucent, yellow or greenish appear- 
ance. ‘I‘he flavor is bitterish and bean-like. ‘The Pés7¢sao says 
that it comes from the country of the Northeastern Barbarians, 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 129 


and this is confirmed by Hanbury, who says that it is 
indigenous to Siberia, Kamtchatka, and the Amur region. 
The Corydalis goviana of India, and doubtless this species also, 
contains, according to Sir W. B. O’Shaughnessy, the crysta- 
line principle corydalia, discovered in Corydalis tuberosa by 
Wackenréder. This active principle is suggested in the Phar- 
macopceia of India as an antiperiodic. Whether it has proven 
of any value or not, or whether such use was only suggested 
by the intense bitterness of this product, it has not been 
possible to learn. To the drug itself, as appearing in China, 
is ascribed tonic, diuretic, emmenagogue, deobstruant, astrin- 
gent, alterative, and sedative properties. It is much used in 
prescriptions for post-partum difficulties, hematuria, and other 
bloody fluxes. 


CORYDALIS INCISA.—& ¥ (Tzti-chin), #f JE (Ch‘ih- 
ch‘in), 4 Ff (Shu-ch‘in), # 3¢ (T‘ai-ts‘ai). This marsh plant 
grows in Central China, where the shoots are used in the 
spring as food, although they are considered to be slightly 
deleterious. The flowers, dried and pulverized, are used in 
‘prolapse of the rectum. 


CORYLUS.—#% (Chén). Two species abound in the 
mountains of Northern China; the Corylus heterophylla and the 
Corylus mandshurica. ‘The nuts of both are edible and are to 
be found in the markets. The first named has a spreading 
involucre, resulting in a flattened nut, while that of the latter 
is contracted and prolonged beyond the apex of the nut, pro- 
ducing a pointed shape. The faze/ has been known from very 
early time in China, and is mentioned in the classics, The 
eating of the nuts is considered to be in every way beneficial, 
benefitting the breath, relieving hunger, and giving strength 
for locomotion. They are not prescribed for any particular 
diseases, but are thought to improve the appetite and aid in 
digestion. They appear in commerce as #& f{& (Chén-jén) and 
He fF (Chén-tzit), 38. 


CRATEGUS.—f8 (Cha). This character serves as a 
generic name for hawthorne, which in China, as elsewhere, is 
represented by several species. The [fj #§ (Shan-cha) is 


130 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Crategus pinnatifida, and Crate@gus cuneata is Wy FR HH 
(Shan-li-kuo). The fruit of these commonest kinds is scarlet, 
or dark-red, and almost as large as the fruit of Pyres spectabilis. 
The fruit, when ripe, is sour and of a pleasant flavor, and 
upon the addition of sugar is most readily converted into a most 
delicious jelly or jam. The jam is a common article of sale 
in the shops under the name of {lJ #§ #4 (Shan-cha-kao), 1084, 
or {lf #8  (Shan-cha-ping). ‘The flesh of the fruit, after 
the skin and core have been removed, is also sold under the 
name of {lj 48 f (Shan-cha-jou), 1082. ‘The fruit, sliced and 
dried, is called lj #8 # (Shan-cha-kan), 1085. The whole 
fruit is preserved in sugar and candied, and then strung upon 
straws or slips of bamboo, and peddled upon the streets by 
sweetmeat sellers, under the name of #& #jj Gf (T‘ang-hu-lu), 
Hr tf (T‘ang-ch‘iu), and lj #§ #k (Shan-cha-ch‘iu). 

Another species, which is named 3p J # (Ch ‘ih-chao- 
tzit), is probably Crate@gus macracantha. It grows in Shan- 
tung to the height of five or six feet, and has a five pointed 
leaf and thorny axils. Early in the spring it bears a small 
white flower, which is followed by the pome ; this attaining to 
the size of a small date. Another kind is known as $ 
(Mao-cha), ‘‘reed haw”, or #& #§ (Hou-cha), ‘‘ monkey haw’’. 
This tree grows to the height of several feet, and there are two 
varieties ; one bearing a red fruit and the other a yellow. 
The § #8 (Shu-cha), ‘‘rat haw’’, and the ‘‘monkey haw’? 
are so named because the wild animals on the hills like to eat 
them. The rat haw is also known, especially in the north, 
as [lj BE #£ (Shan-li-hung), ‘‘red-on-the-hill’’. Another 
kind, having a very large, pear-shaped fruit, is known as 2 kg 
F (T‘ang-ch ‘iu-tzii), and is probably Crategus flava. ‘The use 
of the character % may have been suggested by the resem- 
blance of this fruit in appearance to Pyrzs fruits, as this character 
is almost a generic term for Pyrus. This latter species is not 
used in medicine, but is employed in making the confection. 
From another kind, called 24 if F (Yang-ch‘iu-tzt), which 
is possibly Crategus parvifolia, is obtained a greenish or 
yellowish fruit, which is not fit to eat until after it has been 
exposed to frost. It is not used in medicine. ‘The character 
#k in this name is also written fj, in the Aénzsao, but this 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. I31I 


latter character is more properly applied to the AZyrzca rubra, 
Branrrunuse:: : 

Antiscorbutic, laxative, stomachic, deobstruant, and altera- 
tive properties are ascribed to these fruits. The juice is 
used in lumbago, diarrhoea, to stop the itching of ulcers, and 
to bring out the rash in the exanthemata of children. It 
is considered to be peptic and stimulant, and is employed 
im scrotal hernia and prolonged lochial discharge. The 
confection is eaten to assist digestion and to promote the 
circulation of the blood. As the ‘fruit is constantly used 
as food, its physiological effect upon the system caunot be 
very powerful. The seeds are recommended for hernia, difficult 
labor, and swelling of the genitals. The wood of the #% JK 
(Ch‘ih-chao) is used in decoction for pruritus. The root of 
the different species of haw is recommended for nausea and 
vomiting. A decoction of the twigs and leaves is employed 
in varnish poisoning. 


CRINUM SINENSIS.—X #R f (Wén-chu-lan). This 
beautiful amarillidaceus plant is confounded by the Chinese 
with orchids, and is not specially mentioned in the Pézdsaa. 
It is cultivated in China, India, and Japan, and is met with 
in Cochinchina, the Moluccas, and in Ceylon. Four or five 
species are said by Burnett to be found in China. In India 
the bulbous root, which has a terminal, stoloniferous, fusiform 
portion issuing from the crown of the bulb, as described by 
Dr. Waring, has an unpleasant narcotic odor. It is there 
used in fresh slices as an emetic and diaphoretic, or the 
root is carefully dried and reduced to powder as a substitute 
for squills or ipecacuanha. It is said to contain a principle 
analagous to scz/7/zn, the active chemical ingredient of Sczl/a 
maritzma, which so far as at present known is not met with 
in the Far Hast. Dr. Waring bears testimony to the efficiency 
of this drug. The classification is given on the authority 
of Dr. Morrison. 


CROCUS SATIVUS.—# #£ 76 (Fan-hung-hua). Ac- 
cording to the Péxtsao, this was brought from Arabia by 
Chang Chien, at the same time that he brought the safflower 


132 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


and other Western drugs and plants. Another name given 
is #R 7 i (Sa-fa-ang), which is evidently a transliteration 
of the Arabic name Zafaran. ‘The last character is sometimes 
written $7 and fy, but this does not have the proper sound, and 
is probably wrongly written. Still another name is jf Je EE (Po- 
fu-lan), which is also probably a transliteration of some foreign 
term. Saffron is said to be stimulant, carminative, and 
antispasmodic. It is thought to have a beneficial action upon 
the blood, and to be quieting in cases of fright. At the time 
of the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty these flowers were used in 
cooking. 3% #£ 76 (Tsang-hung-hua), ‘*‘ Thibetan safflower’’, 
is given by some foreign writers as another naine for saffron, 
but this has not been found mentioned by any Chinese writer. 
However, it may be found in Tibet, although this has not yet 
been confirmed. 


CROTON TIGLIUM.——& #8 (Pa-tou), 933. The first 
character of this name refers to a country which was included 
within the boundaries of the present eastern Szechuan. The 
second character was used because of the resemblance to the 
soy-bean. ‘This is one of the five principal poisons mentioned 
by Shen Nung, so the plant is probably indigenous to China. 
The Arabic name is datoo, which was probably derived from 
the Chinese name. One of the Persian names means ‘‘ Rzcznus 
from China,’’ so that it is quite possible that the original 
habitat of this plant was here. The Paéow is properly a fruit. 
It is oblong, obscurely triangular, about three-quarters of an 
inch in length, three-celled, and of a yellowish-brown color. 
Each cell contains an oval, flattened, or imperfectly quadran- 
gular seed, resembling a coffee bean. The dark brown testa 
encloses the yellowish albumen, within which is the large 
dicotyledonous embryo, often much shrunken. The taste is 
very acrid. The fresh fruits, the oil, the testa, and the root of 
the tree are all used in medicine. The drug is recommended 
for a very large number of difficulties, but, generally speaking, 
the Chinese doctors are afraid to employ it on account of the 
exaggerated notions of its poisonous properties, which were 
handed down from very ancient times. It is recommended as 
a revulsive in colds aud fevers, for obstinate diarrhoea and 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 133 


dysentery, in delayed menstruation, and similar troubles. It 
is also administered in ranula, apoplexy, paralysis, toothache, 
and affections of the throat. Externally it is applied in com- 
bination with rape-seed oil in various skin affections. The 
seeds in coarse powder are also recommended in various kinds 
of drug poisoning. ‘The oil is used in much the same classes 
of cases, as well as being used for very much the same purposes, 
as it is employed in the west. ‘The testa is only recommended 
for fluxes. [he bruised root is applied in carbuncle and 
cancerous sores. 


CRYPTOTANIA CANADENSIS.—%® §i (Tang-kuei), 
1250. Faber identifies this umbelliferous plant as the ordi- 
nary honeywort of North America. Hanbury identifies it errone- 
ously with Arata edulis, and 'Tatarinov as Levzsticum. The 
Japanese make it to be Ligusticum or Angelica. 'The root of 
this plant represents the drug, which is held in very high repute 
among the Chinese. It ranks next to licorice in frequency of 
use in prescriptions. It comes principally from the three 
western provinces, but is also prepared in Shansi, Shantung, 
and Chihli. It is met with in the form of brown, fleshy root- 
stocks, branching and dividing into a mass of large, close, 
pliant rootlets, something like gentian root. The interior is 
soft, sometimes mealy, and of a whitish or yellow color, or 
sometimes much darker. The odor is very strong, resembling 
that of celery, and the taste is sweetish, warm, and aromatic. 
Names by which it is also called are II iff (Shan-ch‘in) and 
By (Pai-ch‘in’, which mean ‘‘mountain’’ or ‘‘ white celery,’’ 
and it is compared to Apzum graveolens, and, indeed, is said by 
Siebold to be eaten like celery in Japan, though we do not find 
that it is so used in China. The drug is much used by medical 
men in China in the treatment of the menstrual, chlorotic, and 
puerperal diseases of women. It is used in hemorrhages of all 
kinds, colds, fluxes, dyspeptic complaints, ague, and a large 
number of other difficulties. Its name is said to be derived 
from its asserted power to make the female ‘‘revert’’ to 
her husband, and much of its employment is probably to be 
referred to the wish of Chinese women to stimulate their 
generative organs, in order to increase their opportunities of 


134 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


bearing children, at present their only function in Chinese 
society. According to Henry, Angelica polymorpha is the 
source of the drug Zang-kued exported from Ichang and 
Hankow. 


CRYPTOMERIA.—#% (Shan). This name is nowadays 
‘applied to this and perhaps to other coniferous trees. Henry 
claims that in Hupeh some of the many ‘‘.Shaz’’ trees 
are undoubtedly Cryptomeria japortca, and in Japan this 
character is used for Cryptomeria. But the Shan tree of 
the aucieut Chinese authors, and the one which is particularly 
discussed in medical works, is Cunnenrghanea sinensis, and will 
be referred to under that title. 


CUCUMIS MELO.—f JK (Kan-kua), #f J} (T‘ien-kua), 
we OM (VYiieh-kua), #F J (Shao-kua), and F jl (Hsiang-kua). 
JK (Kua) is a general term for the fruits of cucurbitaceous 
plants. The Chinese divide these into two classes ; oue called 
# JK (Kuo-kua), including musk melons and water melons, 
and the other called 3 JX (Ts‘ai-kua), comprising cucumbers, 
squashes, pumpkins, gourds, and the like. ‘This plant is 
probably indigenous to China, and the first name above given 
is the old name, which has been superseded by the second, 
which at present is more colloquial. The third name 
indicates the probable original habitat of the plant, the present 
province of Chekiang. Several varieties are found in different 
parts of the empire ; some being almost mealy when ripe, while 
others are firm and more like a cucumber in texture. None 
are so juicy as the western kinds, but all have more or less 
of an aromatic flavor and fragrance. Some are quite small and 
egg-shaped, while others are longer aud more cucumber-like. 
The skin varies from a bright yellow, through greenish yellows, 
to a pure green, being sometimes striped in darker shades. In 
accordance with the Chinese classification, and on account of 
the variation of these melons in texture, the Péztsao discusses 
these under two separate headings: the jk ji (Yiieh-kua), under 
the classification of vegetables, and the #{ m (T‘ien-kua), 
under that of fruits. The eating of these melons is regarded 
by the Chinese as somewhat deleterious. As they usually eat 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. as 


them before they are ripe, and as the melons are opened amidst 
the dust and filth of a summer street, it is quite probable 
that they do not entirely deserve the reputation they have 
secured. Notwithstanding their slight fear of these melons, 
large quantities are ingested every season by all sorts and 
conditions of people. The Yreh-kua is not much used 
medicinally, but is considered to be cooling, diuretic, anti- 
vinous, and peptic. ‘The incinerated ash is used in sore mouth. 

The pulp of the Z‘zex-kuwa is regarded with more favor 
than that of the Yueh-kua. But if eaten to excess, it is 
thought to cause pimples, to bring on ague, and to produce 
general weakness of the body. Its action is said to be cooling, 
diurectic, and resolvent. If eaten during the month of great 
heat, sunstroke will be prevented, as it is regarded as decidedly 
cooling. The kernels of the seeds, jm — {E (Kua-tzii-jén), 
are highly regarded as a stomachic, peptic, and constructive 
remedy. They are prescribed in cancer of the stomach and 
purulent difficulties of the digestive tract generally. They 
are also used in menorrhagia, after the oil has been extracted. 
The peduncles, ff J A¥ (T‘ien-kua-ti), 1293, also called 
GOT O® (K‘u-ting-hsiang), are vaunted as a remedy out of 
all proportion to their importance. General anasarca, the 
worst forms of intestinal parasites, and acute indigestion from 
the ingestion of too much fruit, will all yield to this 
remedy. It is also used in the treatment of nasal polypus, 
jaundice, acute coryza, and colds of every kind, and mixed 
with musk and Asarum steboldi will restore a lost sense of 
smell. The vine (4%, Wan) of the melon is prescribed, together 
with Quzsgualis indica and Glycyrrhiza glabra, in suppressed 
menstruation. The flowers are used in refractory coughs. 
The expressed juice of the leaves is thought to promote the 
growth of whiskers in those who have none, and when made 
into a tincture with wine, will disperse the blood from bruised 
flesh. 


CUCUMIS SATIVUS.—#fM I (Hu-kua), # J (Huang- 
kua). Chang Chien, the noted legate of the Han dynasty, 
seems to have brought this plant from Central Asia to China, 
as he did many other useful plants. It is largely cultivated, 


136 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


and the fruit is eaten in the raw state and asa pickle. Its use 
is considered to be slightly deleterious. Its reputed virtues 
are cooling and diuretic. A sort of cucumber salve is recom- 
mended for skin diseases, and for scalds and burns. ‘The 
expressed juice of the leaves is used as an emetic in acute 
indigestion of children. ‘The bruised root is applied in case of 
swelling from the wound of a hedgehog quill. There is the 
same danger of severe diarrhoea resulting from the ingestion of 
the Chinese varieties of this vegetable as in the case of those 
from the west. 


CUCURBITA MAXIMA.—The Chinese do not distin- 
guish clearly between the mammoth winter squash and the 
larger forms of gourd. The former undoubtedly is grown in 
China, but it is known by the names of #9 ## (Hu-lu), # 7§ 
(Hu-lu), and #J (P‘ao). These all refer to the gourd (see 
Langenaria vulgare), and medical properties will be discussed 
under the latter title. 


CUCURBITA MOSCHATA, Cucuriita pepo.—m I 
(Nan-kua). Several varieties of this are found in China. 
Cucurbita maxima may also in some cases be included with 
this product. In any case its medical properties would be 
similar. A crook-necked variety is called fE JX (Wo-kua, 
‘‘Japanese gourd’’). Another variety is the fg J. (Fan-kua). 
Li Shih-chén says that the natural habitat of this genus is the 
south; hence the name. ‘The Chinese compare the flesh of 
this, when cooked, to the sweet potato. It is especially 
esteemed when cooked with pork. When prepared with 
mutton, it is considered to be deleterious. Squashes are pre- 
sented with great ceremony, on the evening of the mid-autumn 
festival, to married, childless women, being considered propi- 
tious for the speedy production of offspring. A similar custom 
prevails in India where, to insure prosperity, the tallow gourd 
is presented to the newly married pair at their wedding feast. 
The seeds are sometimes used salted along with melon seeds. 
The medicinal use of this plant and its fruit is not great. It is 
not recominended in any particular class of diseases, but its 
action is considered to be beneficial to the viscera and breath. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 137 


CUDRANIA TRILOBA.—{q (Ché). This tree is of the 
order Artocarfee, and is sometimes mistaken for Morus or 
Broussonetia. It is said to grow commonly in the mountains, 
and to have a finely grained wood suitable for manufacturing 
utensils. Its leaves are used for feeding silkworms, producing 
a quality of silk that is especially esteemed for making lute- 
strings. It bears a fruit somewhat resembling the mulberry, 
of which the birds are very fond. The wood is used in prepar- 
ing a yellow dye, which is employed in dyeing the imperial 
garments. ‘The wood, the white inner bark of the tree, and 
that of the eastward-extending root are used in medicine. The 
taste is sweetish and cooling, and it is prescribed for menor- 
rhagia, malarial fever, debility, and wasting. An infusion of 
the wood is used in weak and sore eyes. An epiphyte growing 
upon the tree, called #q # (Ché-huang) and ff HE (Ché-érh), is 
used in consumption. Of a thorny variety of the tree, called 
AY #@ (Nu-ché), the thorns are used, in combination with other 
drugs, iu decoction for the treatment of constipation and 
obstruction of the bowels. 


CUNNINGHAMIA SINENSIS.—#é (Shan), # 76 (Sha- 
mu). This tree grows in the southern, central, and western 
provinces of China and in Japan. It is the common pine 
of China, and is found in many varieties, one of which is 
said to have been introduced from Japan. The color of 
the wood in the different kinds varies from red to white; 
the former being tough and resinous, while the latter is 
of a looser structure, and when dry becomes beautifully 
veined. Its short, stiff, pointed leaves, and its avoid- 
ance of the sea-coast, have been remarked by Mr. Samp- 
son as distinguishing features of this tree. The timber is 
much valued for making coffins, flooring, furniture, and 
house-frames, as it is less liable to the attacks of insects than 
the Pinus sinensis (#%, Sung), but is not so suitable for piles 
as the latter, as it rots easily if exposed to continual dampness. 
Charcoal for making gunpowder has been usually procured 
from this wood by the Chinese. A decoction of the wood is 
said to be a sure remedy for varnish poisoning at every stage. 
It is also used for bathing fetid feet, and is taken internally for 


138 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


flatulence and choleraic symptoms. Also, in combination with 
other things, it is used in purulent expectoration and as a 
wash to chronic ulcers. ‘The ash of the old bark is a common 
application to wounds, scalds, and burns. The leaves, decocted 
in wine together with Conzoselinum and Asarum, are used in 
the treatment of worms and toothache. The seeds are ém ployed, 
one to be ingested for each year of age, for the treatment of 
hernia. ‘The epiphyte, called 44 fej (Shan-chiin), is considered 
to be antispasmodic and carminative. 


CUPRESSUS.—#fJ (Po). This is Faber’s identification, 
and Henry says that at Ichang the Po is Cupressus funebris. 
Dr. Williams sets the [& #f] (Pien-po) down as Cupressus thy- 
ovdes. But undoubtedly in the north, as also in Japan, Po 
refers to Thuja (Biota) orientalis. Discussion of this plant will 
therefore be reserved for this latter title. 


CURCUMA LONGA.—& 4 (Vii-chin), 1545, 1546. The 
first character of this name refers to a fragrant plant which, 
in the classical period, was mixed with the sacrificial wine 
called Il (Ch‘ang), prepared from black millet. ‘The whole 
name refers to the yellow tubers of the plant, described by 
Hanbury as being ‘‘oblong or ovate, tapering at either end, 
from three-fourths to one and a-fourth inch in length, covered 
externally with a thin, adherent, brownish-grey cuticle, usually 
(but not invariably) smooth. When broken, they exhibit a 
shining fracture, and are seen to consist of a hard, semi-trans- 
parent, horny, orange-yellow substance, easily separable into 
two portions, an inner and an outer. The tubers have an aro- 
matic odor, and a slight taste resembling turmeric, and contain 
an abundance of starch.’’ In Japan this plant is considered to 
be a variety (machrophylla) of Curcuma longa. According to 
the éxtsao it is indigenous to the country of # # (Ta Ch‘in), 
which comprised parts of what is now Kansu and Shensi prov- 
inces, or possibly was Syria. It is also found in Szechuen and 
Thibet. ‘The root, which is one of the many forms of ¢rmeric 
found in commerce, is used for dyeing women’s clothes. It is 
employed medicinally in all sorts of hemorrhages, such as 
hematuria, hematemesis, hemoptysis, post-partum hemorrhage, 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 139 


and wounds. It is also recommended in primary syphilis, 
mania, and ‘‘worm poison.’’ Excessive sweating, arsenic 
poisoning, and the distress attending hemorrhages are said to 
be relieved by it. It is also used in veterinary practice. 

Another variety (possibly species) of Curcuma is known 
by the name of #£¢ #§ (Chiang-huang), 75. Chinese authors are 
not clear about this product; some saying that there are three 
forms of the root—yellow, black, and white—while others claim 
that these are three distinct varieties. Ch‘en Ts‘ang-ch‘i (8th 
Century) says that the root of the Y%-chzng is bitter, cooling, and 
red in color; the Chzang-huang is acrid and warming, and the 
color yellow; while a third kind, called ji %& (Shu-yao),—see 
Kempferia pundurata—is bitter and black in color. Other 
varieties are said to be brought from Persia and other western 
countries. The dried root stocks, which are the Chinese turmeric 
of commerce, are met with in hard, irregular, tuberculated 
pieces of a light yellow color externally, and internally varying 
in color from orange to saffron-yellow. The smell is aromatic, 
and the taste agreeable, with a bitterish after-taste. In the 
south a sliced form of a larger tuber, known as #£ #§ Fe 
(Chiang-huang-p‘ien), 76, is found. This may be the so-called 
Cochin turmeric of commerce. These products are, for the most 
part, exported to India, as the Chinese do not use them much 
as condiments. They employ them to some extent as a dye 
and prescribe them in colic, congestions, hemorrhages, and as 
an external application to some intractable diseases of the skin. 
They are especially recommended in cancerous discharges. Dr. 
Waring advises inhalations of the fumes of burning turmeric 
in coryza, and approves of a decoction of turmeric as a wash 
for eyes suffering from catarrhal and purulent ophthalimia. 

The plant spoken of at the head of this article is evidently 
mentioned in the /é¢sao under the title of % 4 # ( Vii-chin- 
hsiang). Other names are 33 j# # (Tzit-shu-hsiang), 42 Re 
(Ts ‘ao-shé-hsiang, ‘‘ vegetable musk’’), and 3& 48 & (Ch‘a-chii- 
mo); this last being a Buddhist name. It was formerly sent as 
tribute by the (Yu) tribes, and from this the present $k 
(Yii-lin) in Kuangsi derives its name. Ch‘en ‘T's‘ang-ch‘i 
says that it comes from the country of # (Ch‘in), and bears a 
flower like the safflower. Li Shih-chen says that besides being 


140 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


found in various districts in western Kuangsi, it comes from 
the countries of jay #4 (Ch‘-pin) and 4m —R (Ch‘ieh-p‘i, Kapila- 
vastu). It has leaves like the Ophzopogon spicatus and flowers 
like those of the Azbzscus mutabilis. ‘The flowers are very 
fragrant, and can be smelled for a long distance. An empress 
of the Chin (#) dynasty wrote a poem in praise of this plant, 
in which she extols its sweetness. Medicinally, it is used to 
correct foul odors and bad breath. It is also used asa perfume. 
The plant is not yet identified, but is probably not Curcuma. 


CUSCUTA.—Faber identifies % R (T‘u-sstl) as Cuscuta 
chinensts and #e HE (Nii-lo) as Cuscuta japonica. According 
to the Péntsao the latter is the same as # #E (Sung-lo), which 
is Viscum. It is possible that those species growing upon 
herbaceous plants are also sometimes indifferently called Wi-Jo. 
Under the heading of 7‘u-ss% the Pénxtsao gives a number of 
alternative names: # #E (T‘u-lit), 3% gh (T‘u-lei), % EE (T‘u- 
lu), % HR (T‘u-chiu), gf #9 (Ch‘ih-wang), +E A (Vii-nii), Be # 
(T‘ang-méng), Je RE Bi (Huo-yén-ts‘ao), BP Ag #& (Yeh-hu-ssit), 
and 4 #@ #i (Chin-hsien-ts‘ao). It will be probably found that 
some of these names refer to different varieties, if not to 
different species, of the dodder. ‘The seeds # # fF (T‘u-sstt- 
tzii), 1382, are the parts used in medicine, and these are also 
found in commerce in the form of cakes, known as ¥ #R f# 
(T‘u-ssti-ping), 1383. They are met with as roundish bodies 
of the size of black mustard-seed, and of a brown color, with 
little or no taste or smell. Diaphoretic, demulcent, tonic, and 
aphrodisiac properties are ascribed to these seeds, and they are 
administered in gonorrhcea, incontinence of urine, leucorrheea, 
and as a nostrum in cases of cross birth. If taken for a long 
time, they are thought to brighten the eye, enliven the body, 
and prolong life. The young shoots of the plant are used 
externally in cosmetic washes, for favus, and for sore eyes. 
Hanbury says that the plant was formerly officinal in Europe 
as a purgative, under the name of Herba cuscut@ majors. 


CYCAS REVOLUTA.—% jg  (Wu-lou-tzt). This is 
Faber’s identification. In the /éz¢sao the following names 
are given for this product: = 4 3% (Ch‘ien-nien-tsao), 83 Rf 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 141 


3 (Wan-sui-tsao), #F 28 (Hai-tsao), pe Hf HX (Po-ssti-tsao), 
3 (Fan-tsao), 4 3% (Chin-kuo), and JA, & # (Féng-wei-chiao, 
**phoenix-tail-plantain.’’) In Japan the tree is called jm JZ # 
(Féng-wei-sung), in which the first character is probably 
improperly written. In the Customs Lists we find fa 3% 
(Féng-wei-ts‘ao), 318, where again the first character is improp- 
erly written, and also probably the last, #% (Tsao), being 
intended instead of Gi (Ts‘ao). The wood is known as }fm #8 
(Hai-tsung). Although western works on botany ascribe the 
natural habitat of this tree to Japan, the /ézzsao refers it to 
Persia and the East Indies. It is not said to be found in 
China, but both the fruits and the wood are said to be brought 
to this country in ships. The fruits are the part used, and to 
them are ascribed expectorant, tonic, and nutritive properties, 
If used for a short time they are said to produce plumpness. 


CYCLAMEN.—In Faber’s lists this is given as }ge 3% 
(Hai-yii). But he also gives the same Chinese name for 
Alocasia macrorhiza, and without doubt the name should be 
referred to this aroid plant, instead of to the primulaceous one. 


(See page 29.) 
CYDONIA SINENSIS. (See Pyrus cathayensia.) 


CYPERUS.—The /éxtsao describes two cyperaceous 
plants, under the names 7} Hi (So-ts‘ao), # ff -- (Hsiang-fu- 
tzu), and 3] = #& (Ching-san-léng) There seems to be the 
greatest confusion in regard to the identification of these, 
Faber makes the first to be Cyperus zrza and the second and 
third Cyperus rotundus. ‘The Japanese agree with the first 
identification, call Hszang-fu-tz% Cyperus rotundus, Ching- 
san-leng they call Scirpus maritimus, and what is given in the 
Péntsao as a synonym of the last, Ri = ## (T's‘ao-san-léng), is 
assigned to Cyperus serotinus. Porter Smith calls Wstang-fu 
Cyperus esculentus, and with some show of reason, as the 
description of the Péxztsao more nearly coincides with this 
identification than with any other. These sedges are all used 
for making hats, matting, and rain coats. They grow almost 
every place where there is moist or boggy ground. ‘The tubers 
of the Hszang-fu-tz%, 412, have a strong odor, and are very 


T42 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


much in request as a medicament. Stimulant, tonic, sto- 
machic, sedative, astringent, and other properties are believed 
by the Chinese to reside in the drug, and it is prescribed for 
fluxes of all kinds, colds in every organ, post-partum difficulties, 
boils, abscesses, felons, and cancers. The shoots and flowers 
are also used, being regarded as tonic and sedative to the 
nervous system. The tubers of the Chzug-san-léng, 1062, as 
they appear in the market, are top-shaped, pointed at one end 
and hard, and have, apparently, been cut and trimmed with a 
knife to separate them from the running root which connects 
them together in the growing state. The internal texture is 
hard, yellowish, and woody. ‘The taste and smell are, to some 
extent, aromatic. Emmenagogue, galactagogue, stomachie, 
tonic, deobstruant, and vulnerary qualities are ascribed to the 
drug. It is not in as much favor, however, as the Hszang- 
Ju-tzi. 


CYTISUS SCOPARIUS.—4 # (Chin-ch‘iao). It is also 
called te 7 7E (Huang-ch‘iao-hua). ‘The papilionaceous flower 
is aptly compared to a bird by the Chinese botanist. The 
leaves are said to be salted and made into a tea. ‘The root, 
which is said to be covered with prickles, is used in medicine. 
In decoction, it is used as a fomentation for bruises, and it is 
also extracted with wine for this purpose. It is also prescribed 
internally in coughs and colds. A decoction of the flowers is 
said to bring out the eruption in small-pox. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 143 


D): 


DALBERGIA HUPEANA.—#¥ (T‘an). The Féztsao 
describes this as a tree with finely veined, hard wood, and 
leaves resembling those of the Sophera. ‘The flowers are 
yellow or white, and there is said to be a purple flowered 
variety. This plant is not to be confounded with #9 # (T‘an- 
hsiang), which is Saxtalum album. FF *Y (Cli‘ing-t‘an) is said 
by Henry to be a name for Ce/tzs stnensts. ‘The bark of both 
trunk and root is the part of Dalbergia used in medicine. It 
is considered to be slightly poisonous, but mixed with elm 
bark and pulverized, it may be used as food in time of famine. 
As an external application (presumably in the form of a poul- 
tice) it is used in scabies and parasitic skin diseases. 


DAMNACANTHUS INDICUS. —fK 42 fé (Fu-niu-hua), 
Be yl (Hu-tzit), 1425. ‘This is a rubiaceous plant, found grow- 
ing in the marshy river valleys of Szechuen, having a small 
deep green leaf, a thorny stalk, and pale yellow flowers in 
clusters like apricot flowers. Another kind of similar shrub, 
which goes by the second name given above, is said to be 
evergreen. Of the former, the flowers are used in medicine for 
rheumatism, headaches, and bleeding piles. Of the latter, the 
root and leaves are used in the treatment of dropsical swellings. 


DAPHNE GENKWA.—3é 7€ (VYiian-hua', 1561, [tj pA 7G 
(Mén-t‘ou-hua). It is also called $$ f— (Tu-yii, ‘‘ fish poison’’), 
since, when thrown into ponds or streams, it poisons the fish. 
Another name is 5A J 76 (T‘ou-t‘ung-hua, “ headache flower”), 
as the odor is said to give one a headache. ‘The name Yvan- 
hua is applied in the Peking region to a plant having small 
yellow flowers, which has been identified by Tatarinov as 
Passerina chamedaphne, Bunge (Wickstreemia chamedaphne, 
Meissn.). ‘The Daphne grows upon a perennial root. Its 
leaves are at first green, but as they grow older, they grow 
thicker and darker in color. The flowers are purple, red, and 
white. Flowers, leaves, and root are all used in medicine. 
The flowers and root are employed in the form of tincture in 
the treatment of coughs, as a cordial, tonic, and antifebrile 


144 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


medicine for the cure of malaria, especially in its chronic 
forms, and in mushroom poisoning. The leaves, as well as the 
flowers and root, are used bruised in the treatment of buboes, 
ulcers, favus, and other skin diseases. The leaves are said to 
have a special action on the uterus. ‘They are mixed with salt 
and used to color preserved eggs a reddish-brown. 


DAPHNE ODORA.—d§ # (Shui [Jui]-hsiang). This 
very fragrant plant grows everywhere throughout the southern 
provinces. Several varieties are distinguished by the Pézztsao, 
some of which are cultivated, being dwarfed or deformed by 
gardeners for the purpose of producing ornamental shrubbery 
for lawns and conservatories. "The root and leaves are both 
used in decoction in the treatment of sore throat, as a wash for 
small-pox pustules, and in caked breast. 


DAPHNIDIUM CUBEBA.—#- }#% jjjj (Pi-ch ‘€ng-ch ‘ieh), 
1006. It is probable that the Chinese use this term for the 
true cubeb (xfer cubeba) as well as for this article. Loureiro 
first described the tree, under the name Laurus cubeba. Nees 
afterwards transferred it to the genus Daphnidium. ‘The drug 
consists, according to Hanbury, of ‘‘one-seeded globular ber- 
ties, attached to a pedicel sometimes half an inch long; at the 
base of each berry traces of the perianth are visible. The 
pericarp is thin, fleshy, and in the dried state, corrugated. ‘The 
seed is globular, with its cartilaginous, shining brown testa 
surrounded longitudinally by a narrow ridge.’’? ‘The berries, 
therefore, have only a superficial resemblance to cubebs. The 
plant is native of Cochin China, and is grown in South China. 
The product is shipped for the most part to India, ‘The berries 
are agreeable in odor, and have a warm, aromatic, bitterish 
taste. Carminative, peptic, stomachic, tonic, and expectorant 
qualities are reported to reside in the fruit, which is given in 
cystic, bronchitic, dyspeptic, and choleraic affections. Hanbury 
quotes Loureiro to the effect that the fresh fruits are used for 
preserving fish, and that the bark of the tree has properties 
similar to those of the berries. Another name given in the 
fénisao is iit BE Fj F (P‘i-ling-ch‘ieh-tzu), which is said to be 
of foreign origin, probably an East Indien term. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 145 


DAPHNIDIUM MYRRHA.—B& #% (Wu-yao), 1478. Also 
called Lindera strychntfolia, which is probably identical. In 
Japan this last is distinguished as R & B BK (T ‘ien-t‘ai-wu- 
yao), which is also known as Daphuidium strychuifolium. 
Tatarinov called this tree Daphuzs myrrha, but like many 
of ‘I'atarinov’s identifications, the term is open to doubt. The 
tree grows to the height of ten or more feet, and is found 
in the provinces south of the Yangtse, and especially in 
Kuangsi. ‘The drug is usually sold in the form of thin slices 
of the dried root, which are of a whitish color, and have 
an aromatic odor. ‘Tonic, astringent, carminative, stomachic, 
and many other properties are assigned to this root, and it is 
prescribed in indigestion, malaria, fluxes, hernia, urinary 
difficulties, menorrhagia, and gonorrhcea. Mixed with lign- 
aloes, ginseng, and licorice, it forms a famous prescription, 
which is used as a tonic and sedative. The leaf buds of 
the plant may be used instead of tea as a stimulant and 
diuretic. The seeds are used in cases in which the yz is 
in excess producing fever. They are bruised and decocted, 
and the decoction freely drunk, which will induce perspira- 
tion, when the yang will return in full force and the patient 
convalesce. 


DATURA ALBA.—& fe  (Man-t‘o-lo). In India the 
Sanscrit equivalent of this Chinese name, Mandara, refers 
to Erythrina indica. Woffman and Schultes have identified 
the plant so called in China as Datura alba, although Hitel 
(Handbook of Chinese Buddhism, p. 71) also refers the name 
to Erythrina fulgans, or Erythrina indica. ‘The leaves of 
the plant contain the alkaloid daturza, which is similar in 
physiological action to atropia, but much stronger. In India 
the plant is called Dhatura, from which name the generic 
term is derived. The plant was said to have been rained down 
from heaven at the time when Buddha promulgated the law. 
The Sanscrit term means ‘‘ variegated,’’ evidently referring to 
the color of the flowers. Names given as equivalents in the 
Péntsao are ja ji §{ (Féng-ch‘ieh-érh) and jy ji 5& (Shan- 
eb‘iech-érh). It is certain that the Chinese confound the 
different species of Datura, and that the first of the latter 


146 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


terms refers to the Datura stramonium. Woffman and Schultes 
have assumed § jf] §4 (Fo-ch‘ich-érh) as the name of this 
last, but such a name has not been found in Chinese books, 
does not seem to be known in Japan, and is probably a 
mistake for Féng-chch-érh. In the Customs List the first 
character of this last term is wrongly written # (Féng), 302, 
and the drug is considered to be identical with [i] 36 7 (Nao- 
yang-hua), 894, which is there identified as Datura alba. 
Without doubt this last term is sometimes referred to Datura 
metel, but it also refers to Hyoscyamus niger (which see), and 
it is discussed in the /éx¢sao under the article = Hi} Ry (Yang- | 
chih-chu), which certainly is Rhododendron (Azalea) sinense 
(which see). The ericaceous and solanaceous plants seem in 
some cases to be nearly related in the physiological action 
of their active principles, as well as being similar in external 
appearance. Hence the ease with which they have been con- 
founded by the Chinese. 

The flowers and seeds of the Jaz-t'o-le are used in 
medicine as a wash for eruption$’ on the face, cedema of the 
feet, and prolapsus of the rectum. ‘They are prescribed also 
for colds, chorea, and nervous disorders, and their use as an 
anesthetic is also mentioned. Their delirient action is also 
spoken of, being said to produce laughter or dancing move- 
ments (#8). If equal quantities of this and of Cannabis 
sativa are gathered in the seventh and eighth moons, dried 
in the shade, pulverized, and digested in wine, the prepara- 
tion, when ingested, will produce a narcotic anzesthesia that 


will enable small operations and cauterizations to be done 
without pain. 


DATURA METEL.—fi] 24 7 (Nao-yang-hua), 894. 
This species of Datura is included in Burnett’s list of the Flora 
of China, and this name is assigned to it by Dr. Bridgeman 
in his Chinese Chrestomathy. Parker makes it identical with 
Datura alba. Tatarinov calls it Zyoscyamus. Hanbury says 
‘*flowers of Rhododendron??? As this Chinese term is in- 
cluded in the Pénztsao as a synonym of 2¢ #8 fj (Vang-chih- 
chu), discussion of its medicinal uses will be referred to that 
article (see Rhododendron stnense). 


oe 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 147 


DATURA STRAMONIUM. — jm jij §4 Feéeng-ch‘ieh- 
érh), 302. -The Chinese do not distinguish between this and 
Datura aiba (see that article for medicinal uses). The term 
#5 ii S& (Fo-ch‘ieh-€rh), which was used by Hoffman and 
Schultes and is given in Giles’s Dictionary, was not found 
in any Chinese or Japanese lists consulted. It is probably a 
mistake. 


DAUCUS CAROTA.—#W #£ yj (Hu-lo-po). The carrot 
is well described in the Péxztsao. ‘The red and yellow varieties 


“are there spoken of, and the names #f ¥¢ Sf (Hung-lo-po) and 


mm «2 4) (Huang-lo-po), which are in common use, refer to 
these. This vegetable is one of those which are said to have 
originally come from the country of the Western Tartars. 
The seeds of the plant probably appear in commerce under the 
name of #¢ yj {£ (Lo-po-jén), 751. ‘The root is considered to 
be in every way beneficial to the digestive tract, increasing the 
appetite and acting as a carminative. The seeds are used 
in chronic dysentery. There is a wild variety, known as 
8} ZF ~] (Yeh-lo-po), the hispid fruit of which is used by 
the Chinese as the basis of the vermilion-pad for their seals 
and stamps. 


DAVALLIA TENUIFOLIA.—§ ZE (Wu-chiu). This is 
a fern, to which the following alternative names are given: 
A ¥&% (Shih-hsii), @ #K (Shih-i), G # (Shih-t‘ai), G 7E (Shih- 
hua), 4 5 § (Shib-ma-tsung), and § BE (Kwei-li). Some 
of these may refer to different species, or even to different 
genera. This plant is said to resemble Lycopodium. It grows 
among the stones in mountainous districts, and is considered 
to be non-poisonous. Cooling and demulcent properties are 
ascribed to it, and it is prescribed in feverish conditions, 
bladder difficulties, as an application in burns, and to promote 
the growth and preserve the black color of the hair, 


DENDROBIUM NOBILE.— ff} (Shih-hu), 1748. 
China is very rich in orchidaceous plants, of which this is one 
genus. ‘The above is the term given in the Fén¢sao, under 


148 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


which doubtless several kinds of these plants, as well as 7rz¢zcum 
yepens are described. It grows upon stones, is sometimes 
called 3% Wi (Huang-ts‘ao), and is cultivated in Szechuen for 
use as medicine. It is found in nearly all of the central and 
southern provinces. An epiphytic variety, found growing 
upon the root and trunk of oak trees, is called FR ff} (Mu-hu), 
and, on account of its yellow color, 4 #}(Chin-hu). These 
plants are all remarkably tenacious of life, recovering after 
having been dried. Other names by which they appear in 
commerce are #% 7 ff} (Kan-mu-hu), 580, AF ff} =+ (Hsien-hu- 
tou) 452, and 4 %X (Chin-ch‘ai), 145. These all have straight, 
jointed, solid, cylindrical stems of a yellow or golden color, 
and often deeply striated or furrowed. Parallel-veined leaves 
are attached to some of the stems, which commonly have traces 
of their roots. These stems are said to be quite green when 
freshly gathered. Under the name of 2 ff} ( Mai-hu) there is also 
described a drug which is in all probability the tuber of 77ztzcam 
repens. Hanbury (Science Papers, p. 262) mentions a drug under 
the name of oJ, # #% (Hsiao-huan-ch‘ai) which is also probably 
Shih-hu, although this term is not given in the Péxtsao,. & fj 
=}+ (Chin-hu-tou), 152, and #€ =} (Ya-tou), 1486, are other 
names by which the drug is known, but why the =} is used in 
the first case does not appear. In the last case it may be a 
substitute for ff}, which is properly written #¥. The drug is 
of a sweetish taste, and is non-poisonous. It is said to have 
tonic, stomachic, pectoral, and antiphlogistic properties. Two 
peculiar difficulties for which it is prescribed are entropion and 
insects in the ear. 


DEUTZIA SIEBLODIANA.—7# ff (Sou-su). Identifica- 
tions are doubtful ; this term being applied in Japan to Deztzza, 
Staphylea, aud Philadelphus. We here follow Faber. Li 
Shih-chen seems not to have recognized this tree, although he 
gives what was said about it by older authors. The tree is 
about ten feet high, and bears reddish berries, similar to the 
fruit of the Lyciwm. ‘The bark is white, and is the part used 
in medicine. Its properties are said to be cooling and diuretic. 
It is prescribed for the thirty-six diseases of the lower abdominal 
region (PF Af) in women. ‘ 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. I49 


DIANTHUS CHINENSIS.—¥ ff (Shih-chu). This, the 
common Chinese pink, is not distinguished in the éntsao 
from the next, and, in fact, the two are often confounded by 
observers. 


DIANTHUS SUPERBUS.— # (Ch ‘ii-mai), 237. This 
is the same as Dianthus fischeri. ‘The seed resembles wheat, 
whence the name. ‘The dried flowering plant is sold in 
the medicine shops, being found in large, yellow bundles. 
The flowering heads and leaves of these plants are used in 
medicine, and very remarkable and dissimilar virtues are 
ascribed to them. The former is said to be diuretic, vul- 
nerary, abortifacient, to relieve opacities of the cornea, to 
check post-partum hemorrhage, alleviate fluxes, promote the 
growth of hair, and is used also in the treatment of gravel, 
amenorrhoea, and as a resolvent for incipient abscesses. The 
latter is used in hemorrhoids, bloody diarrhcea, lumbricoid 
worms, ophthalmia, as well as in buboes and venereal sores in 
women. Also such difficulties as bones in the throat, bam- 
boo splints in the flesh, and wounds with knives or scissors 
are treated by the internal administration of a decoction of 
this plant. 


DICTAMNUS ALBUS.—f,y # (Pai-hsien), 947. This is 
a white root with a strong odor, which resembles that of the 
goat; hence the name, also written y #4 (Pai-shan). It is a 
common plant in Mid-China. It has flowers resembling those 
of the Althea, and the root is like a small turnip. The fruit 
consists of several carpels like the Zazthoxylon, and is there- 
fore called 4> 9 §&% tht (Chin-ch‘iao-érh-chiao), ‘* golden-bird- 
pepper.’? ‘The root is the part used in medicine, and to it is 
ascribed tonic, sedative, antipyretic, and tussic qualities. It is 
also recommended in post-partum difficulties and the nervous 
crying of children. 


DIERVILLA VERSICOLOR.—#§ jE (Yang-lu). This 
is the same as Weigela japonica. It is also by the Chi- 
nese confounded with Deutzia stedoldiana. It is a shrub, 
or small tree, used in making hedges, and its seeds are 


I50 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


borne in a pod. ‘The leaves, which are said to be slightly 
poisonous, are recommended in decoction as a wash for viru- 
lent sores. 


DIGITALIS.—Roots of an unidentified species of this 
plant are said to be brought from Honan under the name of 
fh #{ (Mao-ti-huang). As $f Be (Ti-huang) is Rehmannia 
glutinosa, and as the leaves of this latter are also downy, identi- 
fication by this means would be uncertain. It is said that 
the roots of the former are smaller and more fusiform than 
those of the latter. But this also would be an unreliable 
method of identifying so active a drug. It is doubtful if 
Digitalis purpurea is found in China, or if found it has not 
yet been identified; so it is unfortunate that — }y By (Mao-ti- 
huang) has been adopted in pharmacy as a Chinese equivalent 
of the name of this drug. 


DIGITARIA SANGUINALIS.—(# Yu), Bi f& (Ma- 
t‘ang). This is Faber’s identification. ‘Ihe Japanese call it 
Caryopterts divaricata. It is also called 2E }if (Yang-ma), 
since both horses and sheep eat it. It is said to have a 
very vile and persistent odor, which is mentioned in the 
Tso-chuan as an illustration of the persistence of evil. It 
grows in marshes, has long leaves and a jointed stem. It 
much resembles Potomogeton, and has by some been so 
identified. ‘Ihe root is the part used in medicine, and is 
prescribed in infusion as an eye and ear wash, for fetid feet, in 
dry coughs, and to relieve thirst. 


DIOSCOREA.—# #& (Shu-yii), ply 3% (Shan-yao), 1108, 
BY WG (Pei-hsieh), 988. Shaz-yao is nowadays the common 
name in north China for the cultivated yam, Dzoscorea japonica. 
In Hupeh it is Déoscorea quingueloba, and in other parts 
of China Dzoscorea batatas. ‘The Japanese lists distinguish 
Dioscorea japonica as BR \lj 3% (Yeh-shan-yao’, Dzoscorea 
quingueloba as \lj ¥i 7% (Shan-pei-hsieh), and Deoscorea sativa as 
Ji] 32 7% (Ch‘uan-pei-hsieh). Faber makes the first two names 
at the head of this article to be identical, and assigns them 
to Dioscorea quingueloba, while the third he assign to Dzoscorea 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 151 


sativa. 'To Dioscorea japonica he assigns the names #F #% 
(Huang-tu) and -- 38 (F‘u-yii). The Péxtsao gives the last 
under a separate article and considers it to be related to 
Colocasia. It has leaves like those of the bean, and ege- 
shaped tubers, which are the part used in medicine. ‘These 
have emetic properties, and are used for this purpose in cases 
of poisoning. ‘The Hankow list mentions a 7f£ [lf 4&8 (Huai- 
shan-yao), 503, which is said to come from Huaining in Honan, 
and which it describes as follows: ‘‘It occurs in long tuberose 
roots about a half a foot in length and two inches in circum- 
ference, and when divested of its rind and the ends are 
trimmed, it has a perfectly white surface and interior. It is 
brittle, has no smell, and is tasteless.’ This does not answer 
to the description of the tuber of Dvoscorea sativa, and may 
be Dioscorea japonica or some unnamed species. The Péztsao 
also gives an article on the capsules or berries of the yam, 
which it calls ‘& @R - (Ling-yii-tsti), mentioning several 
varieties, and claiming for them stronger medicinal powers 
than is possessed by the yam itself. Tonic and restorative 
virtues are ascribed to them. To the tubers of the several 
kinds of yam mentioned in the /ézésao are ascribed cooling 
and tonic properties. They are said to benefit the spirits, 
promote flesh, and, when taken habitually, brighten the 
intellect and prolong life. Astringent properties in diarrhoea 
are also ascribed to them, as well as some virtue in polyuria. 
As a poultice they are applied in carbuncles, boils, and incipient 
abscesses. 


DIOSPYROS EMBRYOPTERIS.—j# $i (Pei-shih), # 
4% (Ch‘i-shih). The Chinese call this the ‘‘ green persimmon,’’ 
from the fact that the fruit, when fully. ripe, is of a dark 
yellowish tint. The fruit is of the size of a large plum, 
or small apple, eight-seeded, and contains a glutinous, very 
astringent juice. It is said that it cannot be eaten in the 
unripe state, and that it cannot be dried as other species 
of persimmon often are. ‘The medicinal properties ascribed 
to it by the Chinese are somewhat remarkable. It is said 
to be antifebrile, antivinous, and demulcent. Its astringent 
properties, which were noted by Dr. Waring, and on account 


152 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


of which he recommends the employment of an extract of 
the fruit in diarrhoea and chronic dysentery, and as a basis of 
vaginal injections in gonorrhoea, have been lost sight of by 
Chinese physicians. A sort of extract, or oil, is prepared 
from this fruit by crushing and pressing. In this way a dark, 
resinous, thick juice is produced, which makes an excellent 
varnish, used in varnishing paper umbrellas and fans. It is 
cheaper than wood-oil. 


DIOSPYROS HIRSUTA.—< }i (Mao-shih). It is not 
certain that this tree is found in China, but the probabilities 
are in its favor. ‘he wood, called Calamander Wood (probably 
a corruption of Coramandel Wood), is met with, and is used as 
a substitute for edory. 


DIOSPYROS KAKI.—}j (Shih), # 3E (Juan-tsao). The 
fruit of this tree, which is common in China and Japan, is the 
persimmon, a large, thin-skinned, juicy fruit, of an orange or 
yellowish color, and having a sweet taste when fully ripe. 
The taste of the unripe fruit is exceedingly astringent. Traces 
of the eight-celled character of the fruit, which presents a 
great variety of shapes, sizes, and tints, are sometimes met 
with. The Chinese ripen the fruits artificially by inserting 
one or more splints of bamboo into them by the side of the 
stem, which hastens the process of softening. These, however, 
lack the fine flavor of the naturally ripened fruit. The 
persimmon appears in several forms in Chinese medicine. 
‘There is an artificially ripened fruit, called #£ $9) (Hung-shih), 
which is produced by placing the unripe fruit in a vessel con- 
taining leaves and allowing a process of fermentation to go on 
until the fruit is ripe. It is said to become as sweet as honey 
under this process, and is used as an antifebrile, antivinous, 
and demulcent remedy. Another form is called & {4 (Pai-shih) 
and fii #q (Shih-shuang). This is prepared by taking off the 
skin of the fruits, and then exposing them to the sunlight by 
day and the dew by night until they are dry, when a whitish 
powder will have gathered upon them. The persimmons dried 
in this way are called {ji # (Shih-ping), 1157. The medicinal 
properties of the persimmon are thought to be much enhanced 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 153 


by the process employed in the preparation of this product. In 
addition to the properties already described, anthelmintic, 
restorative, expectorant, and anti-hemorrhagic virtues are as- 
cribed, and it is recommended in virulent sores and ulcers. It is 
also said to be an antidote to wood-oil poison. Another form 
of the dried fruit is the & {9 (Wu-shih), which is prepared by 
drying in the heat and smoke of a fire. ‘This is not to be 
confounded, as does Porter Smith, with & Ze (Wu-mu), which 
is Maba ebenos (see that article). ‘This form of the persimmon 
is prescribed as an anthelmintic, in wounds as an anodyne, to 
check fluxes, and to prevent nausea after taking other medi- 
cines. jk 14) (Lin-shih) are preserved persimmons, and are of 
two kinds: those kept over by being simply covered with water, 
and those preserved in salt. The former are considered to be 
cooling, while the latter are said to be slightly poisonous. 
They are regarded as being beneficial to the spleen and stomach, 
and to dissolve stagnant blood. Persimmon confection, 4 ££ 
(Shih-kao), is made by beating together one peck of glutinous 
rice and fifty dried persimmons, and then steaming the mix- 
ture until it is cooked done. It is recommended to be eaten by 
children in cases of autumnal dysentery, as well as in other 
forms of flux. The fruit calyces, } 4 (Shih-ti), 1159, are 
prescribed in decoction in obstinate cough and dyspncea. The 
bark and wood are prescribed as astringents in fluxes and as 
styptics in wounds and ulcers. ‘The root is recommended asa 
universal astringent. $i HA 341 (Chen-t‘ou-chia) is said to be 
the Mongolian (Turkic) name for the persimmon. 


-DIOSPYROS LOTUS.—# 3% Ff (Chiin-ch‘ien-tzt), 
3E (Suan-tsao), 1205, 34 A (Hei-tsao), 368, fk ZR (Juan-tsao), 
Se Fe 38 (Yang-shih-tsao), In the case of some of the foregoing 
names there is uncertainty as to whether Deospyros or Ziziphus 
is meant. The /é¢sao gives a number of other names, which 
refer chiefly to the shape of the fruit. It also says that the 
fruit resembles the date, but that the tree is like the persimmon. 
The fruits are considered to be antifebrile, and are also used 
to promote secretion. "They ward off evil influence, and when 
eaten for some time, give a pleasing appearance to the coun- 


tenance, and strength and lightness to the body. gZ 


154 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


DIPHYLLEIA.— #@ £4 (Kuei-chiu), #3 JH) #4 (Tu-chio-lien), 
J § 3% (Pa-chio-lien). Faber identifies the first as Arzs@ma 
heterophylla, and in Hupeh the second also signifies Arzsema. 
Henry found the last to be Podophyllum versipelle, while Bret- 
schneider found that plants raised from Zy-chzo-lzen seed pro- 
cured at Peking proved to be 7yphonium giganteum. It is not 
quite clear whether Awez-chiu is Diphylleia or Podophyllum. A 
large number of names are given in the Péxtsao as the equiva- 
lents of Awez-chiu, but it is probable that several different plants 
are confounded in these names. The plant described grows 
in shady places in mountains. It seems to be akin to the North 
American ‘umbrella plant.’? The root is perennial, and each 
year sends up a stalk, which on dying at the end of the season 
leaves a depression, or ‘‘eye,’’? which is likened to a mortar 
Fy). Anthelmintic and antiseptic properties are ascribed to the 
drug, which consists of the root of the plant, and it is used in the 
treatment of coughs, malaria, cancerous sores, snakebite and 
arrow poisoning, retained dead foetus, and pernicious jaundice. 
That the root itself is regarded as poisonous may be inferred 
from the variety of virulent diseases for which it is prescribed. 


DIPSACUS.—¥#4 ff (Hsii-tuan), 474. At Peking this is 
Dipsacus japonicus, but at Hankow it is Dipsacus asfer. In 
Japan it is Lamdum album. It is also called #% fH (Chieh-ku), 
as it is considered capable of joining together broken bones. 
The roots are met with in commerce in short pieces, very hard, 
brown, and wrinkled, and of a dirty white color in the interior. 
The taste is sweetish, mucilaginous, and with a bitterish after- 
taste. ‘The root is the part used in medicine. It is considered 
to be tonic in exhausting diseases, wounds, tumors, fractures, 
and ruptured tendons (as its names indicate), suppression of the 
secretion of milk, dysmenorrhcea, hemorrhage, and is employed 
in hemorrhoids, cancer of the breast, ante- and post-partum 
difficulties of every kind, incontinence of urine, and threatened 
abortion. ‘The best quality of the drug is called Ji] #4 bf 
(Ch ‘uan-hsii-tuan). 


DOLICHOS CULTRATUS.—# #8 (Ch‘iao-tou). This 
is a Japanese identification of a bean similar to Dolichos lablab, 
but black in color, with a white line through the hilum, on 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 155 


which account it receives its name of ‘‘magpie bean.’? 
Bretschneider says that it is the same as the $+ & (Liao-tou) 
mentioned in the Customs Lists, 718. The Péz¢sao does not 
distinguish between this and Dodichos lablab, and does not 
assign to it any special medical properties. 


DOLICHOS LABLAB.—#% i (Pien-tou), 1021. Com- 
mon names are }f} jE iy (YEn-li-tou), ‘‘fence-climbing bean,”’ 
from its climbing habit, and ¥ J # (E-mei-tou), from the 
appearance of the seed. The young pods of this bean are 
eaten as a vegetable, and the ripe seeds are also eaten boiled. 
The seed is, according to variety, black, white, red, and 
variegated. Only the white beau, 957, is discussed in the 
Péntsao, where it is said that those suffering from fevers should 
not eat it. It is tonic to the viscera, and if eaten habit- 
ually, will prevent the hair from turning gray. ‘Taken with 
vinegar, it is used in cholera morbus. It relieves flatulence, 
is anti-vinous and antidotal to fish poison, as well as to every 
form of vegetable poison. It relieves diarrhoea, reduces fever 
heat from sunstroke, and quenches thirst. The flowers are 
prescribed in menorrhagia and leucorrhcea, besides being recom- 
mended in the same diseases as the bean. ‘The leaves are also 
employed in similar cases, and applied as a poultice in snake 
bite. Even the vine is used as a medicament in cholera. 


DOLICHOS SINENSIS, Dodlichos umbellatus.—§l 
(Chiang-tou). This is a cultivated bean, found in several 
varieties ; the pods varying in color. The virtues ascribed are 
those of ‘‘controlling the viscera, benefiting the breath, restor- 
ing the kidneys, strengthening the stomach, harmonizing the 
abdominal organs, subduing the passions, preserving life, in- 
vigorating the marrow, quenching thirst, preventing nausea, 
checking diarrhoea and frequent urination.”? 


DRABA NEMORALIS.—# ¥# (Ting-li), 1307. The 
plant to which is applied this Chinese name is evidently a 
crucifer, with the probabilities in favor of the above identifica- 
tion. Tatarinov called it Szsymbrium,; Loureiro, Lepidium 
petreum , and in Japan the name is applied to Masturtium 


156 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


palustre and Arabis perfoliata. ‘The classical name of the 
plant is #% (Tien). Other names are fq #% (Kou-chi),  # 
(Ta-shih), and Je if (Ta-shih). The plant very much resem- 
bles mustard. ‘he seeds are small, yellow, and very bitter. 
Li Shih-chen says there are two kinds of this product—the 
sweet and the bitter—and that the former is called fy 3¢ (Kou- 
chieh), ‘‘dog mustard.’? ‘The seeds are the part used in 
medicine, and are boiled with glutinous rice for this purpose. 
They are said to act as a demulcent, laxative, and deobstruant 
drug, and are given in dropsy, dysuria, amenorrhoea, coughs, 
and fevers. Externally they are used for decayed teeth, tinea, 
and poisoning from horse sweat entering a wound (possibly 
anthrax). 


DRYANDRA CORDATA.—3 fj (Ving-tzt-t‘ung). 
This is the same as A/@ococca verrucosa. $( Ving) isan earth- 
enware jar, carried by a string run through the ears. ‘This 
character is here used in allusion to the shape of the fruit. 
The same character is used in the name for the poppy, in 
reference to the shape of the capsule. Another name for this 
tree is J | Hi) (Hu-tzti-t‘ung), ‘‘tiger seed t‘ung,’’ in ref- 
erence to the violently poisonous character of the seeds. Still 
another naine is #@ {J (Jén-t‘ung), from the shape of the seeds | 
being similar to a bean called by this distinguishing character. 
Then, finally and commonly, it is called jt fj (Yu-t‘ung), 
‘‘oil t'ung;’, from the fact that from it) 1s produced@phe vam 
known as fj $F wh (T‘ung-tztl-yu), ‘‘t‘ung-seed-oil.’’ This 
tree is extensively cultivated in the Yangtse valley, and is also 
well known in Japan. The /éntsao says in regard to it and its 
product: ‘‘It grows in the hills, and the tree is like the Sterculia 
platantfolia. ‘That of which the people in the south make oil 
is the fiiJ] #4 (Kang-t‘ung, ‘‘ridge-t‘ung’’). The seeds are 
larger than those of Stexcudza. In the early spring a flower is 
produced, in color a pale red, and in shape like a drum. ‘The 
flower changes into a tube, in which are found the seeds out of 
which the oil is made.’’ The above are quotations from ancient 
works. LiShih-chen says: ‘‘ Ridge-t‘ung is a purple flowered 
Paulownia. ‘The branches, trunk, leaves, and flowers of the 
Yu-t‘ung are similar to the Ridge-t‘ung, but smaller. The 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. LUIS 4 


tree grows more slowly, and the flowers are slightly redder. 
But its fruit is large and round, and in each fruit there are two 
or four seeds, as large as those of the Je Hi, F (Ta-féng-tzit, 
Gynocardia odorata, Wucrabau seeds). Internally they are 
white, the taste is sweetish, and the action is emetic. It is 
also called ‘ purple-flowered-t ‘ung,’ and is extensively cultivated 
by men, who plant and collect the seeds for the business of 
oil-making. The oil is used by painters for oiling and caulking 
boats. It is often adulterated, but if a bamboo-splint ring 
will pick it up like the head of a drum, it is genuine. ‘The 
oil is sweetish, slightly acrid, cooling, and very poisonous.”’’ 
Its action is emetic, and, strange to say, alcohol is considered 
to be antidotai to its action. It is applied externally to parasitic 
skin diseases and wounds, as well as to scalds and burns. Its 
emetic action is taken advantage of in asthma and coughs. 
Wine-nose and broken chilblains are also treated with it. The 
oil also enters into the composition of nearly all of the ordinary 
Chinese plasters. 


DRYMOGLOSSUM CARNOSUM.—1i#® @§ ¥% (Lo-yén- 
ts‘ao), $8 fil Hi (Ching-mien-ts‘ao). This ‘‘snail-shell grass,” 
or “‘mirror-face grass,’’ is a fern which grows in rocky places, 
and is of a reddish color. Asa poultice, or in decoction, it is 
applied to swellings, fetid feet, and the like. It is also taken 
internally in hemorrhages, such as hematuria, hematemiesis, 
and nose bleed. It is used principally, however, in felons and 
animal bites. 


DRYOBALANOPS AROMATICA, Dryobalanops cam- 
phora. This tree is found in the islands of the Malaysian 
archipelago, and is also said to be found in Kuangtung and 
Fukien, although there seems to be no Chinese name for it 
recorded in the books. ‘The steareopten derived from it, which 
is similar in composition to camphor, is known in commerce as 
Borneo, or Baroos,- camphor. ‘Ihe name most commonly 
used for it in Chinese is 3< }F (Ping-p‘ien), 1029, but there 
are several names for this product, such as, f£ IK 4 (Lung- 
nao-hsiang), fg 7— fe (Mei-hua-p‘ien), #4 YE fe # (Chieh-p‘o- 
lo-hsiang), and 32 7 @ (P‘o-lu-hsiang). 3K | (Mi-nao), 


158 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


3k Sf (Su-nao), and 4 Jil |i} (Chin-chiao-nao) are mentioned in 
the Péntsao as names of varieties of this drug, brought from 
the Indien archipelago. #8 3k fe (Ch‘ing-ping-p‘ien) and 
Ye 7k Ke ‘Ni-ping-p‘ien) are names given by Dr. Williams to 
indicate the two sorts, clean and dirty, brought to the Chinese 
market. 4 fe KM (Ts‘ang-lung-nao) is the name of a very 
pure, greyish, crystalline variety, said to be much stronger than 
any of the other sorts. ‘This steareopten is a natural product, 
found in the cellular space of the wood. ‘The most common 
port of shipment of this valuable substance is Baroos, on the 
west coast of Sumatra ; hence one of the English names. The 
tree is straight, with a tall stem sometimes twenty feet thick, 
overtopping with its huge crown other large trees to the extent 
of some scores of feet. The natives describe three kinds of 
this tree, named the Mazlanguan, Markin tungan, and the 
Markin targan, all distinguished by the mere color of their 
bark. ‘The dark-green, oval, pointed leaves are tough and 
camphoraceous. The acorn-like fruit, compared by the 
Chinese to that of the cardamom, is eaten asa relish, or asa 
sweetmeat by the natives. The trees are cut down in April 
or May, while fruiting, and the whole of the immense trunk 
is split up and sacrificed to find the grains or flat pieces of 
crystalized camphor, the largest of which rarely exceeds half 
an inch across. ‘hey are met with in crevices or cells in the 
body of the tree, and more frequently in the swellings of the 
branches as they issue from the trunk. One tree may yield as 
much asa half pound. It is met with in commerce in crystal- 
lized, reddish-white grains, which upon closer inspection are 
seen to be mixed with particles of a purer white color. Large 
colorless crystals are seldom met with in the north. Hanbury 
says that it ‘‘has the odor of common or laurel camphor, 
mixed with something that has been likened to patchouli. It 
is less volatile than laurel camphor, and has a greater specific 
gravity, so that it sinks in water.’”? Its composition is C,.H,O, 
that of ordinary camphor being C,,H,O. It is isomeric with 
Neat camphor (see Blumea balsamifera). 

This drug is considered to be poisonous, and is little used 
as an internal remedy. It has been used by persons attempting 
suicide, but it is doubtful whether it will destroy the life of a 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 159 


healthy person, and would not commend itself to many for 
this purpose on account of its high price, being worth its own 
weight of silver. It is said to have diaphoretic, sedative, 
stimulant, antispasmodic, arthritic, anthelmintic, and escharotic 
properties. It is applied as a powder to chancres, buboes, 
carbuncles, and eczematous sores. It enters into the composition 
of the better class of dusting powders, so agreeable in prickly- 
heat and other eruptions. It is also applied to opacities of the 
cornea, polypus of the nose, ranula, fistula, and to any disease 
affecting the five senses or any of the apertures of the body. 
Many of these recommendations are based upon merely theoret- 
ical grounds. ‘The petty chiefs of Sumatra are said to embalm 
their dead with this costly substance. 

There is also an oil which exudes from the wood when the 
tree is felled and split up, and in Sumatra this oil is very 
cheap. It is not indentical with, and is superior in value 
to the ordinary Oz/ of camphor, which is an uncrystallizable 
residue exuding from the freshly sublimed laurel camphor to 
the amount of three or four per cent. It might be suggested 
that either of these oils, and preferably the former, would 
make a cheap and excellent embrocation. 


160 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


i. 


ECHINOPS SPHAWROCEPHALUS.—ig J (Lou-lu), 
756. Another name is #~ Yj (Yeh-lan), wild Aupatorinm. 
Also 3% #§ (Chia-hao), artemisia with pods, on account of 
its resemblance to Arfemzsta. Still another name given in 
the Péntsao is HA Hy hie (Xuei-yu-ma), but this is, in all prob- 
ability, another plant, may be SyAhonostegia. ‘The identifi- 
cation used here is Faber’s, but without doubt the Chinese 
confound several plants under the above names. The plant 
is said to have a general resemblance to Artemzsia, Inucar- 
villea, and Sesamum ; so it is little wonder that the Chinese, 
with their lack of any definite system of classification, should 
have confounded these. The plant has a quill-like stem, 
and grows to the height of four or five feet. It bears yellow 
flowers, and fruits in a pod. When dry, the pods, as well 
as the whole plant, turn very dark, almost black in color. 
Various parts are used in medicine, but the /4¢sao mentions 
particularly the root and shoots. ‘The root goes by the name of 
RE §# BL (La-li-kén). It is considered to be a very efficacious 
and beneficial remedy, and is prescribed for virulent ulcers 
and sores, failure of secretion of milk, to check exhausting 
discharges, as an authelmintic, aud it is recommended for 
use in the bath. 


ECLIPTA ALBA.—fit % (Li-ch‘ang), @ of Hi (Han- 
lien-ts‘ao), 359. A number of other names are given in 
the /éntsao for this plant. Its identification is tolerably 
certain, although Braun in the Hankow list called the product 
“‘dried lilies’»/ The plant when’ broken exudes a black, 
sticky juice, on which account it is called  3¢ (Mo-ts‘ai), 
‘‘ink-vegetable.’? It grows in damp soil to the height of 
one or two feet, has a white flower, and seeds like the /zzda. 
A yellow flowered kind is spoken of, but this is confounded 
with Forsythia. ‘The medicinal action of the plant is said to 
be astringent, checking hemorrhage and fluxes, and it is used 


to blacken the hair, tighten the teeth, and in all sorts of eye 
troubles. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 161 


ELZAGNUS LONGIPES.— i} # F (Hu-t‘ui-tzt). 
This is an evergreen tree or shrub, growing in northern China 
and Mongolia, bearing a drupe similar to that of Cornus 
officinalts. Besides several names which are possibly translite 
erations of Turkic or Mongol names, it is called #2 5i HR 
(Ch ‘iao-érh-su), ‘* bird-cheese,’’ because the birds are fond of the 
fruit. ‘The parts used in medicine are the seeds, the root, and 
the leaves. The fruit should not be used in fever, and is 
prescribed only in watery diarrhceas. ‘The root is used in 
decoction as a wash for foul sores and itch in man, and for 
sores on dogs and horses. It is also administered as an 
astringent in hemoptysis. ‘The leaves are prescribed for coughs. 


ELAOCOCCA CORDATA. See Dryandra cordata. 


ELATOSTEMMA UMBELLATUM.—R H  # 
(Ch’ih-ch €-shih-ché). This is a red leaved, red stemmed, 
purple rooted plant, growing in the central provinces, and 
belonging to the foliage plants. The root is the part used. It 
is acrid, bitter, and poisonous, and is prescribed for colds, 
worm poison, and flatulence. It is said to improve the flesh 
and the color of the skin, and is probably stomachic and tonic. 


ELSHOLTZIA CRISTATA.—% 2 (Hsiang-ju), 4138<. 
This plant occurs both in the wild and the cultivated states, 
and seems to have its natural habitat in the central provinces. 
It is grown in gardens, and is used as a pot-herb or condiment. 
It is carminative, astringent, and stomachic, is prescribed in 
fluxes, dropsy, and nausea, and if taken during the summer 
months is supposed to ward off fevers. Nosebleed and burning 
of the feet are treated with it. The plant has several other 
names given to it in the Péztsao. 


EPHEDRA VULGARIS.—fift # (Ma-huang), 801. This 
is a common plant in north China and Mongolia. The prin- 
cipal supply of the drug seems to have come from Honan 
province. ‘The plant, with its leafless branches, has a slight 
resemblance to Aguzsetum, and in Japan as well as in China 
has been confounded with this latter. It bears yellow flowers, 
and produces red, edible berries, which have been likened to 


162 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


the raspberry. Pistillate and staminate flowers are borne on 
different plants. The drug consists of the yellow, jointed stems 
of the plant, tied up in bundles, or the stems from which the 
joints have been rejected, cut up into a chaff-like mass. The 
reason for rejecting the joints is because they are considered 
to have a medical action differing from, and in a measure - 
counteracting that of the stems. ‘Ihe action is represented 
as decidedly diaphoretic and antipyretic. It is prescribed in 
fevers, especially malarial fever, in coughs, influenza, and 
post-partum difficulties. Its use should not he long continued, 
lest it weaken the body. 

The root, which is also known as fy +] (Kou-ku), together 
with the joints, is considered to have an action directly opposed 
to that of the stem, and is therefore prescribed in profuse 
sweating, either critical or natural. It is used as a dusting 
powder, applied to the whole body. Although it probably has 
some astringent property, it is not recommended for any other 
_ difficulty, or to be used in any different way. The fruit is 
mucilaginous, with a slightly acrid or pungent flavor, and is 
eaten by the Chinese. 


EPIGHA ASIATICA.— lt tt ## (Shan-p‘i-p‘a). There 
is no description of this in the books, and Li Shih-chen only 
says that the charred twigs, pulverized and mixed with honey, 
are very efficacious in the treatment of scalds and burns. ‘The 
identification is Faber’s. 


EPIMEDIUM SAGITTATUM. See Aceranthus sagit- 
tatus. 


EPIPHVYTES.—The Chinese do not distinguish between 
epiphytes and parasites. Nearly all proper epiphytes go by - 
the name of #F 46 (Chi-shéng), to which is prefixed the name 
of the tree upon which they are found. The medical prop- 
erties of the epiphyte in most cases are supposed to be some- 
what similar to those of the plant upon which it grows. 
There is therefore no sort of classification of these plants. The 
only ones especially mentioned in the Péztsao are the mulberry 
epiphyte, the peach epiphyte, and the wellow epiphyte, and 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 163 


these are classed along with such things as Amber and Pachyma 
cocos under the general heading of #f FC (Yii-mu), ‘‘ dwellers 
on wood.’’ ‘These epiphytes have been identified as varieties of 
Loranthus and Viscum, and will be treated of under those titles. 
(See also Dendrobium, Fungi, Mushrooms, ard Pachyma.) 


EQUISETUM ARVENSE.—[i] #i] (Wén-ching). ‘This 
is spoken of in the /éztsao under the next article, from which 
it does not seem to be clearly distinguished. It is said to grow 
in Ili by the side of streams, to have a shoot similar to that 
of Aguzsetum hyemale, and on account of its peculiar jointed 
appearance, it is sometimes called 4% #4 Hi (Chieh-hsit-ts‘ao). 
It is prescribed in decoction as an anodyiie and carminative. 


EQUISETUM HYEMALE.—7p¢ fi (Mu-tsei), 877. This 
is found in Kansu and Shensi growing in watery places. It is 
likened to, and perhaps sometimes confounded with, Aphedra. 
It grows to considerable length, and, on account of the large 
amount of silicious material which it incloses, is used to 
polish wood. The drug, as used by the Chinese, consists of 
the leafless, striated, fistular stems, deprived of their cuticular 
sheathes, and reduced to a coarse powder. It is used as an 
astringent remedy in a variety of difficulties, such as ophthal- 
mia, fluxes, menorrhagia, leucorrhcea, epiphora, various. 
hemorrhages, and prolapse of the rectum. It is also recom- 
mended in irritable uterus during pregnancy, and as an anti- 
dote in case of having swallowed copper cash. 


ERANTHIS KEISKII—@ 3§ (T‘u-k‘uei). This is a 
Japanese identification. It is not certain that this may not 
be an Anemone, a Hibiscus, or a Malva. ‘The figures and 


. descriptions given in the Chinese books are not clear. It is 


also called FE ZF (Ttien-k‘uei) and #F HK, EH (Lei-wan-ts‘ao). 
It seems to be a small Malva-like plant, bearing a white flower, 
and with thick green leaves, slightly purplish on the under 
side. Its habitat is said to be Szechuan. ‘I‘he medical use of 
the shoot is as an antilithic, and it is said to be antidotal and 
anodyne in case of animal and reptile bites. The shoot seems 
to be the only part recommended for use in medicine. 


164 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


ERGOT.—As rye does not grow in China, true ergot is 
not found. A decoction of the shoots of Avena fatua (x 2, 
Ch‘iao-mai) is given to parturient women to excite uterine 
contractions, aud it may be surmised that there is an ergot- 
like growth on these shoots. The /éz¢sao describes a growth 
appearing on the heads of wheat and barley when the grain is 
nearly ripe, which it calls 2 4g (Mai-nu). But this is prob- 
ably a rust or smut, as no special action upon the uterus 
has been discovered under its use. (See Avena fatua, Hor- 
deum, Triticum, and Zea mays.) 


ERIANTHUS JAPONICUS.—?® (Mang). This is a 
grass, also called fi tY(Pa-mang) or # 4 (Pa-mao), and used 
for making screens and fences. In Hupeh it is called A EH 
(Pa-wang-ts‘ao). It is also used to make ropes, boxes, and 
shoes, and the awns are used for brooms. ‘The stem is used 
in decoction, or the juice of the green plant is employed, asa 
dressing in animal bites and to promote the absorption of 
extravasated blood. It is claimed that worn out boxes made 
of this grass may be employed in the preparation of the decoc- 
tion with wine, equally well as the plant itself, and it is there- 
fore to be presumed that old shoes and ropes made of the 
substance would be found similarly useful for this purpose. 


ERIGERON KAMTSCHATICUM.— (P‘éng). This 
is the same as Lrzgeron acre. It isa very common weed of 
north China and Mongolia, but strange to say it is not de- 
scribed in any of the Chinese medical works consulted. In 
Japan the same character is used for Cozyza ambigua. ‘This 
being a ‘‘tumble weed,’’ blown about by the winds, it is to 
be presumed that the Chinese would have thought it useful 
to quicken the circulation or give sprightliness to the muscles, 
or something of that-sort. 


ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA.—#k ## (P‘i-p‘a). This is 
the ‘‘loquat,’’? or Japanese meddlar. Its Chinese name is said 
to be derived from the shape of the leaves, which are likened 
to that of the Chinese guitar, #€ @ (P‘i-p‘a). The term 
joquat, however, is a transliteration of the Cantonese sound 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 167 


of Jf #4 (Lu-chii), which is another name for the ‘‘ cumquat,”’ 
or golden orange. Just how this name came to be applied by 
foreigners to the fruit of the Avvobotrya is uncertain, as the 
Chinese books do not indicate any such use. However, it 
seems that this term has gained currency in California, where 
this fruit is now extensively grown. ‘The fruit, leaves, flowers, 
and inner bark of the tree are used in medicine. The fruit, if too 
freely eaten, is thought to injure the spleen, and if taken with 
roast meat and hot bread will produce jaundice. Medicinally, 
it is employed to relieve thirst and nausea and to palliate 
cough. The most important medicinal virtues are ascribed to 
the leaves (1012). In decoction, they are used to relieve vomit- 
ing and cough, as well as in local application to ulcers, nose- 
bleed, wine nose, chapped face, and smallpox ulcers. ‘he 
flowers are used in coryza. If the bark is chewed and the juice 
swallowed, it is said to relieve nausea and vomiting, 


ERIOCAULON.—& ## Hi (Ku-ching-ts‘ao), 619. Sev- 
eral species of this genus go under the same Chinese name. 
That mentioned in the /é/sao is a troublesome weed in fields, 
springing up after the grain has been harvested, and supposed 
to be produced spontaneously from the aura of the grain ; hence 
its name, ‘‘grain essence grass.’’ It bears small leaves and 
tiny, star-shaped flowers, and in reference to this last fact it 
receives several names. The plant is fed to horses, with a 
view to preventing or curing intestinal worms. ‘The flowers 
are used in medicine, especially in hemicrania and other head- 
aches. They are also used as an astringent in nosebleed, 
opacity of the cornea, especially that following smallpox, and 
as an anodyne in cephalic diseases and sunstroke. The drug, 
as described in the Customs list, comes in bundles of the dried 
herbage. 


ERITRICHIUM PEDUNCULARE.—%  # (Chi- 
ch‘ang-ts‘ao). This is the same as 7rigonetts peduncularts, 
It is a common plant in gardens and courtyards. Children 
express the juice of the plant and mix it with spider web to 
use for catching cicadas. When chewed, the plant produces 
a very viscous juice. It is used in medicine as a diuretic, and 


166 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


as an emollient application in wounds. It is also recom- 
mended as a bland remedy in diarrhoea and the dysenteries of 
children. 


EUCOMMIA ULMOIDES.—#f ff (Tu-chung), 1362. 
This tree is found in Hupeh, Honan, Shensi, and Shansi, and 
has been so identified by Oliver and at Kew. In Japan it is 
Euonymus japonicus. Another name is JX #§ (Mu-mien), which 
is the same as that of the cotton tree, Bombax malabaricum. 
This name refers to the fact that on breaking the bark, and 
drawing the fractured edges asunder, a delicate, silvery, silky 
fibre is seen, which may be drawn out to the length of almost 
an inch without breaking. ‘The leaves of the tree are eaten 
when young, and the wood was formerly used to make pattens. 
The bark is the part used in medicine, and is met with in 
quilled or shrivelled pieces of four to five inches in length. 
The brown, roughened cuticle is often removed in greatest 
part, exposing the dark brown liber. The flowers, fruit, and 
wood are astringent, and may be used in medicine. The action 
of the bark is considered to be tonic, arthritic, diuretic, and 
depurative, and is especially prescribed in difficulties of the 
liver, kidneys, puerperal diseases, and excessive perspirations. 
The use of the young leaves (called # 3F, Mien-ya) as food, is 
thought to promote the elimination of poisonous effluvia, and to 
prevent hemorrhoids. 


EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLATA.—TJ %# (Ting-hsiang), 
875, 1305. See Caryophyllus aromaticus. 


EUONYMUS THUNBERGIANUS.—f§ 3 (Wei-mao). 
This is the same as Avonymus alatus. Other names for it are 
6%} (Kuei-chien), ‘devils’ arrow,’’ and ii! # (Shen-chien), 
‘Cangels’ arrow.’’? It grows in the mountains, and is a shrub 
with quadrangular, winged branches, and is known where it 
grows by the name of [ ## Hf (Ssit-léng-shu), ‘‘ four-angled 
tree,’? and also as 48 EF Hf} (Ch’a-yeh-shu), ‘‘tea-leaf tree.’’ 
An infusion of the flowers is used as a substitute for tea. The 
wood of the tree is called J  (Kou-ku), ‘‘dog’s bone,’’ and 
is used only for fuel. Apparently the branches are the part 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 167 


used in medicine. Astringent, anodyne, anthelmintic, and cor- 
rective powers are ascribed to the drug, and it is especially 
prescribed in menstrual and post-partum hemorrhages, and in 
pernicious malaria. 


EUPATORIUM.—j#® fH (Tsé-lan), 1355, BY 3S (Lan- 
ts’ao). Faber makes the latter of these to be Aupatorium 
lindleyanum. ‘The species of the former is unidentified, and 
the term may refer to more than one species. In the Péndsao, 
which discusses the two under separate headings, a large 
number of synonymous names is given in each case; in some 
instances the same name being found under both headings. Ti 
Shih-chen says, ‘‘ The Zaz-/s’aoand the 7sé-/an are two species 
of the same genus, and both grow on the borders of water 
courses or in swamps. They have perennial roots, purple, 
branched stems, with red joints, and opposite, slightly serrated 
leaves issuing from the joints. But the Zaz-¢s’ao has a round 
stem, long joints, and glabrous leaves, whilst the Zsé-/az has a 
neatly square stem, short joints, and leaves covered with hair. 
The flowers are in spikes, and are reddish-white.’? The parts 
used medicinally in each case are the leaves. Diuretic, anthel- 
mintic, and restorative properties are ascribed to the leaves of 
the Zan-ts’ao, and they are used in colds and general debility. 
They are also considered to be antidotal to various poisons, 
and when made into a pomade will promote the growth of the 
hair. The leaves of the Zsé-/az have similar properties, and 
are used, as well, as an anodyne and nerve sedative in the 
disturbances of pregnancy and the puerperal condition. They 
are highly recommended for their constructive properties, The 
roots, which are called $4) 3 (Ti-sun), and are sometimes 
eaten for food, are considered beneficial to the circulation, and 
restorative to women after child-birth. The seeds are prescribed 
for the thirty-six diseases of women. 


EUPHORBIA HELIOSCOPIA.—# # (Tsé-ch’i). This 
is the same as Euphorbia lunulata. ‘The Chinese name means 
‘marsh varnish,’’ and refers to the white, viscid juice which 
the plant contains. It is a common wayside plant in mid- 
China. The floral leaves are round and yellow, resembling the 


168 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


pupil of a cat’s eye, and for this reason the plant is called $f 
a ie Ag #4 (Mao-érh-yen-ching-ts’ ao). On account of its green 
leaves and green flowers it is also called #% 3 #% (6 Wi (Lii-yeh- 
lii-hua-ts’ao). The stalk and leaves are the parts used in 
medicine. They are prescribed in fevers, dropsies (especially 
anasarca), malaria, and as an anthelmintic. The young shoots 
of the plant are sometimes eaten as food. 


EUPHORBIA HUMIFUSA.—#f #% (Ti-chin). This 
plaut has a large number of common names, referring to such 
things as its nocturnal blooming habit, the form of its flower, 
the use to which it is put medicinally, and the like. Itisa 
very common creeping plant, found in fields and gardens, has a 
reddish stalk, and bears a reddish-yellow flower. The whole 
plaut is employed in medicine ; its chief uses being that of an 
anthelmintic remedy, and in menorrhagia, dysentery, corroding 
ulcers, hematuria, and hemorrhages from the bowels. All 
sorts of discharging wounds and sores seem to be treated with 
it. It is also used topically in decoction for the treatment of 
impetigo, scabies, and other skin diseases. 


EUPHORBIA LATHYRIS.—fq gi) (Lii-ju). In Japan 
this is Huphorbia steboldiana, and another species which is 
given in the Péztsao under this same title, and called HX [Rj #4 
(Ts‘ao-lii-ju), is there Huphorbza palustris. In the Customs lists 
(115) is given a product called -- 4 Hi (Ch‘ien-chin-ts‘ao) for 
which this identification is suggested. The plant is mentioned 
in the appendix to the Péztsao, where its resemblance to the 
spurges is pointed out. The flowers, seeds, and herbage are 
all prescribed in diarrhceas. There is also another mentioned, 
called #€ PR Hi (Fei-yang-ts‘ao), 299, identified as Euphorbia 
pilulifera, but this has not been found in the books. The Z7-7z is 
a common mountain plant, growing from two to three feet high, 
and has a large long root like that of the radish, sometimes 
forked, with a yellowish-red skin, and white flesh containing 
a yellow sap. The stem and leaves resemble those of other 
spurges, and when broken they discharge a white sap. The 
flowers are purple, the fruit the size of a pea. The root is 
the part used in medicine, and is thought to have slightly 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 169 


poisonous properties. It is considered to be antiseptic and anti- 
putrefactive, and is used in decoction as a wash for foul ulcers, 
gangrenous throat, and skin diseases. It is not much used 
- internally. 


EUPHORBIA PEKINENSIS.—FE & (Ta-chi), rars. 
In Japan this is Huphorbea lastocaula. It is a common marsh 
plant, growing to the height of two or three feet, and having 
a hollow stem. The stem, when broken, discharges a white 
juice. The purple plant of Hangchow, 539, is considered to 
be the best for medicinal purposes. ‘The root is the part used 
in medicine, is thought to be poisonous, and has a bitter acrid 
taste, causing a sensation of scratching in the throat. It isa 
favorite remedy with the Chinese for the 4 (gt) disease, 
dropsies, persistent nausea and vomiting, and for diarrhceas. 
It is thought to have specific action on the bowels and kidneys, 
and to qttiet the uterus in pregnancy. A number of popular 
prescriptions contain this as the principal ingredient. The 
acrid juice secured from the stem of the plant is said to cure 
toothache. 


EUPHORBIA SIEBOLDIANA.—tf 3% (Kan-sti), 584. 
This is a Japanese identification, which Faber follows. Henry 
called it Wickstramza, which again Faber adopts. ‘Tatarinov 
considered it to be Passerina, in which he is followed by 
Porter Smith. This plant is also a common weed found grow- 
ing in mid-China, especially in Shensi and Kiangsu. The 
stem and leaves contain the same kind of milky juice as is 
found in other spurges. ‘The root has a reddish skin and white 
flesh. It is cylindrical, or eliptical, in shape, and smells some- 
what like ginger. As sold on the market, the tubers are 
usually separated, and as a rule much worm-eaten. ‘They are 
administered in anasarca, ascites, tympanitis, hernia, hydrocele, 
and dysuria. The drug is aiso applied to aching parts to 
relieve pain and numbness, and is thought to relieve deafness. 


EURYALE FEROX.—# @ (Chiien-shih), 125. This 
plant, of the order of water lilies, has, like the lotus, been 
cultivated throughout China from remote antiquity. Its farin- 


170 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


aceous seeds are used as food. The popular name is ${€ fA (Chi- 
t‘ou), from the resemblance of the flower to a cock’s head. A 
number of similar names, having reference to the shape of the 
flower, are given in the /éztsao. ‘The whole plant is covered 
with prickles, and has large leaves, with prominent, spiny 
veins. It is much cultivated for the sake of its stems, rhizomes, 
and seeds, all of which contain much starch and are used as 
food. A kind of dry biscuit is often prepared from the meal of 
the kernels. The large, pear-shaped, indehiscent fruits are 
many celled and filled with the oval seeds, which are compared 
by. the Chinese to the eyes of fish. These seeds are of a ~ 
reddish color, mottled and veined with a whitish marbling, 
and are pale at the hilum. ‘The interior is white, hard, and 
starchy, and has a roughish taste. All parts of the plant are 
used in medicine, and are considered to be tonic, astringent, 
and deobstruent in their action. ‘They are recommended in 
polyuria, spermatorrhoea, and gonorrhcea. The biscuit are 
fed to children suffering from the £az (jf) disease. 


EVODIA RUTZICARPA. See Boymia rutecarpa. 


EXIDIA AURICULA JUDZ.—7R H (Mu-érh). This 
is the same as /7/zrneola folytricha and Peziza auricula, and 
is a common mushroom, or lichen, growing upon trees. The 
Chinese choose those which grow upon five kinds of trees—the 
mulberry, the Sophera, the paper mulberry, the elm, and the 
willow—of which that growing upon the mulberry is considered 
to be poisonous. The other four are used as food. Their 
action upon the system is considered to be very beneficial, 
giving lightness and strength to the body and strengthening 
the will. They are thought to aid in the cure of hemorrhoids 
and to prevent other hemorrhages. The mulberry epiphytes 
are considered to be especially useful for this purpose, and 
are prescribed in all sorts of hemorrhages. ‘Those growing 
upon other trees are thought to have medical virtues some- 
what similar to those of the tree upon which they-are found, 
but these will be mentioned under the appropriate article in 
each case. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 171 


F. 


FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM.—# 38 (Ch’ iao-mai), 87. 
Other names are i #8 (Ch’iao-mai), & 2 (Wu-mai), and # 
(Hua-ch’iao). It is sometimes called vulgarly ff @ (T’ien- 
ch’iao), ‘‘sweet buckwheat,’’ to distinguish it from 7F # (K’u- 
ch’iao), ‘‘ bitter buckwheat,” spoken of in the next article. 
Buckwheat is an important crop in the central provinces of 
China, being mnch depended upon as food. It is therefore 
classed by the Chinese among the cereals, although it is a 
polygonaceous~plant.. -The small, triangular, nut-like fruits of 
this plant are very sweet and oily. When ground they make 
avery nourishing and digestible food. Pastry made from the 
dark colored dough of this flour is commonly sold in the streets. 
The crop must be cut before the frost, as the plant is very 
susceptible to cold. ‘The use of buckwheat as food is considered 
to be highly beneficial to all of the viscera, giving spirit and 
streneth to the body. It is recommended as a diet in colic, 
choleraic diarrhoea, fluxes of all kinds, and abdominal obstruc- 
tions. Gravel, gonorrhoea, and eruptions in children are also 
thought to be benefited by its use. It is supposed to affect the 
growth of the hair, and a poultice of the meal is very effica- 
cious as an application to abscesses, carbuncles, and the like. 
The leaves and the stalks are also used in medicine ; the former 
being considered to be carminative, but, if taken in excess, to 
produce an eruption. The ashes of the latter are used in combi- 
nation with lime as an application to virulent sores, unhealthy 
granulations, and to the relief of centipede bites. 


FAGOPYRUM TARTARICUM.—‘4 # 2 (K’u-ch’iao- 
mai). This ‘‘ bitter buckwheat’ issimilar to Fagopyrum escu- 
lentum, but is considered by the Chinese to be slightly poisonous, 
injuring the stomach and producing jaundice, if taken in 
excess. Its only use is found in the scraped bark being taken 
in combination with bean hulls, the seeds of Cassza tora, aud 
orange peel for making a pillow. This pillow, being habit- 
ually used on the bed, is considered to have a beneficial action 
on the eyes. 


172 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


FALLOPIA NERVOSA.—## $f #£ (Hsieh-pao-yeh). A 
plant described as a tall shrub, found growing wild at Macao 
aud Canton, and furnishing a tea leaf, is thus identified by 
Loureiro and Bridgeman. It is not found in the Féztsao. 
The name, #% |lJ 9 (Hou-shan-ch’a), which is also given to it, 
is probably local, and does not indentify it with the jj 2¢ 
(Shan-ch’a), Camellia oleifera. 


FARFUGIUM KA/MPFERI.—3E2 # (T’o-wu). This 
plant is so identified in Japan, but is described in the Péztsao 
under Zusszlago farfara, and is not discriminated from this 
latter. Its medicinal uses, therefore, will be referred to the 
article on Zzsszlago. 


FATSIA PAPYRIFERA.—3f Bt 7K (T’ung-t?o-mu), 3% 
¥ (T’ ung-ts’ao), 1405. The second name given above is the 
cominon name of the plant, but it is also the term under which 
Akebia guinata is described in the Pénztsao. 'To prevent con- 
fusing these, this fact must be borne in mind. This aralia- 
cious plant, which is the same as Aralia papyrifera, has been 
identified by Sir W. Hooker as the source of the rice paper 
used by Chinese women in the making of artificial flowers. 
This paper is also used by Chinese artists, who make brilliant 
paintings upon it. The plant is herbaceous, but some- 
times has a tree-like appearance. It grows plentifully in 
Formosa, and has been found in Hupeh and Szechuan. Diu- 
retic, pectoral, galactagogue, anthelmintic, deobstruent, and 
antidotal properties are attributed to the plant. A decoction 
is used for washing sore heads. The pollen found upon the 
flowers is considered to be a specially efficacious application to 
infectious sores, hemorrhoids, and in consumption. The 
broken rice paper, called jf ¥& }e (T’ung-ts’ao-p’ien), and 
the rice paper cuttings, called jf Bi # (T’ ung-ts’ao-sui), are 
used to absorb discharges from wounds. 


FERNS.—A large number of different kinds of ferns is 
found in China, but they have not been much studied, and 
only a few are mentioned in the Péxtsao. Under the name 
of Re (Chiieh) and #% (Wei) the Fézzsao discusses the more 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 173 


cominon kinds, which are Prerzs, Osmunda, and Vincetoxicum, 
and they will be further discussed under these titles. The 
young shoots of some kinds are eaten, and a kind of arrow-root 
is made from the rhizomes, which, after proper washing and 
cooking, are also eaten, in spite of their bitterness. Of course 
these things are only used as substitutes for food in times 
of famine, which is an index of the sad distress of the country 
at such times. Demulcent, diuretic, soporific, and vulnerary 


properties are ascribed to these roots. 


FERN and LYCOPODIUM SPORES.—if— 4 #& (Hai- 
chin-sha), 344, ff fq # (Chu-yiten-sui). The fern which pro- 
duces these spores is found in all of the Yangtse provinces, 
from Szechuan to the sea. The fern grows in hilly districts 
in shady places, preferably among trees. Hence the second 
name above given, ‘‘ bamboo garden coriander.’’ ‘The product, 
which is commonly called by the Chinese ‘‘ golden sea-sand,”’ 
is an exceedingly light, fine, reddish-brown powder, which 
burns almost as readily as Lycopodium powder. Its medicinal 
action is considered to be diuretic, antilithic, and sedative, and 
it is given in fevers, dysuria, hematuria, and other urinary 
disorders. It is suggested that it might be used as a substitute 
for lycopodium powder in pill making. 


FERULA.—[ij] #8 (A-wei), [ij ER (A-yii), Be @ (Asiin-_ 
ch‘), PS #2 YE (Ha-hsi-ni). The Pénxtsao says that the first 
character given above is the equivalent of the interjection 
‘Oh!’ supposed to be uttered over this stinking gum resin. 
The second name given is the Persian equivalent, while in 
India it is called JB #@ (Hsing-ch‘i), Sanscrit Avugu,; and 
another name said to be used in western Asia is Jt ff (Yang- 
kuei). The last name given at the head of this article is the 
Mongolian, or Turkic, equivalent. ‘The countries of Central 
Asia seem to be the source of supply, but it is said to be found 
growing also in the Kunlun mountains. As is the case with 
the European supply, the drug is probably derived from Ferula 
narthex and Ferula scorodosma, as well as from other species. 
A very good description of the drug and its preparation are 
given in the /éztsao, where the rarity of the genuine article 


174 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


is also spoken of. ‘There is a saying to the effect that ‘‘ of 
assafwtida there is none genuine ; of skullcap (a common herb) 
there is none sophisticated.’? Garlic, together with the pla- 
centa of a lying-in woman, or a dead foetus, is actually boiled 
in water and evaporated to produce an abominable compound 
as a substitute for this stinking drug. The Mongols use as- 
safoetida with meat as a condiment. The drug is said to be 
the exudation from both an herband a tree. ‘That prepared by 
pounding and boiling down the root is deemed superior to the 
simple exudation of the cut root. The yellow grained samples 
are said to be the best. Siamese and Sumatran assafcetida are 
said to be collected like gamboge, with which they are perhaps 
confounded. Several tests for proving the genuineness of the 
drug are given in the /ézfsao ; one being that it should leave 
a white mark on a copper vessel after being kept in it over 
night. Deodorizing, anthelmintic, carminative, cordial, altera- 
tive, antispasmodic, deobstruent, alexipharmic, and antiperiodic 
properties are ascribed to it. It is said to assist in the diges- 
tion of every kind of meat, and to correct the poison of stale 
meats, meats of animals that have died of disease, and of edible 
mushrooins and herbs. Possibly one of the ascribed virtues 
which would prove most useful to ordinary humanity is that 
of suppressing the devil and driving out evil. The Péxtsao 
does not say whether this is a result of the odor, or of an astral 
aura emanating from the second character of the name. This 
character is properly written #4 (Wei). It is possible that 
galbanum is also sometimes confounded with assafoetida. 


FICUS CARICA.—#€ 7¢ 2 (Wu-hua-kuo), ft G # 
(VYing-jéh-kuo), #& 3 $k (Yu-t‘an-po), [aj §H (A-tsang) The 
first two names given above are the common names of the 
ordinary Chinese fig, and the third and fourth names are said 
to be those of the Cantonese and Persian varieties respectively. 
The Chinese fig, the natural habitat of which is probably the 
Yanegtse valley, is a small, irregular shrub, bearing a fruit very 
‘much smaller and inferior in quality to the Persian variety. 
In the article on this subject in the /éz¢sao, three other fig- 
like plants are spoken of. One, the % 3 3% (Wén-kuang- 
kuo), Faber identifies as Xaxthoceras sorbifolia. Another, 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 175 


called F fi} HE (Tien-hsien-kuo), is Ficws erecta ; while the 
third, which is unidentified, is called JE f (Ku-tu-tzi). 
Stomachic and corrective qualities are asciibed to the fig, 
which is sometimes called 7X #% $8 (Mu-man-t‘ou), as is also 
the fruit ot Azcuws pumila. The leaves, which are thought 
to be slightly poisonous, are recommended to be used to 
steam painful and swollen piles. Mr. Eitel (Handbook of 
Chinese Buddhism) gives ff 5% Sk 2 ( Yu-yiin-po-lo) as the name 
of a tree, the Udumbara of the Buddhists, which is /%cus 
glomerata. This may be the fig referred to by the third name 
at the head of this article. 


FICUS PUMILA.—Z jf (Mu-lien), #% 3% (Pi-li), 7 48 BA 
(Mu- -man-t‘ou), 9, #2 BH (Kuei-man-t‘ou). The Chinese names 
given to this plant are also applied to other plants. ‘The first 
above given is used for the Wagunolia, while the third is equally 
applied to Fzcus stipulata, and probably also to Ficus cartca. 
Probably the most distinctive name is the second. ‘The leaves 
are large and round, and if bruised, exude a white juice, like 
varnish. ‘This suggests its Samira to the F7cus tndica, the 
source of gum dac. The plant is a creeper, and bears a hollow 
‘*fruit’? of red color. This product is much esteemed by the 
birds, which eat of it with great avidity. whe leaves are used 
in medicine in the treatment of dysentery, hematuria, and 
locally as an application to carbuncle. The juice of the vine 
is also employed in the treatment of skin diseases. The whole 
plant is thought to have a beneficial action upon the virile 
powers, and is therefore used in the treatment of spermator- 
rhoea, andas a galactagogue. The plant, when eaten, is said to 
remove pain in the heart. 


FICUS RETUSA.—#¥ (Jung). This is the Banyan tree, 
of which the adventitious rootlets, called #4 #3 (Jung-hsii), are 
used in medicine. The /éztsao speaks of the varnish-like 
juice which exudes from the tree, but does not mention its 
being used in medicine. The tree is found in China most 
plentifully in the province of Fukien. A good description is a 
given in the appendix to the Péntsao. ‘The only use to which 
the rootlets seem to be put is in the treatment of toothache, 


‘\\ 


176 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


for which purpose they are mixed with salt, thoroughly dried 
and powdered, and applied to the decayed or aching tooth. 
‘They are considered to be a sovereign remedy. 


FICUS STIPULATA.— = F (Aji-yii-tzt), 9. The 
@& (Ai) is a delicate climbing plant of Formosa and the south- 
eastern provinces, which bears a fig-like fruit. The plant is 
not mentioned in the /ézfsao, nor in any other medical work 
examined. Kanghsi’s Dictionary mentions it, but is very 
indefinite in its description. That mentioned in the Customs 
lists came from Formosa and was exported to Java. Porter 
Smith describes the exported article as hard, dried, woody, 
immature, tasteless fruits, generally attached to their stalks, 
or sometimes separated, and cut into two, showing the charac- 
teristic fructification of the genus. The fruits are also called 
fi BA Gi (Man-t‘ou-lo; and ZX fi §A (Mu-man-t‘ou). To what 
use they are put does not appear, but it has been suggested that 
they may be employed in decoction as a fomentation for painful 
piles and ulcers. 


FCQENICULUM VULGARE.—#¥ 3€ (Shih-lo), 2& HE Hy 
(Tzii-mo-lo', oJ. jay # (Hsiao-hui-hsiang), 438. ‘The first of 
the names is from the Persian z2/a, or z7ra. ‘Ihe second is also 
of foreign origin, but from what language is not known. ‘The 
third refers to the origin of the drug from a Mohammedan 
country. The stalks and leaves of the plant are eaten in 
China, and the seeds are in frequent demand as a condiment. 
The fexnel is sometimes confounded with star-anzse. The 
fruits, commonly called seeds, are greyish-brown, slightly 
curved, beaked, with five prominent ridges, and have the 
characteristic aroma of the fennel. The shoots of the young 
plant are considered to be carminative and respiratory. ‘The 
fruits are prescribed in fluxes, dyspepsia, colic, and other abdom- 
inal disorders of children. Made into a Sfzret of Fennel, it is 
used locally for backache and toothache. ‘The leaves and stems 
may be similarly employed. A number of other fennel-like 
plants are mentioned in the Péx/sao under this article. Some 
of these are used for food in their natural habitat, and the me- 
dicinal virtues of all are regarded as similar to those of fennel. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. B77 


FORSYTHIA SUSPENSA.—# #4 (Lien-ch‘iao), 7109. 
This is spoken of in the classics as jf (Lien) and §& 
(I-ch‘iao). In the Erhya 9 j# -— (Han-lien-tzt) is given 
as a synonym, but this is also given in the Péztsao as a 
synonym for 4® I (Li-ch‘ang), which is Ac/zpta alba. BE 
(Han-lien-ts‘ao) is mentioned in the Customs lists (359), but 
this probably refers to Eclzpta alba or Wedelia calendulacea. 
Strange to say, Braun, in the Hankow list, identifies this 
latter with dried lilies. In this he has probably been misled 
by the first two characters. Another name given in the 
Péntsao for. the Forsythia is Bj H#€ (Lan-hua), which is 
properly a name applied to several orchidaceous plants. 
The elu also gives = fi (San-lien), and the root is called 
sit #2 (Lien-yao) and ff # (Chu-kén). ‘This shrubby plant 
grows in marshy places. ‘There is also said to be a smaller 
variety which grows on high mountains. The fruit is a cap- 
sule, and it is the valves of this which appear in commerce. 
These are little, boat-shaped, brown bodies, a half to three- 
fourths of an inch in length, with a thin longitudinal parti- 
tion. They originally contained a few dark, pendulous seeds, 
which have an aromatic taste. The seeds are not mentioned 
in the Chinese’ medical books. ‘The valves are reputed to be 
autiphlogistic, antiscrofulous, laxative, diuretic, and emmen- 
agogue. ‘They are prescribed also for deatness, and as an 
anthelinintic in pin-worms. ‘The stalks and leaves are thought 
to be antifebrile, with special action on the lungs and heart. 
They are used in poultice as an application to ulcerated 
glands and piles. The root is regarded as slightly poisonous. 
Besides its antifebrile action, its use is thought to have an 
exceedingly beneficial influence on the circulation, improving 
the appearance of the body, and giving life and force. It is 
also prescribed in colds and jaundice. A decoction of the root 
is used for washing cancerous sores. 


FRAGARIA INDICA.—#¥ 4% (Shé-mei), #4 # (Ti-mei). 
Both names refer to the creeping habit of the plant. It is 
quite common in neglected gardens and along the roadsides. 
It bears yellow flowers and a bright red fruit, and the leaves, 
_ together with the root, are used in medicine. ‘The fruit is 


178 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


also thought to be slightly poisonous, and the juice is taken in 
fevers and to counteract arrow poison and snake bite. It is 
considered to be antiseptic, and is therefore applied to aphthous 
sore mouth and fever sores. 


FRAGARIA WALLICHII.—f #2 # (Ti-yang-mei). 
This plant grows north of the Yangtse in moist, shady places, 
and in the fourth and fifth months there is fruit. Nothing 
farther is said in regard to it in the Péxztsao. ‘The stem of the 
plant is used in dysentery and chronic diarrhea. 


FRAXINUS PUBINERVUS.—# J& (Ch’in-p’i), 172. 
The first character is properly written #4 (Chin), Another 
name is 7 #m@ (K’u-li), but this name is applied in the Peking 
mountains to Fraxznus bungeana, which is one of the plauts 
upon which the wax insect lives. The C/’z#-f'2 is a tree with 
a green bark. It is not distinguished by the Chinese from 
some varieties of Quercus. ‘The bark, when steeped in water, 
is said to produce a bluish indelible ink. The common name 
of the wood is fy ## 7 (Pai-hsiin-mu). The bark is the 
part used in medicine, and its virtues seem in the main to be 
those of an astringent. It is prescribed in catarrhal fever, 
inflamed eyes, fluxes, and in decoction to wash snake and 
insect bites. It is also regarded as tonic to the genito-urinary 


system. 


FRITILLARIA ROYLEI.— }} (Pei-mu), 993. This 
liliaceous plant grows in different parts of China. It is culti- 
vated in Chekiang and exported from Ningpo. It is also much 
cultivated in Szechuan, and this variety is regarded as much 
superior to any other. The Reports of Trade for 1869 and 1880 
give interesting notices of this drug. The Hankow reports for 
1879 also speak of the Szechuan drug. Father David mentions 
the Pei-mu as growing in the high mountains of Thibet, having 
yellow flowers, and the corms being used in medicine. That 
growing in Chekiang has grayish-white flowers. According to 
Henry, the name /ez-ma is applied in Hupeh to an orchid, 
which is not the same as the Szechuan drug. Porter Smith’s 
identifications of this drug are all wrong, unless that of Uvu- 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 179 


laria grandiflora may be correct in some parts of China. These 
genera are closely allied and somewhat difficult to distinguish, 
The classical name of the plant is dR (Méng) or fj (Méng). The 
first character of the common name is also written H. ‘This 
name has reference to the bulbs resembling a bunch of cowry 
shells. The corms are dug up in the spring and autumn, so 
that the difference in size depends not only on the difference in 
species, but also on the stage of development of the corm. 
Those coming from Chekiang are usually as large as a good 
sized marble. The Szechuan variety is smaller and held in 
more esteem than the others, and commands a higher price. 
These corms are naked, of a white, or yellow color, and may 
be broken into two or more segments, disclosing the central 
shoot. They are easily crushed by the teeth to a white, 
starchy, and almost tasteless powder. The likeness of this 
product to the oriental Hermodactyls and Colchicum is suggest- 
ed. ‘I‘he corms are used by the Chinese in medicine, and are 
- prescribed in fevers, coughs, dysuria, hemorrhages, deficiency 
of milk, threatened mammary abscess, lingering labor, rheumat- 
ism, and diseases of the eye. They are regarded as having 
specially favorable action on the viscera and the bone marrow. 
They are also highly recommended in spider, snake, and 
scorpion bites. 


FUCUS SACCHARINUS. See Alge. 


FUMARIA OFFICINALIS.—3% 7E it J (Tzi-hua-ti- 
ting), 1411 (?). This is a common roadside weed in China, 
described in the Péztsao as of two varieties : one having purple, 
and the other white flowers. The herbage of these plants is 
used in decoction as an application to glandular swellings, 
strumous sores, carbuncles, and every kind of abscess. It is 
also taken internally for jaundice, and to remove wheat awns 
from the throat. 


FUNGI.— fit #4 (Chih-érh-lei). Fungi growing on 
trees (7k FH, Mu-érh, ‘‘ wood-ears’’) are preferred by the 
Chinese to the more delicate mushrooms. Many of the latter 
are apparently poisonous, and some of the more delicate varie- 


180 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


ties are not grown in China, which facts lead the Chinese to the 
same result. See Epiphytes, Dendrobium, Exidia, Loranthus, 
Mushrooms, Pachyma cocos, and Viscum. 


FUNKIA SUBCORDATA.— = # (Vii-tsan), & #8 (il) 
(Pai-hao-hsien). This is a common cultivated plant of the 
Chinese gardens, growing to the height of a foot or so, having 
large, round leaves, which are dark on the under side. The 
stem of the plant is bracted, and the flowers grow in the axils 
of the bracts. They are white and pearly, giving origin to 
the Chinese name. ‘The root and leaves are used in medicine ; 
both being regarded as poisonous. ‘The expressed juice of the 
root is considered to be a counter poison to infectious abscesses 
and cancerous sores. It is prescribed in the early stages of 
cancer of the breast, abortion, to overcome cantharidal poison- 
ing, and as an anodyne in fish bone lodged in the throat, 
fractures, and the extraction of teeth... The bruised leaves are 
applied in insect bites, and a spirit is taken or applied in car- 
diac pain. ‘The flowers are now distilled and a perfumery made, 
which is used in cosmetics. They are also prescribed in sup- 
pression of urine or dysuria, as well as being added to prescrip- 
tions for the treatment of skin diseases and wounds. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 181 


&: 


GALANGA.—See Alpinia officinarum. 


GALBANUM.-—It is entirely probable that this drug is 
imported into China, as it comes from a region which supplies 
many such products to the Chinese markets. But under what 
name it tay come has not yet been ascertained. It is possible 
that in some cases it may be confounded with assafoetida. 


GALIUM APARINE.—3£ fit HR (Chu-yang-yang). This 
cleavers is thus identified by Faber, but it is not found in the 
Péntsao. ‘The Kuang-chiin-fang-pu places it among green vege- 
tables, but nothing is said in regard to it except that pigs are 
very fond of it, and that it is used as a vegetable in the spring. 


GALLA.—% €£& Ff (Wu-shih-tzt), 4% 4 - (Mu-shih- 
tzii), 874, 2 4 F (Mo-shih-tzit), HE ZA jf (Mo-t’u-tsé), The 
most of the names above given are attempts to reproduce the 
Persian name JZazu. Efforts to explain the Chinese names in 
any other way are scarcely warranted, however plausible some 
of these explanations may seem. The description of the tree 
given in the /éztsao is very vague, aud the Chinese seem to be 
ignorant of the origin of these galls, which they suppose to be 
a fruit of the tree alternating with the proper fruit. Those 
coming from Persia and Arabia have long been prized in 
China. These galls are not essentially different from those 
found in the European markets, as they practically come from 
the same place. The Chinese books direct that the galls shall 
be pierced, and dried in a sand bath until they assume a 
brownish-black color, when they are ready for use in medicine. 
Their use in making ink seems to have been formerly known 
in China, as also their use asa hair dye. ‘They are powdered 
and given in dysentery, chronic diarrhoea, nocturnal sweating, 
seminal emissions, toothache, and the az (jf) disease in 
children. ‘They are applied to sores and skin affections as a 
stimulant and astringent. Galls have been successfully em- 
ployed in some parts of India in very mild and chronic forms of 


182 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


intermittent fever. Modern Chinese seem to understand~ the 
antiperiodic effect of this drug, although the Cinchona salts 
have superseded all other forms of treatment for malarial fevers. 


GALLA SINENSIS.—x. f -F (Wu-pei-tzii), 1466. 
These are the galls that are produced upon the leaves or leaf- 
stalks of Rhus semzalata by an insect, which is probably an 
aphis. The tree is of the same genus as that which yields the 
Chinese and Japanese varnish or lacquer. In India the excres- 
cence is called Aakra-singie, and sometimes attains to the size 
of a man’s fist. The galls are usually met with as hard, brittle, 
oblong, horn-like, contorted bodies, about an inch and a half 
long, and resembling a seashell. They are pointed, or taper- 
ing, at either end, or triangular, irregular, and tuberculated. 
The outer surface is velvety, of a yellowish or light brown 
color, the thin walls somewhat translucent, and the interior 
smooth, and occupied by the remains of the insect. They 
contain between seventy and eighty per cent. of tannin. They 
are collected for the most part in Manchuria and the province 
of Szechuan. ‘There is a Japanese kind which is smaller, and 
that from India, produced upon the Akus succedanea, is more 
cylindrical. These galls are used by dyers and tanners to pro- 
duce a black color, or are mixed with cochineal and other 
coloring substances (according to Dr. Williams) to produce grey, 
brown, and fawn tints. They are the principal ingredient in a 
kind of imperial electuary, which is very highly rated and only 
obtainable as a gift from the throne. The Chinese use them 
medicinally as an expectorant, astringent, and corrective 
remedy, and they are applied topically to chancres, swellings, 
and wounds. ‘The second character in the name at the head of 
this article is properly written #7 (P’ei). 

Faber speaks of the Gad/s of Celtis stnensts, which he calls 
A WE HI (Mu-t’ao-érh), but these are not mentioned in the 
Péntsao. 


GAMBIR.—See Areca catechu and Uncaria gambir. 


GARCINIA MORELLA.—j® # (T’éng-huang). These 
characters are sometimes wrongly written Jj w# (T’ ung-huang). 
This is the same as Garcinia hanburiz, and the drug produced, 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 183 


which is the inspissated juice, derived from incisions made into 
the bark of the tree, and collected in a hollow bamboo, is the 
Szamese gamboge of commerce. ~The tree, which is common in 
Hunan and Shensi, is called #¢ jf (Hai-t’éng). When the 
juice exudes from the bark and drops upon the stones, it is 
called #% Be (Sha-huang). That which exudes from the tree 
and congeals on the bark is called |} # (La-huang). We are 
indebted to Hanbury for his careful observations upon this 
substance. A full account will be found in his Science Papers, 
page 326 et seq. Gamboge, as it appears in the Chinese mar- 
ket, consists of short cylindrical pieces of the shape of the 
bamboo tube in which it has been prepared. Irregular masses 
are also found. Chinese draughtsmen use it asa pigment. Its 
medicinal use is limited to external application ; its purgative 
properties either not being known, or else considered of too 
violent a character for safety. The Chinese regard it as very 
poisonous. It is used both alone in powder, and as an ingre- 
- dient in a large numberof prescriptions, for the treatment of 
wounds of all kinds, cancerous sores, and to cause decayed and 
painful teeth to drop out. Its irritant and stimulant action 
upon the skin is fully taken advantage of in the treatment of 
indolent ulcers. 


GARDENIA FLORIDA.—#a Ff (Chih-tztt), 639. There 
are several kinds of this shrub in China, and these have been 
divided into species by various observers, such as the one here 
given, Gardenia radicans, Gardenia grandiflora, Gardenia 
rubra, and the like. But great confusion exists in regard to 
these identifications, and as the uses of the various drugs 
derived from these plants are practically the same, and as the 
Péntsao discusses them all under one head, they will not be 
separated here. Generally speaking, two kinds of dried fruits 
from these plants are found in Chinese medicine. One, the 
larger, is called simply #@ - (Chih-tztl), while the other and 
smaller is called [lj #@ $e \Shan-chih-tzt). The larger occurs 
as a smooth, oblong, orange-brown, or yellowish, imperfectly 
two-celled berry, from one to two inches in length, strongly 
marked with six ribs which terminate in the superior perma- 
nent calyx, which generally crowns even the dried fruit of the 


184 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


shops. The pericarp is fragile and horny, marked internally 
by two uarrow, projecting receptacles. ‘The seeds are numer- 
ous and embedded in a dark orange pulp. ‘The smaller fruits 
are met with as ovoid, smooth, six-ribbed, light or dark brown, 
or even black berries, crowned with more of the calyx than are 
the larger fruits. They vary from one-half to an inch or more 
in length. ‘These are the berries which are more frequently 
used ii medicine than are the large ones. In the Customs lists 
several different kinds of the drug are mentioned as appearing 
in commerce. i Pa — (Huang-chih-tzit), 512, is given as the 
principal term for this product, while 7 a— (Chien-chih), 103, 
is a kind from Chienchang prefecture in Kiangsi. The name 
i Pa fF (Huang-chih-tzi) is not found in the Péztsao, but is 
mentioned in other Chinese medical works. It seems to be 
identical with the common #@ -f (Chih-tzit). [lj He $F (Shan- 
chih-tzti) and j{j #& #m (Shan-hei-chih), 1092, are given as 
naines for the variety yielding the small fruit. The Hankow list 
speaks of the #0 Pe -- (Hung-chih-tzt) as a species of Gardenia 
from Szechuan. All of these fruits are used for dyeing pur- 
poses, producing a beautiful yellow color, but there is some 
difference in the value of the different fruits for this purpose ; 
the Szechuan variety producing a reddish yellow or orange color. 
The flowers of the plant are very fragrant, and are used for 
flavoring tea and in cosmetic preparations. In the season when 
they are in bloom, they are much worn by Chinese women as 
hair ornaments. The medicinal uses of the smaller fruits are 
various ; they being prescribed in fevers, fluxes, dropsies, lung 
diseases, jaundice, and externally as a vulnerary remedy. ‘The 
larger fruits are more particularly used externally ; the pulp 
being applied to swellings and to injuries, and to such diffi- 
culties as wine-nose, dog bite, slight burns and scalds, and the 
like. Other names given for this plant are 7 J¥- (Mu-tan), jk BE 
(Viieh-t‘ao), and f# =& (Hsien-chih). In the Customs lists the 
root of this plant, #@ $- HE (Chih-tzu-kén), 140, is spoken of as 
an article of commerce, but this is not mentioned in the Péxtsao. 


GASTRODIA ELATA. — 9 $f (Ch‘ih-chien), Fe fit 
T‘ien-ma), 1296. This orchidaceous plant, called ‘‘red- 
arrow’’ by the Chinese, grows in the plains of the central 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 185 


provinces. Pao P‘o-tzii says that the plant moves even when 
the air is still; while Tao Hung-ching goes one better, and 
says that it is not moved by the wind, and moves only in still 
air! ‘The central root is large, and it is said to always have 
twelve smaller tubers of the size of a hen’s egg on the side. 
These tubers are much used for food, both raw and steamed. 
The best sort comes from Shantung. It is worthy of note that 
an Australian species of this plant, Gastrodza sesamotdes, has 
a root which is full of starch, and which is used as food by 
the natives. The tubers, dried and shrivelled, are found in 
the Chinese medicine shops. They are in the form of flat, 
yellowish-brown pieces, irregularly oblong, and measuring from 
two to two and a half inches long by one inch and a half 
broad. This drug is considered to have very beneficial prop- 
erties, expelling all kinds of poisonous effluvia, giving strength 
and virility to the body, improving the circulation, and strength- 
ening the memory. It is prescribed in rheumatism, neural- 
gia, paralysis, lumbago, headaches, and other neuralgic and 
nervous affections. ‘The stalk of the plant, which is called 
ie f + (Huan-t‘ung-tzti), is also considered to be tonic and 
aphrodisiac. The plant also produces a fruit, which becomes 
yellow and ripe as the leaves begin to shrivel up and fall off. 
It contains seeds, the kernels of which are starchy. 


GELSEMIUM ELEGANS. —& Wy (Kou-wén). ‘This 
identification is not quite certain. Faber uses this same Chi- 
nese name also for Rhus toxicodendrom. But in an article on 
Chinese Drugs, published in the China Review (Vol. XV, page 
214), it is proved that the plant Koz-wénx of the Pénxtsao is 
Gelsemium elegans. It is known at Hongkong under the 
names of §§ £4 f% (Hu-wan-ch‘iang), fj jy Hi (Tuan-ch ‘ang- 
ts‘ao), and Fe 3 HE RR (Ta-ch‘a-yeh-t‘éng), the two former of 
which are names found in the Péztsao as synonyms of Kou-wén, 
In Japan it is Rhus toxtcodendron, but i FR FS Go) Yy (Huang- 
tsing-yeh-kou-wén) is given as an equivalent term, and this is 
also assigned to Croomza japonica. ‘The extremely poisonous 
character of this plant is well recognized by the Chinese, and 
one of the names given to it is f@ # (Tu-kén), ‘‘ poison root.” 
Li Shih-chen says: ‘‘When people happen by mistake to eat 


4 oy 


186 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


the leaves mixed with vegetables, they die in the course of 
half a day.’’ ‘The plant is also called ff ff 34 (Ttuan-ch‘ang- 
ts‘ao) and }iq I; Hi (Lan-ch‘ang-ts‘ao), because when it comes 
in contact with the bowels of man or beast, they become black 
and gangrenous in a short time. The younger leaves in 
spring and summer are especially dangerous. ‘The old leaves 
in autumn are less injurious. The counter-poisou recommend- 
ed by the /Péztsao is the blood ef a white goose or duck. 
Medicinally the root is used, and it is recommended for 
wounds, caked breast, perspiring feet, and skin eruptions. In 
these cases it is presumed that it is used locally. It is also 
said to be useful in coughs and poisonous effluvia, as well as 
in difficulties of the vecal organs. How it is administered in 
these cases is not mentioned. ‘he substance is also used for 
killing birds and other animals. So exceedingly fearful are 
the Chinese of its poisonous properties, that full directions are 
given for counteracting its effects. It would seem that fuller 
directions as to its administration and dosage would have been 
equally advantageous. 


GENTIANA SCABRA.—ége )f§ (Lung-tan), 791. PB i 
(Ling-yu) is another name. ‘The first Chinese name is used 
for more than one species of Gentzan. Indeed the Index 
Florze Sinensis enumerates fifty-seven species of this genus, 
many of which are called by this one name. Morrison, in 
his dictionary, applies this name also to Dictamuus albus, and 
according to Porter Smith, this substance has been found in 
the markets under this Chinese name. The plant is common 
in mid-China, growing in mountain valleys. It has a blue, 
bell-shaped flower, and a perennial root, which in the recent 
state is almost white. As it appears in the shops, it consists of 
long, reddish-brown, numerous rootlets, attached to a short, 
twisted rhizome, which is seen on section to be much closer and 
more of a brown color than the European gentian root. ‘The 
taste is agreeably bitter. It is prescribed in fevers, rheumat- 
ism, poisonous effluvia of the viscera, fluxes, and general 
debility. Its use is thought to benefit the liver, strengthen the 
memory, and give lightness and elasticity to the body. Itis | 
used locally in skin diseases and ulcers, and in affections of the 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 187 


throat. Its anthelmintic properties are also recognized. It 
is specially recommended in nocturnal sweating, hematuria, 
and ophthalmia. 


GERANIUM NEPALENSE.—4F fi (Niu-pien). This 
identification is exceedingly doubtful. The Japanese identify 
it as Aconitum lycoctonum, but Faber identifies that found here 
in China as this craveshill. ‘The plant grows in marshy places 
in river valleys; the leaves resembling aconite leaves. Both 
the leaves and root are used in decoction for washing sores, 
and especially for destroying lice and maggots on cattle. The 
plant is not poisonous, although the root is considered to be 
slightly deleterious. The /éxtsao speaks of another plant 
under this head, which is also used for killing pediculi. ‘This 
is called #, ## HZ (Shih-chien-ts‘ao). It has not been identified. 


GEUM DRYADOIDES.—itf @ (Shé-han), Be i (Shé- 
hsien), #£ % (Luug-hsien). This plant grows in mountain 
valleys and on stony ground. It has small leaves and yellow 
flowers. It is said to be cultivated in Szechuan for medicine, 
Snakes are reported to dislike it. The stem and leaves are 
used medicinally. It is regarded as a special drug for children, 
and is even recommended to be taken by the mother during 
the foetal life of the child. It is prescribed in convulsive dis- 
orders, nervous irritability, and as an anodyne in wounds and 
sores. ‘The fevers of children are specially susceptible to its 
good influences. It is prescribed for the bleeding of wounds, 
obstinate skin diseases, and the bites of centipedes and 
scorpions. 


GEUM JAPONICA.—3K #8 fg (Shti-yang mei), fh 
(Ti-chiao). This is a variety of the well known water avens. 
It bears a fruit, shaped like the pepper fruit; hence the second 
name. It does not seem to be used internally as medicine, 
although it is not regarded as poisonous. ‘The fruit is applied 
externally to boils and abscesses. 


GINKO BILOBA.—§% 4 (VYin-bsing) fy 3 (Pai-kuo), 
952. See Salishuria adiantifolia. 


188 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


GLEDITSCHIA CHINENSIS.—@ %€ (Tsao-chia), & 
(T'sao-chio), 1331. ‘This leguminous tree is met with through- 
out China and Cochin China. It bears a pod which in some 
specimens attains to a length of fully two feet. This is thin and 
knife-like in appearance, and contains many fiat, brown seeds, 
which are used in bathing and in washing clothes. The tree is 
thickly beset with thorns, which are called FR J (T‘ien-ting). ~ 
At the proper time for the seeds to drop, the people surround the 
tree with bamboo baskets, and all of the seeds are said to fall 
from the tree in one night. Li Shih-chen says that sometimes 
when a tree does not produce fruit, the people bore a hole in 
the trunk, fill it with from three to five pounds of cast iron, and 
cover the opening with mud. Then it will bear fruit. At Peking, 
this beautiful tree is called by the second name given above. 
It bears small, greenish-yellow, scented flowers, and is much 
prized as a lawn tree. The medical uses to which the Chinese 
put the different parts of the tree are very numerous. The pods 
are considered to be expectorant, emetic, and purgative. They 
are prescribed in coughs, flatulence, chronic dysentery, and 
prolapse of the rectum. ‘The seeds and pods are used in the 
form of a bolus as an antidote in case of metalic poisoning. The 
coarse powder is blown into the nostrils, or put into the rectum, 
of the victims of accidental drowning and hanging. It is said to 
extract the water and to open the passages of the body. Various 
other difficulties, remarkable in their character, are treated with 
these seeds, such as difficult labor, dribbling saliva in children, 
decayed teeth, chronic consumption, and cancer of the rectum. 
The thorns are used as an anthelmintic, in decoction as a wash to 
ulcers, skin diseases, caked breast, and retained placente. They 
are also used as needles in opening abscesses, and as counter- 
irritants in tumors and growths. The bark of both the stem and 
the root is used as an anthelmintic and antifebrile remedy. The 
leaves are used in decoction for washing sores. Another species 
or variety of this plant, called §% & #€ (Kuei-tsao-chia), is men- 
tioned. It is used for the treatment of ulcers and skin diseases. 


GLEDITSCHIA JAPONICA.—}® 3 & 3% (Chu-ya-tsao- 
chia), 3F #€ (Va-chia), 4 i (Ya-tsao), 1487. ‘This a Japanese 
identification of a species of Gledztschza differing from Gledéts- 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 189 


chia chinensis in some respects. In the /éxtsao, Sukung says 
in regard to it: ‘‘It is an inferior sort. The pod is crooked, 
thin, uncomely, and not succulent. When used for washing, 
it does not remove the dirt. The pods, which are two feet 
long, are coarse and dry. ‘The best are those which are only 
from six to seven inches long.’’ Hanbury received some of 
these pods, and he described them as follows: ‘‘They are 
from two to four inches long, and from 3/10 to 5/r1o of an inch 
broad, more or less sickle-shaped and compressed, their upper 
edge prolonged into a narrow wing. The anterior extremity 
is pointed, the posterior attenuated into a short stalk. ‘The 
pods are indehiscent, and have thick, pulpy valves, which are 
extremely smooth and of a deep brown. The substance of the 
pod, when chewed, even in very small quantity, produces an 
extremely disagreeable sense of acridity in the fauces.’’ He 
suggests Prosofis as an identification. The medical uses of 
these pods are not distinguished’ from those of Gleditschia 
chinensis, although they are regarded as inferior to the latter. 


GLYCINE HISPIDIA.—F ¥F (Tactou), 42, FY, and 
(Shu), 4: #% (Jén-shu), FE HR (Jung-shu), HF BF (Shih-tou), 
 & (Hei-tou), H ¥ (Huang-tou). This is the same as Soa 
hispidia and Dolichos sora, and is the Chinese and Japanese 
soy bean. It has been known in China from ancient times, 
and has always been considered by the Chinese as the most 
important of the cultivated leguminous plants. A very large 
number of varieties is found throughout the Empire, especially 
in the north. The name ‘‘great bean’? applies to the plant, 
not to the seeds, as these are quite small. It is employed in 
China and Japan in the preparation of three products which 
are of almost universal use in oriental cookery. ‘These are 
‘*bean oil,’ ‘‘ bean-curd,’’ and ‘‘soy.’? There are many varie- 
ties of this bean, which the Chinese distinguish by the color 
of the seeds ; these being black, white, yellow, gray, azure, and 
spotted. The black sort is used in medicine, and the yellow 
is specially valued in the preparation of bean-curd and soy. 
The black kind is not much used as food, as it is thought to 
render the body heavy. The Chinese regard those things 
which give lightness to the body with more favor than those 


190 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


which promote flesh and sluggishness. The characters Je, #, 
or #$ (Shu) are the classical name, while 7£ #% (Jén-shu) and 
3% #X (Jung-shu) are equally ancient compound nates for this 
plant. §& % (Shih-tou), ‘‘bean-relish bean,’’ indicates its 
use in making the bean relish and soy. 

Medicinally, the black beans are considered to have much 
value. Their frequent use is thought to have a most beneficial 
effect upon the body, giving strength and vigor, albeit with 
heaviness. This latter fact is the only objection offered to the 
use of these beans. ‘They are regarded as an admirable counter- 
poison against most of the vegetable poisons, such as Acontte 
and Croton tigi. Carminative and quieting properties are 
also ascribed to them. ‘They are pescribed in a large number 
of difficulties, notably post-partum and sexual disorders; but 
as they are always in combination with other active drugs, it 
may be readily supposed that the beans play no very important 
part in these prescriptions. The green bean hollspeagme 
chewed into a pulp, are applied to smallpox ulcers, corneal 
ulcer, and the excoriation produced in children by urine. The 
bruised leaves of the plant are used as a local application in 
snake bite. The flowers, 1310, are used in blindness and 
opacity of the cornea. 

The dean sprouts, called F<, | BH HF (Ta-tou-huang-chiien) 
and %% #€ (Tou-nieh), are also mentioned in the Péxtsao. Bean- 
sprouts (qf 3f, Tou-ya) are a common article of diet with the 
Chinese, but these former are made of the black bean, and are 
especially used in medicine. Ti Shih-chen gives the following 
mode of preparation: ‘‘Ona water day ( 4 H) soak black 
beans in clear water, and after the sprouts have grown, take 
off the hulls and dry the sprouts in the shade.’’? Their 
medical properties are considered to be laxative, resolvent, and 
constructive. They are reputed to have special influence upon 
the growth of the hair, and to be ctrrative in ascites and 
rheumatism. 

The yellow variety of beans is also given a separate dis- 
cussion in the éztsao. As was before said, these are used for 
the most part in the preparation of bean oil, bean-curd, and 
soy. ‘lhe beans and pods of this variety are larger than those 
of the black kind, and in the green state they are highly 


an a.) a a oe 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. IQOI 


esteemed by the Chinese as an article of food. But they are 
also considered ‘‘heavy,’’ and if partaken of too freely they 
are thought to produce jaundice. ‘They are considered to be 
carminative and deobstruent, and are recommended in ascites. 
Locally they are applied to smallpox ulcers. ‘The ashes of 
bean stalks are specially recommended as an application to un- 
healthy granulations in hemorrhoids (possibly fungous growths 
of the anus). 

The oil, % jf (Tou-yt), is considered to be very slightly 
deleterious, and is used as a local application to ulcers and 
skin diseases, and for removing bandoline from the hair. This 
oil is manufactured in large quantities, especially in Manchuria, 
and is shipped to every part of China. It is used as food, 
chiefly by the poorer people, and was formerly used as a burn- 
ing oil; but kerosene has now almost superseded it for this 
latter purpose. It is usually dark colored, and has a not very 
pleasant odor. 

BEAN RELISH (Salted Beans), K GF Bk (Ta-tou-shih), 
1318, is a product much valued by the Chinese. The mean- 
ing of the character §¥ (Shih) is difficult to render in English. 
It refers to salted and fermented beans, and is applied to both 
the prepared beans themselves and to other preparations made 
from them, some of which are in liquid form. For this last 
reason, this character is sometimes thought to refer to ‘‘soy.”” 
But the term ‘‘relish’’ will be used for this product to distin- 
guish it from soy, which will be found described a little later. 
Tao Hung-ching (V Century) says that Puchou (jf Ji) in 
Shansi and Shenchou (BK Ji) in Honan were places noted for 
the excellence of this product. He says that at Shenchou 
there is produced a liquid bean relish which in ten years will 
not spoil, but for medical purposes it is not so good as other 


_kinds, as no salt was used in its manufacture. On the other 


hand, Meng Shen (VII Century) says that the Shenchou liquid 
bean relish is better than the ordinary kind. He gives its 
composition as follows: ‘‘Use Hispidia beans which have 
been fermented, first steaming them soft. ‘To each peck add 
of salt four pints, pepper (Aft), four ounces. In the spring 
time, let stand three days; in stmmer, two, when it will be 
half ripe. ‘Then add five ounces of ginger (4E #), and let 


192 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


stand to clarify. Use only the clear part.’ Li Shih-chen 
says: ‘‘ All sorts of beans can be used in making this product, 
but that made from the black bean is used in medicine. ‘There 
are two kinds of this relish: one called insipid relish (Tan- 
shih, #% 5%), and the other salty relish (ff BX, Hsien-shih). 
The liquid form of the former is the one most used in treating 
diseases. To make this, in the sixth month take two or three 
pecks of the black Hispidia beans, wash clean and soak in 
water over night. Drain off the water and steam soft. Spread 
out upon matting, and after it has become slightly cool, cover 
with artemisia stalks. Examine it every three days to note 
the process of fermentation. The layer of Mycoderma which 
grows on top should not be allowed to become too thick. 
When sufficiently fermented, take out and dry in the sun and 
sift clean. Use clean water and mix into a half-dry-half- 
moist condition, just so that the juice will exude between the 
fingers when the material is squeezed in the hand. Put into 
an earthenware jar and pack firmly, cover with a layer of 
mulberry leaves three inches thick, and seal up with clay. 
Set the jar in the sun every day for seven days. ‘Then take 
out and dry for a little while in the sun, and again moisten 
with water and repack in the jar as before. This do seven 
times, and then boil again, spread on matting, dry with fire, 
pack again into the jars, and seal up for future use.’’ 

‘‘“The method of making the salty relish is as follows: 
Take one peck of Hispidia beans and soak them in water three 
days. Wash, steam, and spread out in a store room, and when 
they have fermented, take them up, sift them clean and wash 
in water. For every four catties take one catty of salt, halfa 
catty of shredded ginger, and of peppers, orange peel, thyme, 
fennel, and apricot kernels, a sufficient quantity. Put all into 
an earthen jar and cover with water to the depth of an inch. 
Cover with bamboo skin, and seal up the mouth of the jar. 
Place in the sun for one month, when it will be finished. 
To prepare the liquid bean relish, between the tenth and 
first moons take three pecks of good salted beans. Boil fresh 
hempseed oil until it smokes; then put in the beans and 
cook thoroughly. Spread the mixture out on matting and 
dry in the sun. When it is dry, steam again. Repeat this 


ee 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 193 


process three times, and then add a peck of white salt and 
pack all well together. Pour on hot water and percolate 
three or four gallons. Put into a clean caldron and add 
pepper, ginger, onion, and shredded orange peel, and boil all 
together until it is evaporated one-third. Then put into a 
whole vessel and let stand, and it will develop an exceed- 
ingly fine flavor.’’ In addition to the bean relish several 
other kinds are made, such as bran relish, melon relish, 
and soy relish; but these are for food and are not used in 
medicine. 

These salted beans and their derivatives are used medic- 
inally in various ways. ‘The insipid relish is used in the 
treatment of colds, headache, chills and fever, malaria, noxious 
effluvia, irritability, melancholy, decline, difficult breathing, 
painful and cold feet, and for the destruction of poisons in 
pregnant domestic animals. In the treatment of fevers and 


perspirations, it should be cooked into a paste. For driving 


away melancholy, the uncooked article should be made up 
into pills and taken. For chills and fever, colds on the chest, 
and for ulcers, it is boiled and eaten, as it also is in the 
case of dysentery and colic. It may also be used for the 
treatment of ague, bone disease, poisons, marasmus, and dog 
bite. It is useful in expelling gas, benefiting the internal 
organs, treating colds and cold poisons, and for nausea, 

The Puchou relish has a very salty and cooling taste. 
It corrects irritability, fever, poison, cold, and decline. It 
benefits all of the internal organs, is diaphoretic, opens up 
the passages, destroys astral influences, and clears the breath- 
ing (‘‘opens up the nose’’). The Shenchou liquid relish 
also allays irritability and feverishness. ‘These are employed 
medicinally in obstinate dysentery, hematuria, locomotor ataxia, 
(= Bl A 3%, Shou-chio-pu-sui), excessive hemorrhage in abor- 
tion, threatened abortion, difficult labor, tinea, venereal sores, 
stings of insects, scorpion bites, horse bites (anthrax ?), wine 
drinkers’ diseases, foreign objects in the eye, and thorns in 
the flesh. 

BEAN FERMENT.—%§ WH (Tou-huang) This is the 
fermentation pellicle (AZycoderma) which forms on the top 
of fermenting beans, as the mother-of-vinegar forms on the 


194 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


top of vinegar in its process of preparation. The pellicle 
contains, in addition to the mycetes of fermentation, various 
kinds of moulds and mildews, and its composition is probably 
not at all uniform. The method of preparation is given 
as follows: ‘‘Take a peck of black beans and thoroughly 
steam them. Spread upon matting and cover with artemisia 
stalks, as in the process of preparing soy. When the pellicle 
is formed on top, take it off, dry in the sun and powder, 
when it is ready for use. The taste is sweet and cooling, 
and the substance is non-poisonous. It is specially recommended 
in the treatment of rheumatism, especially that of the knees, 
for the insufficient action of the five viscera, spleen, and 
stomach, giving strength to the body, lubricating the muscles 
and skin, improving the complexion, invigorating the marrow, 
and toning up the system generally, enabling one to eat 
fats. It is sometimes combined with pork fat and made 
into pills for producing flesh. A hundred pills should be 
taken at one time. Fat people should not use this substance. 
Chewed into a paste and applied to eczema, it proves very 
efficacious. 

BEAN CurD.—%& § (Tou-fu). The method of making 
bean curd had its origin in the Han dynasty, during the 
reign of Huai Nan Wang (A.D. 23), at Liuan. All sorts 
of black beans, yellow beans, white beans, clay beans, 
green beans, and peas can be used in its preparation. The 
process of manufacturing is given in the /éztsao as follows: 
‘Wash the beans and crush them in water. Skim off 
what floats, and boil. Make a natron solution, or a decoction 
of the leaves of Shan-fan (lj #8), Sysplocos pruntfolia, or 
use sour soy vinegar, and add to the beans. Heat all together 
in a caldron. Afterwards pour into a large jar in which 
has been placed powdered gypsum and mix well together. 
What will be produced is a saltish, bitterish, sour, acrid mix- 
ture, and what congeals upon the surface of the compound 
is to be taken out and dripped clean of the other solution. 
This is dean-curd.’’ The taste is sweet, alkaline, and cooling. 
It is considered to be slightly deleterious. It is thought that 
the ingestion of bean curd prevents the curing of diseases, 
but if carrots are put with the bean curd, this action is pre- 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 195 


vented. It is reputed to be beneficial to the internal organs, 
inproving the breath, harmonizing the spleen and stomach, 
removing flatulence, and expelling evil gases from the bowels. 
Used warm it disperses subcutaneous hemorrhage. It is 
prescribed in chronic dysentery, ophthalmia, swellings, and 
drunkenness. 

Soy.—4# (Chiang). Common names are 4 jf (Chiang- 
yu) and Sf 7 (Shih-yu). Li Shih-chen says that the Chinese 
name indicates the power of this substance to counteract the 
poison which may exist in food. Several forms of soy exist, 
such as flour soy, made of wheat or barley flour ; sweet soy, of 
similar composition, but varying slightly in the method of 
manufacture ; and bean soy, made of various kinds of beans, 
but more particularly of the Hispidia bean. One method of 
manufacture is as follows: “Take of Hispidia beans three 
quarts, and boil in water. Mix with twenty-four catties of 
- flour and allow to ferment. To every ten catties of the 
mixture take of salt eight catties, of well water forty catties ; 
mix and allow to stand until it is ripe.’’ Several other 
methods of manufacture are given in the Péntsao, differing in 
various respects from this, but the method here given will 
suffice to illustrate the mode of manufacture. Soy is a black, 
thin liquid, having an agreeable saltish flavor, and frothing up 
of a yellow color when even slightly shaken. It is the univer- 
sal sauce of the Chinese and Japanese, and is largely exported 
to India and Europe as a convenient menstruum for other 
flavoring substances used as condiments. In China it is both 
made in large quantities by shops and in smaller quantities by 
domestic manufacture. It is considered to provoke the appetite 
and to correet any injurious qualities of food. It is laxative, 
cooling, and antidotal to various poisons, according to Chinese 
estimation. It is often applied to burns, scalds, eczema, and 
leprous sores. Its use is considered beneficial in threatened 
abortion and the hematuria of pregnancy. Two other kinds 
of soy are mentioned in the /éx¢sao, both made from the seeds 
of the elm (apparently of two different species). One is called 
aR. 4 (VYu-jén-chiang) and the other HE # 4 (Wu-i-chiang). 
In regard to these two terms for elm, see the article on U/mus. 
Both these kinds of soy are considered to be laxative, diuretic, 


196 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


and anthelmintic. They should not be used to excess, as they 
are considered to have some deleterious properties. 


GLYCYRRHIZA.—ff #8 (Kan-ts‘ao), 587. Other names 
are @ tf (Mi-kan), # Hi (Mi-ts‘ao), 32 Hi (Mei-ts‘ao), # Hf 
(Lu-ts‘ao), #¢ jf (Ling-t‘ung), and fj # (Kuo-lao). This last, 
name is applied to the plant on account of its great virtues as a 
remedy. The drug is very highly prized by the Chinese, and 
enters into the composition of very many prescriptions. The 
most common species that supply the Chinese /zcorzce root are 
Glycyrrhiza echinata and Glycyrrhiza glabra, both of which 
are found growing plentifully in northern China. Quantities 
are also brought from Mongolia, especially from the region 
about Kokonor. In fact, the plant seems to grow extensively 
throughout all the region of Central Asia. The root is com- 
monly sold in long pieces, dry, wrinkled, and red on the surface, 
and yellow, fibrous, and tough in the interior. ‘The taste is 
disagreeably sweet and slightly mucilaginous. It stands next 
to ginseng in importance in Chinese pharmacy, being the 
gteat corrective adjunct and harmonizing ingredient in a large 
number of recipes. Like most celebrated Chinese drugs, it is 
credited with the property of rejuvenating those who consume 
it fora long time. The roots, twigs, and efflorescence are used 
in medicine. Tonic, alexipharmic, alterative, and expectorant 
properties are ascribed to the drug. It is used to allay thirst, 
feverishness, pain, cough, and distress of breathing. It is 
specially prescribed for children, and is used in a large number 
of their maladies, but as it is usually exhibited in combination 
with other drugs, it can readily be understood why purely 
imaginary virtues should be ascribed to it. Locally, it is 
applied, mixed with honey, to burns, boils, and other sores. 
The properties ascribed to the twigs and flowers do not differ in 
any essential respect from those ascribed to the root. 


GLYPTOSTROBUS HETEROPHYLLUS (Zaxodium 
heterophyllum).—jK #%% (Shui-sung). The /éxtsao says that 
this grows on the shores of the southern seas in the water, and 
looks like a pine. Hence the name. It is prescribed in animal 
bites and in the dropsy of pregnant women (hydropsaiminion ?). 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 197 


GNAPHALIUM MULTICEPS.—& #8 # (Shu-chii- 
ts‘ao). Other names are fs He (Shu-érh) 4§ HBG (Fo-érh ts‘ao), 
320, KE $8 (Mi-chii), M6 yy Bi (Wu-hsin-ts‘ao), # 3 (Hsiang- 
mao), # #5 (Huang-hao), and #¥ ff (Jung-mu). This is an 
artemisia-like plant, growing principally in northern China, 
with a whitish, hirsute leaf, and bearing yellow flowers. Hence 
one of the names, ‘‘ yellow artemisia.’? The medicinal action 
of this plant is regarded as decidedly anti-malarial and anti- 
febrile. It is also prescribed in coughs and diseases of the 
lungs and air passages. ; 


GNAPHALIUM POLYCEPHALUM.—Z# HH (Yiin- 
ts‘ao). This is a fragrant plant with sessile leaves, both the 
white flowers and the scabrous leaves having fragrance. For 
this reason it is much cultivated in gardens. The odor is very 
persistent, and it is said that fleas, lice, and moths do not like 
‘it. Because of this latter fact, the plant is frequently put under 
the bed mats and into books to drive these insect pests away. 
No medicinal properties are ascribed to it. 


GOMPHRENA GLOBOSA.—F  #£ (Pai-jih-hung). 
No part of this beautiful tree seems to be used in medicine. It 
is much cultivated in gardens as an ornament, and the name 
refers to its long period of flowering. The flowers are small, 


red, and fragrant. ‘They are sometimes called J # 7€ (Ting- 
hsiang-hua). 


GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM.—¥i fff (T's‘ao-mien), gf 
#6 (Mien-hua). This malvaceous plant, which yields the 
cotton wool, and which is the same as Gossypium indicum, is 
not distinguished in Chinese works from the sterculiaceous 
Bombax malabaricum, the cotton tree. ‘The reason for this 
probably appears in the fact that the cotton tree was known in 
China from very ancient times, and its cotton was used by the 
Chinese in the manufacture of cloth before the introduction of 
the cotton plant, which probably took place about the XI 
Century, coming by the way of the south, either by foreigners 
trading with the Chinese, or by the Mongol conquerors of 
China, who about the same time brought it from the west and 


198 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


south-west, or by both of these factors. The plant is now 
grown in all parts of southern and central China. Under the 
title of 7X #4 (Mu-mien) the /éxtsao discusses this plant and 
gives # H (Ku-pei) and 7 #* (Ku-chung) as synonyms, saying 
that the former refers to the tree, while the latter refers to the 
plant. The Sanscrit names given are A 2 (San-p‘o) and ym 
ga U8 i (Chia-lo-p‘o-chieh), the latter of which may be an 
attempt at transliteration of the Indian name Karfasz. Kao- 
chang, the country of the Uigurs, is named as possessing a 
cotton plant which produces a textile fiber, called ,4 #& (Pai- 
tich). The Avang-chiin-fang-pu gives full directions as to the 
growing of cotton, and names the various varieties raised. 
The Chinese card cotton by means of a bow, producing a very 
light floss. - Usually the Chinese cotton fiber is short staple, 
but they have one kind, called #& # (Ssii-mien), which is very 
silky and of great length. They consider the foreign cotton, 
which they have had to buy so largely of late years on account 
of the failure of their own crops, as inferior in warmth to their 
own staples. The cotton plant does not seem to be used in 
medicine. ‘The fiber, both in the raw state and after having 
been incinerated, is used to staunch wounds. ‘The seed, #8 7 
FF (Mien-hua-tzil), #8 7G {E (Mien-hua-jén), 848, are employed 
in the manufacture of cotton seed oil, which was formerly used 
in villages as food and for lamps. Its taste is very unpleasant, 
which fact is due to the Chinese roasting the seeds before 
expressing the oil. It is used medicinally as a demulcent, and 
is applied to leprous, scabious, and other forms of skin disease. 


GYMNOCLADUS CHINENSIS.— ff  %#& (Fei-tsao- 
chia). This is a leguminous tree, similar to Gleditschia. It 
was for some time supposed to be a Cesalpinia, but it was 
later found to belong to Gysenocladus, and the above designa- 
tion was assigned to it. It is a large tree, growing in central 
China, and bearing white flowers. Its pods are collected for 
the market, and are met with as greasy, fleshy, yellowish, or 
reddish-brown legumes, three or four inches long, and about 
one and a half inches broad. ‘They abound in an acrid, deter- 
gent, fatty principle, so that when the pods are roasted and 
pounded into a pulp, they may be kneaded into balls. These 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 199 


are usually as large as children’s marbles, and were formerly 
much used for washing clothes and the body. ‘They are called 
JE & & (Fei-tsao-t’o), and are not allowed to be used in public 
baths, as they have a strong smell. Foreign soap has now 
taken the place of these, having even taken the name of this 
plant for its common name in Chinese vernacular, JE  (Fei- 
tsao). The seeds are black and smooth, and are called JE i #& 
(Fei-tsao-ho), J2 & @& (Fei-tsao-tou), and JE m -- (Fei-tsao- 
tzii), 298. They were described by Hanbury as being three- 
fourths of an inch in diameter, of a compressed spherical form, 
each furnished (when perfect) with a large, rigid, persistent 
podosperm. A transverse section shows a pair of plane cotyle- 
dons, between the flat sides of which and the thick, hard testa 
lies a layer of black, horny albumen. ‘These are edible after 
roasting, but are more frequently used by the makers of 
artificial flowers with which to wax. their threads. The pods 
are the parts principally used in medicine, and are prescribed in 
rheumatism, dysentery, and hematuria. They are applied to 
eczema, favus, and venereal sores. It is said that if the pods 
drop into water which contains goldfish, these latter will die. 
The seeds are reputed to be carminative in their action. 


GYMNOGONGRUS PINNULATA.—F §§ % (Lu-chio- 
ts’ai), #* 3 (Hou-k’uei). This is one of the marine alge, found 
all along the coast of China south of the Yangtse. It grows 
to the height of three or four inches, and looks like a stag’s 
horns ; hence the name. It is of a purplish yellow color, and 
is gathered by the natives as food and for medicine. Its taste 
is very mucilaginous, and it is easily converted into a gelatin- 
ous mass by cooking in water. Women sometimes use it as a 
baudoline. It is used medicinally, principally as a demulcent 
in fevers and colds, and it is said to be very useful in cinnabar 
poisoning. Its demulcent properties would surely commend it 
in catarrhal affections of the bowels or bladder. 


GYMNOGRAMME JAPONICA.—i#¥ AR Hi (Shé-yén- 
ts’ao). This is a fern which is found growing in old wells, or 
in other damp places where there is more or less constant shade. 
The sori, which are found on the fronds, are often exceedingly 


200 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


numerous, and are said to look like snake’s eyes; hence the 
name. ‘True to Chinese therapeutical principles, this plant 
is used only as au application in cases of snake bite. 


GYMNOTHRIX, Alofecurus.—f— FE  (Lang-wei- 
ts’a0), #4 (Lang), @ Bk (T’ung-lang), Af 3B (Lang-mao), wf 
(Ménge), 7 HW FH (Su-vien-wéng), SF fy (Shou-tien). In all 
probability these terms may not all relate to the same species. 
The second term would seem to be generic, while the first is a 
very good translation of the English name, ‘‘ fox-tail.’? This 
grows in China, as it does in other parts of the world, in damp 
fields. The seeds are used, though scarcely medicinally ; as 
they are said, if used as food, to prevent hunger! Under this 
article in the Péxztsao a related plant is mentioned, which is 


called ff] #% (K’uai-ts’ao). This is Sczrpus (which see). 


GYNANDROPSIS PENTAPHYLLA.—y 4§ 3 (Pai- 
hua-ts‘ai), 26 $§ 3€ (Yang-chio-ts‘ai). This is a cultivated 
vegetable of the gardens. It is described as having a weak 
stalk, spreading out in branches with pinnatifid leaves. In the 
autumu it bears a white flower with long petals, and produces 
a small horn about two or three inches long (the seed capsule ?). 
The seeds are biack and tiny, and are gathered for use as 
medicine. There is also a yellow flowered kind. If taken in 
excess, the drug produces flatulence and a sense of oppression 
in the stomach. Medicinally, it is used as a carminative, and 
the decoction is employed as a wash for piles and for rheumat- 
ism aud malarial disorders. 


GYNOCARDIA ODORATA.—X% fH # (Ta-féng-tzi). 
These seeds are imported into China from Siam. The large 
tree which yields them is common in Cambodia, Siam, the 
Indien Archipelago, Malaysia, Assam, and other parts of 
Eastern India. The whole order (Bixinez) to which this tree 
belongs is tropical and poisonous. ‘The large, round, indehis- 
cent, succulent, capsular fruits, compared by the Chinese to the 
cocoanut, contain very many matted, ovoid, irregular, com- 
pressed, grayish-brown seeds. [hey vary from a half to seven- 
eighths of au inch in length, and consist of a hard, woody testa, 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 201 


to the surface of which portions of firm dry pulp, or of the 
rind of the fruit, are often adherent, sometimes to the extent of 
uniting two or three seeds into one mass. The albumen is oily, 
and incloses large, heart-shaped, leafy cotyledons. ‘The Indian 
nuts are somewhat different from the Siamese samples, the 
testa being smooth, thin, and fragile in the case of the former. 
Chaulmugra and FPetarkura are Indian names for the drug. 
The seeds are likened by the Chinese to A/y/tta lapidescens 
(# AL, Lei-wan). The method given in the /éztsao for pre- 
paring the oil is as follows: ‘‘ Use three catties of the seeds, 
remove the hulls and skins; grind up in a mortar very fine. 
Pack into an earthen jar and seal up tightly. Put the jar 
into a pot of boiling water and seal the pot, so that no steam 
can escape (possibly for increased heat under pressure). Steam 
it until the oil assumes a black and tarry appearance. ‘This 
is the ‘chaulmugra oil’’’ (Fe Ml wh, Ta-féng-yu), 1221. This 
is an extract rather than an oil, although it probably contains 
all of the latter found in the seeds. Both the seeds and 
this oily extract are used in the treatment of leprosy. Indeed, 
the name of the drug is derived from its reputed qualities in 
the treatment of this disease (Jg fal #, Ta-féng-ch‘i). Sophera 
fiavescens, Momordica cochinchinensts, and calomel are various- 
ly used in combination with the oil or seeds in the internal or 
external treatment of the disease. ‘The drug is also recom- 
mended for impetigo, psoriasis, syphilis, scabies, and parasitic 
pediculi. Some of the chaulmugra seeds found in Chinese 
shops would seem to be from Aydnocarpus venenatus, of the 
same order an Gynocardia, which has been found almost 
equally as useful as the latter in the treatment of leprosy. The 
Indian name of this is Veeradzmootoo. 


GYNURA PINNATIFIDA.—= -& (San-ch‘i), 1059, {fj 
% (Shan-ch‘i), 4 % #4 (Chin-pu-huan). This scitamineous 
plant is named from the irregular arrangement of the leaves, 
The Chinese say that there are three on the left side and four 
on the right; hence the first name. Li Shih-chen says that 
this 7s probably not true, but that the first name is a corruption 
of the second, which means ‘‘ mountain varnish.’’ This name 
refers to its property of causing the edges of wounds to adhere 


202 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


together. From its extraordinary reputation amongst military 
aud fighting men, the root of this plant is very costly. The 
last name, ‘‘gold no recompense,’’ refers to this fact. The 
drug comes from Kuangsi and Yunnan, where it is cultivated. 
It occurs in tapering pieces of from three-quarters of an inch to 
an inch in length. The yellow external surface is wrinkled, 
inarked with small nodules and ridges, and the interior is of a 
pale yellow color. The taste is bitter and slightly saccharine, 
something like that of ginseng, to which it is likened by the 
Chinese. Vulnerary, styptic, astringent, and discutient prop- 
erties of a very high degree are attributed to this drug. It is 
recommended in all forms of hemorrhage and wounds, includ- 
ing tiger and snake bites. The leaves have similar properties, 
aud are often combined with the rhizome. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 203 


H. 


HABENARIA SAGITTIFERA.—® © E BZ (B- 
mao-yii-féug-hua). This orchidaceous flower blooms in the 
autumn, and has a waxy petal which is likened in shape 
to a bird. It has an appearance of being very light, and 
this light, waxy, bird-like petal is indicated in the name 
by the three characters, #%, 3, and Jf. No medicinal prop- 
erties are assigned to the plant. 


HALYMENIA DENTATA.—§ 3 Hi (Chi-chio-ts‘ao). 
This is a fresh water alga, a species of du/se, which grows 
in marshes and ponds. It has a red stalk and opposite fronds. 
The shoot has a bitter taste, and is used in fluxes that have 
a tendency to become chronic. A decoction of the root is 
employed in lepra-like difficulties. 


HAMAMELIS JAPONICA.—4 f #g (Chin-lii-mei). 
The Kuang-chiin-fang-pu describes the beautiful thread-like 
petals of this shrub, which flutter gracefully in the wind. 
The plant is very similar to Hamamelis virginiana, but 
does not seem to have been used medicinally by the Chinese. 


HELIANTHUS ANNUUS.—jq A %§ (Hsiang-jih-k ‘uei), 
Ha ABS (Chao-jih-k‘uei). Although the swz/lower is exteusively 
cultivated in gardens and fields throughout China, and the 
fruits are used as food, it is not clearly mentioned in the 
standard works on medicine or botany. On account of a 
reference in the classics, the meaning of which is anything 
but clear, this plant has been confounded with the malvacez. 
The above names are the common designation by which 
the plant is known in Japan and China. The fruits are 
also fed to fowls, the leaves are made fodder for cattle, and the 
stalks and roots are used as fuel. The oil, 3E -f jf (K ‘uei-tzu- 
yu), 1s also known to the Chinese, but does not seem to 
be much used. Aside from the nutritive properties of the 
fruits, no medicinal qualities have been found ascribed to 
this plant. 


204 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


HEMEROCALLIS.—#@ Hi (Hsitan-ts‘ao), 476. The first 
character is written # (Hsitan) in the classics, and is defined by 
i 3 (Wang-yu), the plant of forgetfulness. The common 
name is fF 2% (Lu-ts‘ung), because the plant is like the onion 
and deer eat of it. Still another name is # 3 (I-nan), because 
it is said that if pregnant women wear the flowers at the 
girdle the child will be a male. There are several species 
of this genus found in China, mostly having orange and 
yellow flowers. The names given in this article are variously 
referred to Hemerocallis fulva and Hemorocallis minor. ‘The 
dried flowers are largely consumed as food by the Chinese, and 
are called 4 gf 3¢ (Chin-chén-ts‘ai) and t¥ 7€ 3€ (Huang-hua- 
ts‘ai). The article appearing in the Customs list, however, does 
not consist alone of the flowers of this plant, but also of other 
species of lily. They are used both as medicine and as a relish 
with meat dishes. They consist of inferior, tubular perianths 
of the unopened flower, enclosing six introrse stamens, with 
the three-celled, superior ovary, and simple stigma characteristic 
of lilliaceous plants. ‘They are twisted, or wrinkled, so as 
to give a length of four or five inches, the color being of a dark, 
brownish-yellow, translucent, and covered with a whitish mould 
or bloom. ‘The odor is agreeable, and the taste sweet and 
mucilaginous. Medicinally, they are used together with the 
shoot, and are considered to be antifebrile and anodyne. Some 
intoxicant or stimulant properties seem to belong to these 
drugs. ‘The root is diuretic, and is given in dysuria, lithiasis, 
dropsy, jaundice, piles, and tumor of the breast. 


HEMIPTELEA DAVIDIANA.—#—& (Ch‘u). This is a 
small ulmaceous tree, provided with large thorns, and found 
in the northern provinces. It is described in the Fézztsao 
together with the e/m, and its medicinal virtues are not 
distinguished. from those of the latter. 


HEPATICA.—i) #€ (Ti-i), ‘earth clothes,’’ also called 
fi) K JR (Yang-t‘ien-p‘i) and #4 FE je (Chii-t‘ien-p‘i). The 
Péntsao does not give much description of this plant, but 
what is given is characteristic. ‘The taste is bitter, cooling, 
and slightly deleterious. Its medicinal virtues are said to 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 205 


be anodyne and antifebrile, and it is prescribed in angina 
and sunstroke, and also as a local application in smallpox 
ulcerations. 


HETEROPOGON CONTORTUS.—# 9% (Ti-chin), 
#i (Chien-kén), -— #% (T‘u-chin). This is a grass with a 
hirsute root. It is nearly related to /mferata arundinacea, 
both in appearance and in medicinal virtues. The root, shoot, 
and flowers are all used as a demulcent and antifebrile remedy. 


HIBISCUS ESCULENTUS and HIBISCUS MANIHOT. 
—iq 4 3& (Huang-shu-k‘uei). The identification of malvaceous 
plants is exceedingly uncertain. The Chinese names are often 
used interchangably for different genera and species, and even 
for plants of other orders. The descriptions also lack in 
definiteness, so that it is safe to say that different plants are 
often confounded. The one under consideration represents one 
or more edible species, which include that furnishing ofra. 
However, it is sometimes mistaken for Althea rosea. It is 
grown extensively in China as a garden flower, as well as a 
vegetable, and it comes up from year to year as a volunteer. 
It bears a six-celled, conical seed pod, about the size of a 
thumb, and the seed capsules are arranged spirally in the pod. 
The seeds are black, ‘The stalk grows to the height of six or 
seven feet. The bark is used for making rope. The flowers, 
seeds, and root are all used medicinally, and they are con- 
sidered to be diuretic and demulcent in their action. They - 
are prescribed in difficult labor, and as a local application to 
various kinds of sores, wounds, scalds and burns. The root 
is mucilaginous, and decoctions of this, as well as of the seeds, 
are used in sizing paper. 


HIBISCUS MUTABILIS.—AR SH #B (Mu-fu-jung), also 
ti 32 4 (Ti-fu-jung). Other names are given, but are not 
especially distinctive. The last two characters are usually 
applied to Nelumbium and Papaver somniferum, and are used 
in this case on account of the resemblance of these flowers to 
those of the lotus and poppy. This tree grows readily almost 
everywhere in China. The prevailing color of the flowers is 


206 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


red, but several colors are mentioned. The bark, as in the 
case of many malvaceous shrubs, is used for rope making. 
The leaves and the flowers are the parts used in medicine, and 
they are evidently demulcent, and are by the Chinese con- 
sidered to be expectorant, cooling, antidotal to all kinds of 
poison, and anodyne. They are prescribed in old coughs, 
menorrhagia, dysuria, and wounds, especially burns and sealds 
that are slow in healing. Another name for this plant, as 
given by Faber, is #{ 3 (Chiu-k‘uei), but what is said about 
this name in the Chinese books does not clearly indicate what 
it is. It is stated that the (Chiu-k‘uei) is planted in the 
autumn and the & 3 (Tung-k‘uet) is planted in the winter. 
For this last see Walva verticillata. 


HIBISCUS ROSASINENSIS. —}& & (Fu-sang). Fu- 
sang is mentioned in the ancient books as the name of a 
fabulous tree behind which the sun is supposed to rise. It 
also refers to the name of a country where the plant grows, 
and which has been variously identified as Saghalien, Japan, 
and America. Professor Neuman confounded this plant with 
Agave mexicana, and upon this identification built up a hy- 
pothesis of the discovery of America by the Chinese. The shrub 
grows to the height of four or five feet, and the flowers show 
red, yellow, and white varieties. The red is called 9R # (Chu- 
chin) and 3p KE (Ch‘ih-chin). A wrong writing of the first 
name is {jh 3% (Fo-sang). A name common to this and other 
malvaceous plants is 9 J (Jih-chi). The leaves and the flow- 
ers are used medicinally only in combination with other drugs, 
beaten into a paste and applied as a poultice to cancerous: 
swellings and mumps. 


HIBISCUS SYRIACUS.—7 #€ (Mu-chin). It is also 
called H J (Jih-chi), because the flowers open in the morning 
and fall off before evening. Another name is $§ # #i (Fan-li- 
ts‘ao), because it is used for making hedges, being culttvated 
for this purpose. It bears beautiful red flowers, much resem- 
bling those of Althea rosea. The bark and root are used 
in medicine. The taste is mucilaginous, and they are used as 
demulcent and antifebrile remedies in diarrhceas, dysenteries, and 
dysmenorrhea. Locally, they are also applied in all sorts of 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 207 


itchy and painful skin diseases. The flowers, 858, are similarly 
employed, and are sometimes made a substitute for tea. This 
is called #0 76 2€ (Hung-hua-ch‘a), and comes from Kiangsi. 
They are considered to be quieting to the stomach and diuretic. 
The seeds are employed in headaches and colds, and are also 
used, combined with pig marrow, as an application to discharg- 
ing ulcers. 


HIEROCHLOE BOREALIS.— 4 (Pai-mao-hsiang). 
This grass is said to have its habitatin Annam. ‘The Taoists 
use it as a bitter herb. It is to be distinguished from Azdro- 
pogon, feteropogon and Jupferata. ‘The root is the part used 
in medicine, and it is said to give a fragrance to the whole 
body and to be warming to the viscera when taken internally. 
Mixed with peach leaves and made into a decoction, it is added 
to bath water for the treatment of skin diseases in children. 


HIRNEOLA.—See Exidia auricula jude. 


HORDEUM VULGARE.—xX # (Ta-mai). The classical 
name is #@ (Mou). Notwithstanding the fact that this cereal 
was known to the Chinese from very early times, it has not 
for a long time been much cultivated by them. ‘They do not 
seein to have esteemed it highly as food, and have not used it 
extensively in the manufacture of spirituous liquors ; millet and 
rice being most frequently used for this latter purpose. An- 
other name by which it is called in the Chinese books is ft 
(K‘o-mai). Several varieties of dar/ey are grown, and these 
seem for the most part to be divided between two species, 
namely, that given above and 4} # (Kung-mai), the so-called 
‘‘nacked barley,’’? which separates from the chaff in the same 
manner as does wheat. Another possible species is spoken of, 
on account of its glutinous qualities named ## 2 (No-mai). 
This has not been identified, but is used for making wine. 
The Xuzg-maz is grown in Szechuan and Shantung as food 
for men, but for the most part either kind of grain is used to 
feed horses. It is probable that formerly the grain was of 
much more importance than it is now. As found in the 
market, the kernel is longer and not so plump as that found in 


208 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


western countries. But this is true in regard to all of the 
cereals raised in China, and is due probably to long years of 
inbreeding, failure to rotate crops, and lack of proper condi- 
tions of soil. Barley is considered by the Chinese to be very 
nourishing, preventing fever and giving vigor and strength to 
the body. Continual use of it as food is said to prevent the hair 
from turning grey. It is used for making poultices for ulcers 
and as a dressing for burns. The shoots of the plant are used 
as a diuretic and as an application to chilblains and to frozen 
extremities. A mildew or rust found on the awns about the 
time that the grain is ripe, and called Je # AQ (Ta-mai-nu), is 
considered to be antifebrile and antidotal to poisonous drugs. 
Malt or Barley Sprouts, under the name of Fi BE BY (Kung- 
mai-nieh), or # 3f (Mai-ya), 817, is prepared by moistening the 
grain and allowing it to germinate. It is then dried in the 
sun, the sprouts rubbed off, and the grain is ground into flour. 
It is considered to be peptic, stomachic, lenitive, demulcent, 
expectorant, and abortifacient. This last property might indi- 
cate the presence of an ergot. It is much prescribed in puer- 
peral and infantile affections, and its reconstructive properties 
are well recognized. For this purpose it is recommended in 
phthisis and the £az (ff) disease of children (tabes mesenterica ?). 
It is also said to have the power of suppressing the secretion of 
milk in women whose children have suddenly died after birth. 


HOUTTUYNIA CORDATA.—§ (Ch’i), }¥ 3€ (Chii- 
ts’ai), fi MH ¥E (Yii-hsing-ts’ao). This plant grows in damp 
shady places in mountainous districts. It has a heartshaped, 
succulent leaf, green on one side and red on the other, 
and is good for feeding to pigs. Notwithstanding the fact that 
it has a decayed fishy smell, to which the last name above 
given refers, it is sometimes eaten by the Chinese as a salad. 
It is a piperaceous plant, and was formerly pickled. When 
eaten in excess it is said to cause shortness of breath, and is 
therefore considered to be slightly deleterious. Its ascribed 
properties are in the main antidotal and astringent, and it is 
therefore prescribed in poisoned sores, infectious skin diseases, 
piles, prolapsus ani, pernicious malaria, snake bite, and the. 
like. The juice of the fresh leaves is most frequently used. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 209 


HOVENIA DULCIS.—## #8 (Chib-chii), 129. This is - 
a rhamnaceous tree yielding fruit-like, thickened branches, 
of a russet color, and filled with a pleasant, yellowish, pear- 
like pulp, which is cooling and laxative. Near Peking it is 
miscalled #4 #% (Chih-tsao) in imitation of $§ JR - (Chi- 
chao-tzi, which is a common way of saying $8 J—  (Chi- 
chit-tziti. In south China it is miscalled f§ yj (Chieh-kou), 
BE 14) (Chi-kou), and #§ j§ (Chi-chii) in imitation of its proper 
name. Other names are & 4% #hk (Mi-chih-kou), 9 jij @ (Mi- 
ch’ii-lii), Ae A (Mu-mi), 7 fi (Mu-hsing), and 7 3H] H (Mu- 
shan-hu). The names given. to the wood are fy 4% ZK (Pai- 
shih-mu), & % AR (Chin-kou-mu), 43 HE (Ping-kung), and 
%e dm #& (Chiao-chia-chih). The tree is met with in all of 
the eastern provinces, and probably some of the central and 
western. It is also found in India and Japan. ‘The real fruits 
of the tree are small, dry, and pea-like, and are pendent upon 
the fleshy peduncles, which greatly increase in size at the 
time of their maturing. They contain a flat, shining, dark- 
red seed, resembling that of Lzmwm wszttatessimum. 'The seeds 
are sold under the name of fA fH -- (Chih-chii-tzt), rao. 
Both the fruits and the fleshy peduncles are considered to be 
antifebrile, laxative, diuretic, and quieting to the stomach. 
Remarkable antivinous properties are also attributed to them. 
It is said that after the ingestion of large quantities of alcohol 
the use of this drug will prevent any intoxicant or poison- 
ous action. ‘The bark of the tree is used in diseases of the 
rectum. 


HUMULUS JAPONICUS.—# HX (Lii-ts’a0). This is 
properly called ij Hi (Lei-ts’ao), because the plant is covered 
with fine prickles which chafe (#J) the skin when they come 
into contact with it. Another name is 3 #% ¥ (Lai-mei- 
ts’ao). ‘This is the common wild hop of China and Japan. Its 
medicinal action is considered to be diuretic, tonic to the 
‘genito-urinary organs, and constructive in chronic fluxes. It 
is prescribed in lithiasis, nocturnal emissions, chronic dysentery, 
chronic malaria, and typhoid fever. ‘This is one case in which 
.the Chinese have reached about the same conclusions as have 
been reached by western physicians. 


210 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


HYDROCHARIS MORSUS RANA.—,y $% (Pai-p‘in). 
The /éntsao does not distinguish this from the #§ (P‘in), 
Marsiha quadrifolia and 7K #8 (Shui-p‘ing), Lemna minor. 
It cannot be the former, as it bears small white flowers in 
summer and autumn, and JZarszlza is a cryptogamous plant. 
This is a Japanese identification. See Lemna and Marsilia. 


HYDROCOTYLE ASIATICA.—## 32 #8 (Chi-hsiieh- 
ts‘ao). ‘This is Faber’s identification, after Thunberg. But 
Bretschneider thinks it is Wepeta glechoma. Why the*labiate 
Nepeta should be confounded with the umbelliferous /Zydro- 
cotyle is difficult to understand. But ‘‘when doctors disagree, 
who shall decide?’’?’ In the /ézfsao, under the Chinese 
name given above, is also discussed } # Hi (Ti-ch‘ien-ts‘ao), 
which Faber makes to be Conocephalus conica, and 32 $8 
(Lien-ch ‘ien-ts‘ao), which in Japan is Vepeta glechoma. ‘The 
medicinal virtues of all three will be discussed under Wefeta 
(which see). The Customs lists give }ij Fe Be (P‘eng-ta-wan), 
Toor, as a term for AYydrocotyle, but this term has not been 
found in the Chinese books. 


HYDROPYRUM LATIFOLIUM, Zzanza aquatica. —Pk 
(Ku), 2 #4 (Chiao-ts‘ao), ¥#¥ #¥ (Chiang-ts‘ao). This is a tall 
grass, much cultivated throughout China on account of its 
young stalks, called 2 ‘4 (Chiao-pai), which are eaten as 
a vegetable. Porter Smith evidently confounded the characters 
#@ (Chiao) and # (Ling), and mentions this- under 7yrapa 
bicornts. ‘The plaut grows commonly in rivers, lakes, and 
marshes, and the leaves make excellent fodder for horses. The 
young shoot looks something like a bamboo-shoot, and it 
is eaten both raw and cooked, having an agreeable, sweet 
taste. It is called fe Sf (Ku-sun), 2 3F (Chiao-sun) 3 
(Chiao-pai), and $f 3€ (Ku-ts‘ai). The central mass of the 
shoots, which is likened to a child’s arm, is considered separate 
from the shoots, and in addition to the two last names above 
given is called $f == (Ku-shou) and 2 #@ (Chiao-pa). These 
are both considered to be extremely cooling in their nature, 
and thin blooded people are recommended not to eat of them 
too freely. ‘They are prescribed in feyers for their diuretic and 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 2It 


thirst-relieving properties. The root is also considered to 
be cooling, and is used medicinally in similar difficulties to 
those in which the shoot is recommended. Incinerated and 
mixed with chicken excrement, it is applied to burns. The 
leaves are said to benefit the five viscera (heart, lungs, liver, 
stomach, and kidneys). 

The seeds, which in the Choulz were included with the 
Six grains (since reduced to five), have apparently fallen into 
disuse, and are now gathered only in times of scarcity. They 
are called fi, JK (Ku-mi), #2 3 (Chiao-mi), and F% fy (Tiao- 
hu). They are nearly an inch long, have a grayish cuticle, 
but a white starchy interior. They were formerly made into 
cakes and eaten with fish. They also can be used as a 
substitute for rice. This product is similar to, if not identical 
with, the Zzdian rice (Zizanza aquatica) of North America, 
which is much used as food by the American Indians. Its 
virtues are said to be about the same as those of other parts of 
the plant. 


HYOSCYAMUS NIGER.—It is probable that this plant 
is found in China, but identifications are uncertain. Henry 
found a plant cultivated in a mountain garden in Hupeh which 
proved to be “/yoscyamus. It was called $4 4 (Lang-tang), 
but elsewhere this is Scofolia japonica (which see). ‘Tatarinov 
gave this identification to [ij] 3 7 (Nao-yang-hua) and 26 Hf fa 
(Yang-chih-chu), but these have later been determined to he 
Rhododendron, or possibly Datura. If henbane grows here, 
its proper name has not yet been found, or it is confounded by 
the Chinese with other things. It is entirely probable that one 
or more of the above names is sometimes applied to this 
plant. 


HYPERICUM CHINENSE.—@ i #i (Chin-ssti-ts‘ao), & 
#% Hk (Chin-ssii-t‘ao). ‘The eliptico-lanceolate leaves, lanceolate 
sepals, pentafid stigma, and woody, round stem of this beautiful, 
flowering plant, distinguish it from other species of Sz. John’s 
wort. It is frequently used as an ornamental plant. It is 
credited with astringent and alterative properties, and is also 
prescribed in miasmatic diseases and snake bite. 


212 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


HYPOXIS AUREA.—{j] 3 (Hsien-mao), 453. The 
Péntsao says that this grows in western countries, but it 
is found in Hupeh, Fukien, and Kuangtung. Another name 
is 3% FR PY Be (P‘o-lo-mén-shén), or ‘‘ Brahminical ginseng,”? 
on account of its being brought from India and of its recon- 
structive properties. A Sanscrit name given for it is ja] Hg ij 
Pé (Ho-lun-lei-t‘o). The root is the part used in medicine, 
and its properties are similar to those ascribed to ginseng. 
These are reconstructive, rejuvenating, aphrodisiac, and tonic. 
It is prescribed in wasting diseases, dyspepsia, lassitude, 
impotence, wounds, and diseases of the eyes and ears. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. or3 


E. 


ILEX CORNUTA.—%ig fp (Kou-ku). Another name is 
4 G4 th) (Mao-érh-t‘zti), ‘‘cat-thorn.’’? It is said to resemble 
#e §f (Nii-chen), Ligustrum lucidum. It is described as 
having leaves of a beautiful green color, thick, leathery, and 
evergreen ; each leaf having five angles terminating in spines. 
It blossoms in the fifth month, bearing small white flowers. 
These are followed by the fruit, which, when ripe, is of a dark 
red color, having a thin skin and being of a sweet taste. The 
kernel consists of four parts. Of course, this refers to the four 
seeds which are usually joined together. The wood is white, 
and resembles that of Buxus sempervirens. ‘The bark is boiled 
to make bird-lime. ‘The bark and leaves are used in medicine ; 
the former being considered to be tonic, while the latter is used 
in decoction in intertrigo. A medicinal tea, called $§ yi] 3 
(Chio-tz‘ti-ch‘a), is made of the leaves in the Kiangnan 
provinces. It is said that if women drink of it they will not 
become pregnant, and it is regarded by the Chinese as the 
most efficient preparation for putting a termination to preg- 
nancy. Its abortifacient properties are spoken of in almost 
extravagant terms. Other properties attributed to the tea are 
those of a carminative and for purifying the blood. ‘The 
common names for the olly in Kiangnan are #% ft wij (Lao- 
shu-tz‘ti) and % & jij (Lao-hu-tz‘t%), ‘The wax insect is some- 
times found growing on this tree, 


ILEX PEDUNCULOSA.— FF (Tung-ch‘ing). Con- 
fusion reigns supreme in regard to the use of this Chinese 
name. It is most frequently confounded with Ligustrum 
lucidum (which see), on account of the fact that the wax insect 
is occasionally found growing upon this //ex. ‘The name 
is also written jf =f (Tung-ch‘ing) Both of these names 
are used in the sense of ‘‘evergreen,’’ and are therefore 
applied to several non-deciduous trees. For this reason con- 
fusion arises in their use as a distinct term for a genus or 
species. The term is also applied to Xylosma racemosa, while 
0 38 & W (Hsi-yeh-tung-ch‘ing) is referred to /lex integra. 


214 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


In Manchuria the mséletoe is called & 7, but here again its 
general sense of ‘‘evergreen’’ is meant. ‘The wood of this 
flex is white, beautifully veined, and was formerly used for 
making the ivory-like tablets which officials held before their 
breasts at Imperial audiences. It bears small white flowers, 
and red berries of the size of a pea. The leaves will dye a 
dark red color. ‘The young shoots are sometimes used for food. 
The seeds, bark, and leaves are used in medicine. The two 
former, digested in wine, are used as carminative and tonic 
remedies. ‘The ashes of the latter are used in skin diseases and 
poisoned wounds. A spirit prepared from the seeds is highly 
recommended to be taken in hemorrhoids. 


ILLICIUM ANISATUM.—A #§ ff # (Pa-chio-hui- 
hsiang), 928. Star anzse is confounded with ¥& # (Huai- 
hsiang) in the Péxtsao. This latter is an umbelliferous plant, 
most probably Pumpznella anisum, with which the description 
in the Féztsao agrees. The plant which produces the star- 
anise does not seem to have been very well known to Chinese 
botanists, and their identification of this drug seems to have 
depended largely upon the characteristic odor. It is brought 
in sea-going junks principally to Canton, and for this reason is 
called ff] jay # (Po-hui-hsiang). It is presumed that it comes 
from the East Indies or Japan, although it is said to grow in 
Kuangsi. All that is said about the plant is that it is different 
from the native jf # (Hui-hsiang) in every respect except the 
odor. In the Appendix to the Péxtsao, where it is called FR 
7. # (Mu-pa-chio), a tolerable description of the shrub is 
given. It is likened to Avdcscus mutabilis in appearance. 
The seeds are recommended in constipation, and as a diuretic, 
in lumbago, hernia, extrophy of the bladder, and the like. 
There is a #& 7\ $§ (Ts‘ao-pa-chio) which seems to be a 
smaller variety of the shrub. It certainly is not an umbellifer. 
The star-anise fruits, as they appear in commerce, present 
the radiate, star-like arrangement of the eight folicles, from 
which appearance they receive their name. Each of the 
folicles is compressed laterally, boat-shaped, roughened, and 
opens more or less at the top, disclosing a shining, yellow, 
ovate, solitary seed in the smooth cavity. The fruits vary 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 215 


from one inch to an inch and a quarter in diamete1. One 
or more of the carpels is often abortive. Within the brittle 
testa is a pair of shrunken, oily cotyledons. The pericarp has 
a strongly aromatic, faintly acidulous taste, and an odor like 
that of aniseed. ‘The seeds have a sweeter flavor. ‘There 
is an oil, called 7\ ¥§ jf (Pa-chio-yu), which is said by Dr. 
Williams to be made by distilling the fruit in small retorts; a 
picul producing about seven catties of oil. It is sent to 
Europe and America in tin-lined cases. The oil is pale, and 
warm or sweetish to the taste. It becomes solid at about 
50° Fahrenheit. 


IMPATIENS BALSAMINA.—f {il} (Féng-hsien). The 
Péntsao gives a good description of this ‘‘touch-me-not ;’’ the 
irritable character of the seed pods being admirably expressed 
by & # - (Chi-hsin-tzt), 46, a more common name by which 
the plant is known. In the north of China this plant is used 
in combination with alum as a finger nail dye, and for this 
reason the name Y ff FA ¥it (Jan-chih-chia-ts’ao) is given to it. 
For the same reason it is called jf $f (Hai-na), evidently in 
imitation of the Arabian henna. ‘These latter, however, 
properly refer to Lawsonia alba (which see). ‘The tender 
stalks are said to be eaten after having been soaked in 
wine for one night. ‘The plant does not breed worms, 
and insects are said not to visit it. This last statement prob- 
ably refers to the structurally upside-down character of the 
flowers. The seeds are thought to injure the teeth and the 
throat, a property also referred to the root of Fuxkza subcordata. 
The powdered seeds are mixed with a small quantity of arsen- 
ious acid and applied to carious teeth, when these are easily 
removed. Dysphagia and cases of fish or other bones sticking 
in the throat are treated with them. ‘The powdered seeds are 
directed to be taken in difficult labor, the soles of the feet being 
rubbed at the same time with as many castor beans as the 
woman is years old. ‘The flowers are mucilaginous and cooling. 
They are used in snake-bite, lumbago, and intercostal neural- 
gia. They are thought to improve the circulation and to 
relieve stasis. The root and the leaves are considered to be 
slightly deleterious. They are prescribed for all sorts of foreign 


216 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


bodies in the throat—copper coins and other metals that have 
been inadvertantly swallowed—as well as in thorns and splinters 
in the flesh. It is said that if the white flowers are mixed 
with the leaves and root, and all beaten into a pulp and rubbed 
into the four canthi (44) of a sick horse’s eye, the horse will 
break into a sweat and immediately recover. 


IMPERATA ARUNDINACEA.— 3% (Pai-mao). Li 
Shih-chen says: ‘‘ This plant is short and small. In the third 
month it bears panicles of white flowers, followed by the 
fruits. The root is white, very long, flexible like a tendon, 
provided with joints, and of a sweet taste. The common 
people call the plant #% 3 (Ssti-mao), ‘floss grass.’ It is used 
for thatching houses. It furnishes the drug 3 #£ (Mao-kén), 
spoken of in the Péxching. At night the dry root gives out a 
light, and after decaying, changes into glow worms.’’ The root, 
Sp HL (Mao-kén), 825, is used in medicine. To it are ascribed 
restorative, tonic, hemostatic, astringent, antifebrile, diuretic, 
and antivinous properties. It is prescribed in fevers, nausea, 
dropsy due to weakness, jaundice, asthma, hematuria, nosebleed, 
and the like. The sprouts of the plant which shoot forth in 
the spring are likened to needles, and are therefore called 3 ¢} 
(Mao-chén). These are regarded as solvent to other food and 
thirst relieving. They are also prescribed in hemorrhages and 
wounds. ‘The flowers are similarly regarded. The rotted grass 
from a thatch is boiled with wine and used in the treatment of 
hemoptysis and the bites of poisonous insects. It is also pre- 
scribed in vaginismus, obstipation, and other urgent difficulties. 


INCARVILLEA SINENSIS.—f§ # (Chio-hao). This 
is named for Father Petrus d’Incarville, who lived at Peking - 
from 1740 to 1757, during which period he did much research 
in the flora and faunaof China. This isa beautiful bignonaceous 
plant, with large scarlet flowers, found at the end of summer 
in the mountains and plains near Peking. The seeds are angular, 
black, aud resemble those of Sz/exe africa. The leaves resem- 
ble those of Crzdium monnterez. ‘The plant is considered to 
be slightly poisonous. It is prescribed for every form of skin 
disease or ulcer, and for spongy gums. . 


j 
“ol 
- 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 217 


INDIGOFERA.—A number of plants producing zxdigo 
are found in China, nearly all of which go by the common 
name of ££ #% (Lan-ts’ao), ‘‘blue plant.’’? Other Chinese 
names ate used, but their specific application to genus or 
species is not always clear. Faber calis F< 7 (Ta-ch’ing) 
Indigofera tinctoria, and such is also the identification of the 
Customs lists, 1218. In Japan the plant with this Chinese 
name is /wstzcia crinata, but the description in the Péztsao 
does not agree with an acanthaceous plant. However, it may 
be the plant which Fortune describes as being extensively cul- 
tivated in Chekiang province for producing indigo, and which 
he called Rueliia indigotica, being the same as the Strodzlan- 
thes flaccidifolius of Nees. The Pénxtsao does not mention ~ 
37 as an indigo bearing plant. It says that it is a common 
plant, growing to the height of two or three feet, having a 
round stem, leaves three or four inches long, dark green on the 
upper side and paler undérneath, and placed in opposite pairs at 
the upper joiuts of the stem. The flowers are red, small, and’ 
arranged in corymbs. ‘The fruit is at first green, but afterwards 
turns red, and resembles that of Zanthoxylum. ‘'The stalk and 
leaves are used in medicine, and they are considered to be anti- 
febrile and antidotal. They are employed in all sorts of febrile 
epidemics, including typhoid fever and epidemic dysentery. 

Another name assigned to Judigofera tinctoria is FL EE 
(Mu-lan). This is a leguminous shrub cultivated in the south 
of China and India. It is described in the Péxtsao as having 
leaves resembling those of the Sofhera, with pale red flowers, 
followed by pods an inch or more long. # € (Sung-lan) is 
Isaits tinctoria, the woad of western dyers. In Japan there is 
another species called yr fy Ae FF (Chiang-nan-ta-ch’ing), and 
judging from its name, to be found in China also, which is 
identified by Franchet as /satzs japonica. There is also 
(Liao-lan), which is Polygonum tinctortum. These three are 
the source of most of the indigo produced in China, and are 
described under the general term #2 (Lan) in the Péxtsao. 
Two other kinds are mentioned, called 6 #(Ma-lan) and i 
(Wu-lan), but these are probably only varieties of the others. 
The fruits of these plants are used in medicine. They are 
considered to be antidotal, anthelmintic, and restorative. Con- 


¢ 


218 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


tinued use prevents the hair from falling and rejuvenates the 
body. The juice of the bruised leaves is considered antidotal to 
medicinal poisons, wolf-bites, and arrow wounds. It is also 
applied in insect stings, cantharidal blisters, and arsenic cau- 
terizations. The F #2, stalk and root, is recommended in 
menstrual difficulties, aud the Ja BF is considered to be an anti- 
febrile and antidotal remedy, cae prescribed in much the 
same difficulties as the Fe ff and the B BE. 

Indigo itself is called B% jB% (Lan-tien), or more properly # 
He (Lan-tien). ee to the Péntsao it is prepared by 
throwing the plants into pits dug in the field, macerating them 
in water for one night, after which lime is added and the whole 
well beaten up. ‘The water is then drawn off, leaving the 
thick, dark blue indigo paste at the bottom to dry, preparatory 
to being placed in bamboo baskets. It is then ready for the 
dyer’s use. ‘The froth rising to the top of these pits is collect- 
ed and made into an extract, called # 76 (Tien-hua) or FF 
(Ch’ing-tai), I94, in imitation of the true indigo formerly 
brought from Persia. Indian indigo is also imported into 
China, as is likewise Manila liquid indigo. The Formosan 
product is an excellent dye, but is frequently much adulterated. 
In the province of Chihli a very good dye is made and sold 
under the name of ¥% WF (Ching-tien). Liquid indigo is called 
K we (Shui-tien), dry indigo + jj (T’u-tien), and indigo dye 
te 7 (Tien-ch’ing) or 7 HF (Ch’ing-tai). The indigo trade is 
a profitable one in China, since the prevailing color of Chinese 
clothes is made with this dye. Although aniline dyes, on 
account of their brilliancy and cheapness, are having quite a 
vogue in China, they will with difficulty supersede indigo, 
which on account of its ease of production, its long use by and — 
adaptability to the tastes of the Chinese, and its durability as a 
pigment, will continue to hold a strong place in Chinese textile 
manufactures. Medicinally, the common indigo is thought to . 
have similar virtues to the plants from which it is derived ; that 
is, of an antifebrile, anti-poisonous, astringent, and anthelmin- 
tic remedy. 

The FF f& (Ch’ing- tai) or We 7é (Tien-hua), also called 
 #} (Ch’ing-ko-fén), originally came from Persia, but it is 
now made in China, as indicated above. Its siedicinatl action 


” 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 219 


is the same as that of the plants and the common indigo, but it 
is held in rather higher esteem than the others. Swellings, 
bruises, stings, strumous glands, and tumors in general are 
treated topically with this remedy. Fevers, fluxes, worms, and 
infantile disorders are treated internally with it. It is a re- 
markable fact that the Chinese recommend it in convulsive and 
nervous disorders, when we remember that it had quite a vogue 
among western physicians some years ago for this purpose. 
Also, the domestic use of the bluebag in western countries for 
stings of insects, is paralleled by the Chinese recommendation 
of this substance for the same purpose. 

Mixed up in the Péztsao with the discussion of these indi- 
goferous plants, is mentioned }{ @@ (Kan-lan) or BF 3€ (Lan- 
ts‘ai), which is a variety of Brassica oleracea, much grown in the 
Yellow river plain. Its use as a vegetable is regarded as highly 
beneficial to the body, giving strength and vigor to the vital 
organs, and brightening the intellect. It is recommended to be 
eaten in jaundice. Soporific qualities are attributed to the seeds. 


INULA CHINENSIS.—fe ¥% 7 (Hsiian-fu-hua), 475. 
This seems to be the same as /zula britanica, or English ele- 
campane. It is indigenous to North China, Mongolia, Man- 
churia, and Korea, and a variety is also found in Japan. The 
Chinese name should not be confounded with that of Calys- 
tegia. Other names are 4 $% 7% (Chin-ch‘ien-hua) and 
$8 44 (Chin-ch ‘ien-chii), applied most properly to the cultivated 
plant, which much resembles Calendula. Other names refer 
to the color of the Howers, or to its resemblance to the chrysan- 
themum. ‘The flowers are the part chiefly used in medicine. 
Tonic, stomachic, alterative, deobstruent, carminative, and 
laxative properties are ascribed to the drug. Sometimes the 
whole dried plant, including stalks, pappose fruits, and roots 
are fouud for sale in the shops. The stalks have a bitter 
aromatic taste. ‘The leaves and roots are considered to be 
vulnerary and discutient. 


IPOMGZA AQUATICA.—¥$E 3€ (Yung-ts‘ai). This is 
cultivated as a garden vegetable in central China. It is grown 
either in water or on marshy ground. A small raft of reeds 


220 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


is made and floated on the water. Seeds are dropped into 
crevices in the reeds, and the plant grows thus directly from 
the water. The plant is said not to have much taste, but is 
cooked with pork, and is relished in this way. It is considered 
to have a beneficial influence upon the body, and is used as an 
antidote to poisoning by an unidentified plant, called RH 
(Yeh-ko) or #9 && #§ (Hu-wan-ts‘ao). It is also recommended 
in difficult labor. 


IPOMGHA BATATAS.— ff 2% (Kan-shu), lj 38 (Shan- 
yu). The Chinese do not distinguish clearly between favo, 
the yam, and the szee¢t potato. ‘The second name given above 
is properly Batatas edulis, but in the Péxtsao it is included 
with 3 #8 (Shu-yii), which is Dzoscorea guinqueloba. The 
plant under discussion is much cultivated at the south and its 
tubers used as food; sometimes to the complete exclusion of 
rice or other cereals. It is considered to have a good effect 
upon the body, giving strength, and especially benefiting the 
spleen, stomach, and kidneys. However, those who live largely 
upon these and yams do not seem to be so well nourished as do 
those who live on rice. 


IRIS ENSATA.—#& 'f (Li-shih). This name is also 
written #% #¥ (Li-shih), and the plant is mentioned in the 
Licht under this character. A common name is By jj (Ma- 
lin), 805, which at Peking is 7/ris oxyfetala. Porter Smith, 
following Tatarinov, wrongly writes this 5 B§ (Ma-lan), but 
this is the aster. This plant has blue or white flowers ; the 
fruit is a capsule, and the seeds resemble those of the hemp. 
The leaves resemble those of Alum, but are longer and 
thicker. The root is long and fibrous, and the Chinese use 
it to make brooms or brushes. For this reason it is called 
$2 ti a7 (T‘ieh-sao-chou), ‘‘iron broom.’’ The fruits are 
prescribed in fevers, rheumatism, hemorrhages, post-partum 
difficulties, and fluxes. ‘They are considered to be diuretic, 
stimulant to the appetite, astringent, and antagonistic to vege- 
table and animal poisons. ‘To the flowers, leaves, and roots are 
ascribed similar virtues, and they are specially recommended 
as anthelmintic remedies. In Japan {3% fig @ (T'‘ieh-sao-chou) 


= 


i lia ee, 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 221 


is Lespedeza juncea, a leguminous plant, and drawings in some 
Chinese works seem to agree with this. 


IRIS SIBIRICA.—Z #& (Chi-sun). The Chinese do not 
distinguish this from y B (Pai-ch‘ang) or Sy it (Shui- 
ch‘ang-p‘u), Acorus calamus, and it is described in the Péxtsao 
under this title. All that is said is that there is one kind 
found in eastern China in rivulets and swamps, which is called 
by this name. In odor and color, its root is said to resemble 
the #§ jf (Ch‘ang-p‘u) which grows among stones (Acorus 
gramineus), but its leaves have no central ridge. It is not 
eaten, but is used as an expectorant, and is also employed for 
destroying insect vermin. 


IRIS TECTORUM.—# £ (Yiian-wei). Another name 
is & fq (Wu-yiian). The root is called gf fA (Yiian-t‘ou). At 
Peking it is cultivated as an ornamental plant under the name 
of Hi = BY (Ts‘ao-yii-lan). The root is said to somewhat re- 
semble galangal root, having a yellow skin and white flesh. 
When chewed, it gives a scratchy sensation to the throat. The 
taste is bitter, and the drug is slightly poisonous. Its medicinal 
properties are regarded as being somewhat transcendental, 
being chiefly recommended for driving away evil influences 
and miasms. It is used in marasmus and wasting diseases. 


IXORA Sp.—fJ % 3 (Hu-huang-lien). This identifica- 
tion is suggested by Faber. See Barkhausia repens. 


IXORA STRICTA.—¥®& $ FE (Mai-tzii-mu). The name 
is also written @ -F 7K (Mai-tzii-mu). It is said to come from 
the mountain valleys of Lingnan, and has a leaf like that of 
the persimmon. It grows up with a slender shaft to the height 
of about seventeen feet. It has dark green leaves from one to 
two inches long, and its branches have a purplish color. The 
flowers are ted and in clusters. ‘The seeds are black and 
shining, and resemble Zanthoxylum seeds. The stems are the 
parts used in medicine, and are recommended in bruises, ex- 
travasated blood, and wounds. ‘The drug is said be beneficial 
to the bone marrow, to be anodyne, and quieting to the 
pregnant uterus. 


222 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


ayy. 


JASMINUM NUDIFLORUM.—l # 7 (Ving-ch‘un- 
hua). This is cultivated everywhere in gardens. It is the 
same as the Jasminum sieboldianum. 'The Chinese name is 
also applied to the AZagnolia conspicua. It flowers very early 
in the spring before the leaves come; the flower somewhat 
resembling that of the Daphze, and being yellow in color. 
The leaves are used in medicine as a diaphoretic in fevers 
and wounds. 


JASMINUM OFFICINALE.— #8 (So-hsing). In the 
Péntsao this is described in a foot-note to the article on /as- 
minum sambac, where it is stated that the plant is of foreign 
origin, and is also called I} 4 4 (Yeh-hsi-ming) and  ® 
(Yeh-hsi-mi), either of which is a good transliteration of the 
Arabic yésmzn or the Persian yasmin. The flowers are of 
two colors, white aud yellow, identified by the Japanese as 
Jasminum grandiflorum and Jasminum floridum respectively. 
The Oul of Jasmine is expressed from the flowers of this, aS 
well as from those of Jasmznum sambac. ‘The medicinal uses 


are not distinguished from those of the latter. 


JASMINUM SAMBAC.—3¢ #f (Mo-li). This plant is 
now well known in China, but is of foreign, probably Persian, 
origin. ‘This is indicated by the fact that a number of very 
different characters of similar sound are used for the name of 
the plant, all approaching in sound those given above. So 
it is probable that they are all transliterations of some foreign 
name. The plant is exceedingly popular on account of the 
fragrance of its beautiful white flowers, and it is therefore 
cultivated in all pleasure gardens. A song, the tune of which 
is probably the most popular among Chinese airs, was com- 
posed praising the fragrance and beauty of this hower. Any 
Chinese will play or sing this air, if asked for the ‘‘ Zo-Z- 
hua.’ ‘The petals of the flower are used to scent teas and to 
prepare cosmetics. They are also used, together with those of 
Jasminum officinale, in the manufacture of the Ozl of Jasmine. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 223 


The /éntsao says that there is also a red kind, called AS 7 
(Nai-hua), but this is the 2zght-blooming jasmine or Nyctanthes 
arbor tristis, the musk flower of eastern India. ‘The roots of 
the jasmine are said to be very poisonous. A tincture made 
from them is said to have very powerful sedative, anesthetic, 
and vulnerary properties. One inch of the root extracted 
with wine will produce unconsciousness for one day, two inches 
for two days, three inches for three days, and so on. The 
bruised flowers of this jasmine are strongly recommended 
by Dr. Waring (Pharmacopeceia of India, p. 137) as a remedy * 
for arresting milk abscess, or as a galactagogue. 


JATROPHA JANIPHA.— # ¥ (Pai-fu-tzti). This 
is the identification of Loureiro, whose description agrees very 
well. The resemblance of the root to that of aconite gives it 
the Chinese name, but the Péxtsao says that this does not 
indicate any relationship. It seems to have come originally 
from Korea, but is also found in Manchuria. Porter Smith 
took it to be an aroid plant, and the Customs lists classify it 
as a species of Arzsema, 944. ‘The tuberous, oval, elongated 
roots sold under this name vary a good deal in size, being 
from an inch to two inches in length. ‘The epidermis is of a 
brown color, mottled, withered, and reticulated. ‘The interior 
is pure white, starchy, and firm in texture. The plant grows 
in sandy soil, and is evidently slightly poisonous, although but 
a slight degree of acridity seems to exist in the tubers. The 
different varieties of South American cassava also vary in this 
respect ; some retaining more of the poisonous juice than do 
others. It is said to be useful in apoplexy, aphonia, wry-neck, 
paralysis, chorea, heat-stroke, and similar diseases. At the 
present time it is chiefly used as a face powder to remove pock- 
marks, stains, and pigmentary deposits. 


JUGLANS REGIA.— yj PE (Hu-t‘ao), #% PE (Hei-t‘ao), 
377, He PE (Ch‘iang-t‘ao). ‘The seed of this tree was brought 
to China by General Chang-chien, of the Han dynasty. In 
the Péntsao its habitat is given as the Tangut country, about 
Kokonor. ‘The second character in each of the names given 
refers to the resemblance of the green fruit to the peach. The 


224 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


tree is said now to grow in nearly all of the northern provinces. 
The nuts are not regarded as being very wholesome, but this 
is due to its supposed alchemic relations; nevertheless, the 
effects of the nuts when ingested seem to be rather good than 
otherwise, being said to produce plumpness, strengthening and 
lubricating the muscles, and increasing the blackness of the 
hair. ‘They are also considered to be diuretic, antilithic, and 
stimulant to the kidneys and lungs. They are recommended 
in heartburn, colic, dysentery, and intestinal intoxications. 
The oil of walnut seeds is used as an anthelmintic and as an 
application to several kinds of skin diseases, including eczema, 
chancre, and favus, and is applied to the hair as a pomade. 
The pericarp seems to furnish an oily juice, which is used 
as a hair and whisker dye. ‘The bark of the tree and root, as 
well as the hard shell of the nuts, are used as astringent rem- 
edies, and also for dyeing the hair and whiskers and summer 
grass-cloth. Another species, called {lj #4 #E ‘Shau-hu-t‘ao), 
is spoken of under this heading, and is not distinguished from 
the other in its medical uses. This is /uglans steboldiana. 


JUNCUS COMMUNIS, Juncus effusus.—¥§ ih Hi (Téng- 
hsin-ts‘ao). This sedge grows plentifully in the marshes of 
central China, and is used for making mats and lamp wicks. 
Its appearance when growing gives rise to its common name, 
FE 34 Wi (Hu-hsii-ts‘ao), ‘‘tiger-beard-grass.’? The stalks are 
steamed and the cuticle peeled off, leaving the central white 
pith, which is sometimes used to keep fistulous sores open in 
order to make them heal from the bottom. It is also much 
used to prepare a menstruum for other drugs. It is said to be 
antilithic, diuretic, pectoral, lenitive, sedative, derivative, and 
discutient. The ashes of a lamp wick are placed upon a 
mother’s nipples, and thus administered to a nursing child for 
the relief of night crying. The Chinese watch the growth of 
the flower-like snuff of lamps and candles, and draw ominous 
conclusions from its appearance. 


JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS.—#@ (Kuei). This is a tall, 
straight tree, very common in the northern provinces of China. 
A remarkable thing about this tree is the dimorphism of its 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 225 


leaves. Generally, these resemble the leaves of the common 
cypress, which are scale-like and appressed, but frequently on 
the same tree will be found spreading, acicular leaves, and in 
rare instances the tree has only this sort of leaves. When it has 
only such leaves, it is called {{ (Kuai). The wood of the 
tree is quite resinous and the fruits are globular, constituting 
the juniper berries. The Chinese do not distinguish this 
tree, at least in its medicinal virtues, from Zhuja orentales 
(which see). 


JUSTICIA GENDARUSSA.—# 3§ (Ch‘in-chiao), 170. 
This identification is exceedingly doubtful. The plant described 
in the /ézztsao is in all probability one of the Acanthacee. It 
grows in the mountain valleys of Szechuan. The root is of 
a dark yellow color, twisted and contorted, and about one foot 
long. The leaves are said to resemble lettuce leaves. The 
root is the part used in medicine, and it is very bitter in taste. 
It is boiled in milk and given in rheumatism, dysuria, fever, 
carbuncle, jaundice, and diarrhceas. Diuretic and diaphoretic 
properties belong to this drug, as well as cooling and anodyne 
qualities. 


JUSTICIA PROCUMBENS.—#94f (Chio-chuang). Other 
names are given to this creeping plant, among which is of Ht 
% PE # (Ch‘ih-yén-lao-mu-ts‘ao), ‘‘red-eyed old mother 
plant.’’ It grows in the river valleys of Central China, in old 
fields and waste places. The odor is unpleasant. The whole 
plant is used in decoction in backache, plethora, and flatulence. 
In Japan this Chinese name is applied to Mosla punctata, a 
labiate plant. 


226 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


K. 


KADSURA CHINENSIS.—F th | (Wu-wei-tzi). 
Properly these Chinese characters are applied to Schizandra 
chinensts, and the plant will be described under that title. 
These magnoliaceous genera are so nearly alike that the Chinese 
do not readily distinguish them. The Aadsura is found in 
Japan, where it is distinguished as fe Fi. Ik (Nan-wu-wei), 
referring to the fact that it is found in South China, while the 
Schizandra, being found most plentifully in North China and 
Korea, is called JE Fr Ik (Pei-wu-wei), 1477. 


KAMPFERIA GALANGA.—]l] # (Shan-nai), 1063, 
Wy i (Shan-lai), = 4 (San-nai). The fragrant, warm roots of 
Alpinia and Kempferza are grown in the south of China, and 
exported under the general name of Capoor Cutchery, which 
is not a very happy alteration of the Hindustani name of this 
drug, kafur-kuchri, ‘‘root of camphor.’’? ‘The root is met with 
in shops in flat, oblong, or round disks, from a half inch to an 
inch in diameter. Externally, they are covered with a reddish- 
yellow, shriveled epidermis. Internally, they are white. Some 
of the pieces are very irregular in shape, and branched. The 
odor is camphoraceous, but pleasant, and the taste is warm and 
aromatic. The plant is likened to ginger, and the root is eaten 
asarelish. It is credited with stimulant, stomachic, carmina- 
tive, prophylactic, and similar properties. It is principally used 
as a temedy in toothache, or as a wash in dandruff or scabs 
upon the head. It appears to destroy lice and pediculi. Dr. 
Williams says: ‘‘It is exported from Canton and Swatow to 
India, Persia, and Arabia, where it is used in perfumery and 
medicirie, and also to preserve clothes from insects.’’ It is some- 
times identified with #@ #£ (Lien-chiang), which is a somewhat 
similar scitamineous root, used in the south as a remedy in 
pyrosis. The character fj is sometimes improperly written F, 
and it 1s properly written $4. The country of Fu-lin, which is 
probably Syria, is said to have a plant yielding a root like 
that of Kemp/feria, from the flowers of which is produced 
an oil used for anointing the body in febrile difficulties. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 227 


KA/MPFERIA PUNDURATA.—3€ ¥& JR. (P’éng-o- 
mou). Another name by which it is known in the Customs 
lists is Z€ FE SE (P‘eng-o-shu), 1003. An alternative name given 
in the Péntsao is $f #8 (Shu-yao). ‘The drug comes from the 
East Indies and the southern provinces of China. The Péxtsao 
says that there are two kinds, a poisonous and a non-poisonous, 
and that the method of testing this matter is to offer the root 
to a sheep, and if the sheep will not eat it, it is rejected. The 
root is specially prepared for medical uses by digesting in 
vinegar, as is sometimes done in the case of aconite. Carmina- 
tive, stomachic, peptic, emmenagogue, and cholagogue proper- 
ties are atributed to the drug. 


KERRIA JAPONICA.—# 2 (Ti-t‘ang). This is the 
identification in both China and Japan, but the Chinese term 
is almost uniformly confounded with 3 sf (T‘ang-ti), or FF &f 
(Ch‘ang-ti), which is another name for 7%} as (Yu-li), Prunus 
japonica. ‘The Kuang-chiin-fang-pu makes the distinction be- 
tween these clear, and gives a very good description of this 
plant. It is much cultivated in gardens, and is prized for its 
golden yellow, polypetalous flowers, especially as it blooms 
with such magnificence in the early spring. The plant is used 
medicinally in the diseases of women. 


KOCHIA SCOPARIA.—Hh J§ (‘Ti-fu), 1263. This plant 
grows in marshes and fields. It is also cultivated in gardens, 
the young tender leaves being used as food. ‘The old plant is 
used for making brooms, and its common name at Peking is 
fis y Fi (Sao-chou-ts‘ao). ‘The seeds, shoots, and leaves are 
used medicinally, and to all are attributed diuretic and restora- 
tive properties. The seeds are prescribed in fevers, colds, 
intercostal neuralgia, hernia, dysentery, and incontinence of 
urine in pregnant women. ‘The shoots and leaves are pre- 
scribed chiefly in dysentery and diarrhcea, and in digestive 
disorders generally. 


KGELREUTERIA PANICULATA.—3# 3€ (Luan-hua). 
The Péntsao describes this as a tree growing in Central China, 
the leaves of which resemble those of /zbiscus syrzacus, 


228 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


having yellow flowers and a fruit like that of Physadlis alkckengz. 
The fruit capsules of this tree are bladderlike, and contain 
black seeds, the size of a small pea. The flowers are used for 
dyeing yellow, the leaves for dyeing black, and the seeds are 
made into beads. The seeds are called At #& -F (Mu-luan-tzit), 
but at Peking they are miscalled AX ig -- (Mu-lan-tzi), and 
the tree AX Hg 2F (Mu-lan-ya). The flowers are the parts used 
in medicine, in epiphora and conjunctivitis. ‘The drug seems 
to be employed only as an eye medicine. 


KYLLINGIA MONOCEPHALA.—@ 4 # (Chin-niu- 
ts‘ao), 155, is the identification of the Customs lists, but upon 
what authority does not appear. The Hankow lists call this 
Ardisia gaponica, which in Faber’s list is 33 4 4 (Tzti-chin- 
niu). What is spoken of under this term in the /éz/sao does 
not answer well to the description of Ayddzngza, or indeed of 
any cyperaceous plant, but does approach that of a myrsinaceous 
one. So its medicinal virtues will be mentioned in the Ad- 
denda under the title of Ardzsta. In Japan AX ydlingia monoceph- 
ala is 7K BR HA (Shui-wu-kung), and in the Appendix to the 
Péntsao is mentioned Mz WA #8 (Wu-kung-p‘ing), ‘‘centipede- 
like duck-weed,’’ which from the description is evidently a 
sedge, and may be Ay/izxgza. Insects do not like the odor of 
this plant, so it is dried and burned in bed-rooms and about 
beds to produce a smoke, which is said to drive away all sorts 
of parasitic insects. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 229 


be: 


LACTUCA.— £& (Pai-chii), 4 BH (Shih-chi), 4 # 
(Shéng-ts‘ai). The Péztsao says that y i, 7 HE (K ‘u-chi, 
possibly Cechorium endivia), and yy Ei (Wo-chii, Lactuca sativa) 
should not be cooked, but should be eaten raw with salt and 
vinegar. For this reason they are called 4E $$ ‘‘raw vege- 
table.’ The name { (Pa) is also given for this plant, but 
this is an error; it should be {% (Chi). Faber calls fy && 
Lactuca albiflora, but this does not agree with the /ézz/sao, as 
the plant there described bears yellow flowers. The ‘‘ white”? 
refers to the leaves, which are slightly hirsute. Two crops 
are grown in the year: one being sown in the first or second 
moon, and the other from the eighth to the tenth moon. ‘Two 
other varieties are mentioned, called 38 if (Tzit-chii) and 7 Pf 
(K‘u-chii) respectively. The former is sometimes mixed with 
clay in making pottery, producing an imitation copper. These 
are both probably only varieties of Lactuca sativa. ‘The 
action of this lettuce is considered to be highly beneficial, 
toning up the sinews, dispelling flatus, aiding the circulation, 
strengthening the intellect, correcting poisons, relieving thirst, 
and opening the emunctories. The expressed juice of the 
stalk is instilled into the interior of a bubo after it has been 
opened and the pus removed. 

In the article on ff] #& (Wo-chii), also called j2; 3€ (Wo- 
ts‘ai) and - 42 3é (Ch ‘ien-chin-ts‘ai), and which is also Lactuca 
sativa, the Péztsao says that it was brought to China from a 
country called fj (Kua, j& Kuo?) in the time of the Han 
dynasty. The envoys who brought it received such a rich 
reward that the plant was called +: 4> 3 (Ch ‘ien-chin-ts‘ai), 
‘‘thousand ounces of gold vegetable,’’ from this fact. It is 
cultivated in the same manner as the fy #§, and is found in 
two varieties—the white and the purple. ‘The seed stalk, when 
it first shoots up, is eaten under the name of fy 2) (Wo-sun). 
It is consumed raw, and its taste is likened to that of the 
cucumber. The action of this plant upon the body is con- 
sidered to be identical with that of Paz-chii, but it is more 
highly regarded as a diuretic and parasiticide. Insects do not 


230 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


seem to like the juice, and if it is dropped into the ear when ~ 
an insect has entered that cavity, the insect will be driven out. 
The seeds are considered to be galactagogue and anodyne. 
They are prescribed in swelling of the genitals and to make 
the hair grow on scar tissue. 

Another article in the Péuxtsao gives us #F 3 (K ‘u-ts‘ai), 
Ze a 14 EF (K‘u-chii), J& # (K‘u-mai), jf & (Yu- -tung), 
ij Et. (Pien- fet a Se (Wan: kuan-ts‘ai), and J "ZA; & (T ‘ien- 
hsiang-ts‘ai) as more or fess synonymous terms. a we have 
a thorough confounding of genera, as well as of species ; at the 
least Cichorium, Lactuca, and Sonchus being in all probability 
included among this large number of names. These genera — 
are very similar, resembling each other in their general appear- — 
ance, inflorescence, and milky sap, as well as in the more or 
less bitterish taste of most of the species. 7 Ee and 7f @ are 
probably Crchorium endivia or Cichorium intybus. Henry says 
that in Hupeh A‘w-¢s‘az is Lactuca squarrosa. 4 (T‘u) seems 
to be uniformly referred to Sonxchus oleraceus, and in Japan 
K‘u-ts‘at is used as a synonvm. ‘This last term is frequently 
used in the sense of ‘‘ bitter vegetable,’’ so cannot always be 
considered as a distinctive term. According to Li Shih-chen, 
the leaves of this plant clasp the stem, and this would indicate 
that what he meant was a Sonchus. The action of this vege- 
table upon the body is much the same as that of the last, but 
its medicinal virtues are considered to be much greater. Pro- 
longed use is thought to be highly beneficial, preserving youth 
and vitality. The expressed juice is much regarded as an 
application to boils, abscesses, and carbuncles, and if put upon 
warts will cause them to drop off. It is also used in snake 
bite and bleeding piles. The root is prescribed in fluxes and 
hematuria. The flowers and seeds are used as an antifebrile 
and quieting remedy, and in jaundice. 


LACTUCA DEBILIS.—8§ JJ fe (Chien-tao-ku). This 
is another kind of lettuce that is eaten raw, and is also made 
into pickle. No medicinal virtues are ascribed to it. 


LACTUCA DENTICULATA.—JK 74 8 (Shui-k ‘u-mai). 
This is a Japanese identification. Other names are Hf JE 


a 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 231 


(Hsieh-p‘o-ts‘ai) and 42 3% lJ (Pan-pien-shan). The root is 
used in medicine for the treatinent of fevers and sore throat. 


LACTUCA STOLONIFERA.—#f if $@ (Hu-huang-lien), 
482. This is a classification suggested by Faber. (See Bark- 
hausia repens). 


LAGENARIA VULGARIS.—‘ J# (Hu-lu). These char- 
acters are sometimes written with the grass radical, @ 7. 
Other names in the classics are 4{ (Hu), @§J (P‘ao), and ff 
(P‘iao). These names all refer to the shape of the gourd and 
the uses to which it is put, and the Chinese authors try to 
distinguish different varieties by these names. In the north 
4, -f- (Hu-tzu) is applied to a long, club-shaped gourd. It is the 
pear-shaped, or double-bellied, bottle-shaped gourd to which 
the name /7z-/ 1s most properly applied. The young leaves 
of this plant are sometimes eaten. ‘The gourds are used for 
a variety of purposes, as formerly in America, such as cala- 
bashes, dishes, beggars’ collection boxes, musical instruments, 
drug bottles, floats, and the like. The pulp of the fresh fruit 
is sometimes eaten like the squash, but if taken too freely is 
liable to cause vomiting and purging. It is considered to be 
cooling, diuretic, and antilithic. The prickly cortex of the 
vine and the flowers are regarded as counter poisons, while the 
seeds are taken together with Achryanthes bidentata for diseased 
and aching teeth and gum boils. 


LAMINARIA.—# (Lun). See Alge. 


LAMPSANA APOGONOIDES.—i# JX 3€ (Huang-kua- 
ts‘ai), Ge 7— 3 (Huang-hua-ts‘ai). This grows wild in moist 
fields, resembles wild mustard, has a slightly bitter taste, and is 
used as a pot-herb. It bears a yellow flower and small seeds like 
rape seeds. The rural people sometimes eat these seeds as a sub- 
stitute for rice. The use of this plant and of its seed is regard- 


ed as beneficial in all cases of feverishness and lack of vitality. 


LATHYRUS DAVIDIL—ZrE # Ye HB] (Chiang-mang- 
chieh-ming). This is a Japanese identification. (See Cassia 
mimosordes). 


232 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


LATHYRUS MARITIMUS.—} 9ij  (Yeh-wan-ton). 
In the /éztsao this is discussed under the term 7% (Wei), and 
part of the description evidently refers to a leguminous plant, 
although this latter character is more properly applied to a 
fern (Osmunda regalis). In Peking the same term is used for 
Vicia gigantea. In Japan the classification at the head of this 
article is the recognised one, although #4 44% (Ch ‘iao-yao) is also 
called Lathyrus maritimus and Vicia hirsuta. In the Péntsao 
the plant under consideration is said to grow by river courses 
and on marshy ground, although there is said to be a highland 
variety. It is used as a pot-berb, and upon prolonged use it is 
said to be very nourishing and to greatly benefit the intestinal 
tract. It is also thought to be tonic to the urinary organs. 


LAWSONIA ALBA.—# 7§ Fl HY (Jan-chih-chia-ts‘ao), 
Me iy (Hai-na). The leaves of this lythraceous plant, which 
grows all over South China, is used by women and children as 
a finger-nail dye; hence the Chinese names, the second of 
which is in imitation of the Arabian hexza. In the Pénxésao 
these Chinese names are mentioned under the article on /m- 
patiens balsamina, because in North China this latter plant is 
used in combination with alum as a finger-nail dye. But no 
description of Zawsonza is there given. In India the yellowish- 
white flowers of this plant are used, together with the leaves, 
in preparing an extract which is used as a remedy for leprosy. 
The leaves contain gallic acid, and are therefore astringent. 
They are used by the natives of India for making a poultice 
to be applied to bruises and ‘‘ burning feet.’? It 1s probable 
that the plant was introduced into China from India or Arabia 
at a very early period. The plant may indeed be Anchusa 
(Alkanna) tinctoria. 

Under the name of #§ Al 7é (Chih-chia-hua), the Péxtsao 
mentions a plant which it says resembles 7& #iz (Mu-hsi), 
Osmanthus fragrans, in odor, and which bears yellow and 
white flowers, and is superior to /wpatzens balsamina for dye- 
ing the finger nails. This may refer to Lawsonza. It is men- 
tioned in the /éztsao in a foot-note to the article on Jasminum 
officenale. In the Kuang-chiin-fang-pu it receives a somewhat 
fuller description as a shrub, growing to the height of five or 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 233 


six feet, and as having been introduced from a foreign country, 
probably Syria or Persia, during the Liang dynasty. Its 
flowers are as white as snow and very fragrant. 

HrENNA.—The practice of dyeing the finger nails, and 
of using similar pigment upon other parts of the body, prevails 
to some extent in China, especially among women and children. 
In the south Lawsonza alba, and possibly Anchusa tinctoria, 
are used, and in the north Jmpatiens balsamina in combination 
with alum. The flowers of a ternstrcemiaceous plant, called 
ok 7K HZ (Shui-mu-hsi), are also used to some extent for the 
same purpose. A red or yellow dye is imparted to the nails, 
which needs daily renewal. Practice varies as to the number 
of fingers treated in this way. A circular spot of rouge or 
henna is often to be seen between the eyes, or upon the cheeks 
or forehead, of Chinese children, especially girls, There is a 
tradition that this mark was originally a sign of the separation 
of women during the ‘‘uncleanness’’ of menstruation. In 
Egypt the Zawsonza is collected and used as a dye, and is 
exported to Turkey, where it has similar uses, and is farther 
employed to stain the manes and hoofs of horses. 


LEAVEN.—¥ (Ch‘ii), commonly written #}. Distiller’s 
leaven is largely used in China in domestic operations. This 
is called Y§ #% (Chiu-chiao), and is the residum left after the 
fermentation process preparatory to distilling spirits. Several 
kinds of leaven appearing under the name given at the head 
of this article, and that of {§ # (Chiu-mu) are described in 
the /éntsao as being made of barley, wheat, or rice. The 
process of manufacture is about the same in each case. The 
crushed grain or flour is mixed with water, kneaded into dough, 
wrapped in the leaves of the paper-mulberry and hung in the 
open air for from five to ten days. In one kind the wheat- 
flour is mixed with kidney-beans, the juice of Polygonum (Bf, 
Liao, ‘‘smartweed,’’) and apricot kernels. It is made during the 
dog-days (= {& H, San-fu-jih). This is called #5) x (Mien- 
ch‘ii). Besides this there are )J, # #48 (Hsiao-mai-ch‘u), A # 
#4 (Ta-mai-ch‘u), and 3€ #48 (Mi-ch‘i). 

The peptic and nutritive properties of these are well 
recognised in the /éztsao, as well as an abortifacient power. 


234 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


They are used largely in digestive disturbances. A preparation 
called ji 8 (Shén-ch‘ti), 1126, or ‘‘spirit-leaven,’’ is described. 
It is to be made on the fifth of the fifth moon, the sixth of the 
sixth moon, or during the dog days, and is composed of white 
flour and the juices of wormwood, Phaseolus mungo, apricot 
kernels, burweed, and wild /olygonum, compounded together 
with the geomantic influences of the white tiger, the azure 
dragon, the scarlet bird, the black footstep, the hidden path, and 
the wingless dragon. It is wrapped in the leaves of the paper 
mulberry and hung up in the same manner as other kinds of 
leaven. It comes in yellow cakes, two inches and a half long 
by one inch and three quarters wide, packed up very neatly, 
two ina box. They are used as a peptic, stomachic, and cor- 
rective remedy in dyspepsia, colic, dysentery, the #az disease 
of children, and in difficulties following drunkenness. It is said 
to have the power of repressing the nilk of puerperal women. 
Its action is very similar to that of malt. Another kind of 
leaven is called 7 #4 (Nu-ch‘i), and this is simply fermented 
grain. Its virtues are said to be the same as those of the other 
forms. Still another kind is known as ¥f #4 (Hung-ch‘t). This 
is made of non-glutinous rice, which is washed clean, mixed 
with ‘* mother-leaven,’’ and by a complicated, slow process of 
fermentation, made into a very efficient form of leaven of a 
red color, which is much used in fermenting grain for distilla- 
tion. Its medicinal properties are the same as those of the 
other forms, but it is specially recommended in post-partum 
difficulties and the dyspeptic conditions of children. 


LEMNA MINOR.— JK #i (Shui-p‘ing), YF #f (Fou-p‘ing), 
327. Inthe /éztsao three plants are more or less confounded 
under this title: a large one called $@ (P‘in, AZarsziza), an in- 
termediate one called #7 (Hsing, Limnanthemum), and the one 
under consideration, which is the smallest of all. There is alsoa 
kind with leaves green above and reddish-purple beneath, called 
ue ZG (Tzt-p‘ing), which in Japan is identified as Salvinza 
natans. Henry says that a sample of the drug Fou-p vung from 
Hongkong, which is found in the Pharmaceutical Museum in 
London, is Pistia stratzotes. In Peking the plant known by 
this name is Lemna minor. Cooling, diuretic, autiscorbutic, 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 235 


astringent, and alterative properties are ascribed to this plant. 
It is added to the bath for the treatment of prickly heat, and 
the expressed juice is thought to promote the growth of hair. 
The juice is also applied to syphilitic sores and to carbuncles. 
The dried plant is used to drive away mosquitos. 


LEONURUS MACRANTHUS.— 3 (Tsan-ts‘ai). This 
grows in shady places in Kiangnan, and resembles the next, 
having a square stem and a whorl of white flowers at the 
joints. The Zrkya calls it # (T‘ui), and a purple flowered 
variety is called f& (T‘ui). This last character, however, is 
also used fora Rumex. ‘The shoots of this plant are used asa 
vegetable ; hence the character 3 in the name. The medicinal 
action is vitalizing to the blood, and it is used in post-partum 
difficulties. 


LEONURUS SIBIRICUS.—3E fF (Ch‘ung-wei), 283, 
# PE (I-mu), 550. The Zrkya also gives the name #£ (T‘ul) 
for this. ‘The second name above given is applied also to 
Leonurus macranthus, and in Manchuria to Lycopzs lucidus. 
This plant grows near the sea shore and on the margins of 
pools and marshes. It has a square stem, trilobed leaves, and 
the flowers are red, tinged with white, and arranged in a whorl 
around the stem at the joints. The plant has a disagreeable 
odor, and was called by some ancient authors 5 # (Ch ‘ou- 
wei). The name /-mz is explained by its seeds being used in 
women’s diseases. ‘This plant is collected by poor people and 
dried, and sold to the medicine shops, where it is met with in 
bundles. ‘The odor is not strong, but the taste is bitter. Li 
Shih-chen speaks of two varieties of the plant : one with purple 
and one with white flowers. ‘The latter is /-sz, while the 
former is called Bf FE ffi (Yeh-t‘ien-ma). ‘The seeds are con- 
sidered to be constructive and aphrodisiac. ‘They are prescribed 
in fevers, post-partum hemorrhage, menorrhagia, and loss of 
virility. Prolonged use promotes fertility. ‘The stalk is used 
in baths for eruptions on the body, and the juice is employed 
in dropsies, death of the fcetus, difficult labor, dysmenorrhoea, 
fluxes, constipation, and locally in boils, cancer, ear abscess, 
Serpent and insect bites, and it is added to cosmetic applica- 


236 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


tions. An extract, called 4 fi} # (I-mu-kao), 549, is prepared 
and used in cases of difficult or complicated labor. 


LEUCOTHOE GRAVANA.—9|¢ 3% Jf (Shui-li-lu). This 
is a shrub with leaves resembling those of the cherry, but 
narrower, longer, and much wrinkled. In the fourth moon 
it bears a small yellow flower, followed by the fruit, which is 
of the size of a small pea. The taste of this is bitter and acrid, 
and it is poisonous. It is used in the treatment of itch, ring- 
worm, and as a general parasiticide. The Chinese name indi- 
cates that this is regarded as a species of Veratrum growing on 
moist ground. ‘The root is also said to be used, possibly being 
in some instances confounded with Veratrum root. 


LICHENS.—The characters 3% (Tai), #4 (T‘an), and # 
(Hsien) are used to denote these plants, as well as mosses and 
alge. The different kinds are not clearly distinguished. Most 
lichens are regarded as cooling, astringent, prophylactic, and 
anthelmintic. 


LIGUSTRUM LUCIDUM.—& 8 (Ni-chén), 913. In 
the Shan-hai-ching the second character is written {4 (Chén). 
It is also called & 7 (Tung-ch‘ing), in reference to its being an 
evergreen (see //ex), and ti #§f (La-shu), in reference to the 
fact that it is the tree most commonly inhabited by the wax 
insect. This tree, with its evergreen leaves, is regarded as an 
emblem of chastity; hence the name, ‘‘female chastity.’ 
The tree is most commonly known, however, by the 
last name, ‘‘ wax tree,’’ because the cultivation of this 
tree for the production of the white wax is an extensive and 
profitable business in some parts of China. The similarity 
of this tree to J/lex pedunculosa is noted by Chinese 
authors, and the fact that & fF (Tung-ch‘ing) is used 
as a name for both serves to cause some confusion between 
these. But it is pointed out that the leaves of the JVii-chén are 
oblong, from four to five inches long, and its fruit is black; 
whilst the Zung-ch‘zng has roundish leaves and red berries. 
The flowers of these trees are very much alike, those of the 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 237 


Tung-ch‘ing being white, and those of the Mi-chén greenish- 
white. The fruits enter into commerce under the name of & 
Hf (Nti-chén-tzit), 913. The taste is bitter. ‘It is tonic 
to the centers, brightens the eye, strengthens the yzz, quiets 
the five viscera, nourishes the vital principle, makes vigorous 
the loins and navel, expels the hundred diseases, restores grey 
hair, and if taken for a long time will increase the rotundity 
and firmness of the flesh, giving sprightliness and youth to 
the body.’? ‘The leaves are prescribed in colds, congestions, 
swellings, dizziness, and headaches. It is probable that 
other species of Lzgustrum are known by the same Chinese 
name. 

Insect Wax.—# A HA (Ch‘ung-pai-la), 953. Li Shih- 
chen says: ‘‘ Previous to the Tang and Sung dynasties the 
wax used for making candles and in medicine was all bees- 
wax. From that period, however, the insect wax began to 
’ be known, and it is now an article of daily use. It is found 
in Szechuan, Hukuang, Yunnan, Fukien, Lingnan, Kiangsu, 
Chekiang, and Shantung provinces. That from Yunnan, 
Héngchou (Hunan), and Yungchang is the best. ‘The wax 
tree, in its branches and leaves, is classed with the & 7F 
(Tung-ch‘ing), in that during the four seasons its leaves do not 
fall. In the fifth moon it bears white flowers in clusters and 
chains of fruits, about the size of those of EX #] (Wan-ching, 
Vitex incisa). When fresh, these are green in color; when ripe 
they are purple. Those of the Zung-ch‘img are red.’’ It 
seems that //ex is here referred to. ‘‘The insect is about the 
size of a louse, and after it has been propagated it remains 
upon the green branches of the tree, eating its sap and giving 
off from its body a secretion which adheres to the fresh stalks, 
gradually becoming changed into a white cere which congeals 
to form the wax, appearing like frost upon the branches. 
After the period of great heat (A ¥#, Ta-shu, about July 23) 
it is scraped off, and is then called Hf # (La-cha). If it is 
allowed to remain until the period of white dew (fy #, Pai-lu, 
about September 9), it adheres very firmly and is with difficulty 
scraped off. ‘The crude wax is melted and purified or steamed 
in a retort, in order to get rid of the impurities, and is then 
poured into moulds to cool. This forms the white wax of 


238 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


commerce. ‘The insects produce the wax while they are young 
and of white color: When they are old, they are reddish-black 
in color, and form balls upon the branches of the tree, at first 
of the size of a grain of millet, but in the second spring they 
grow to the size of a cock’s head, are purplisli-red in color, and 
closely encircle the branches, appearing as if fruits borne upon 
the tree. The insect deposits its eggs, making a cell that 
much resembles a chrysalis, which is called HS #@ (La-chung) 

i -¢ (La-tzti). The eggs within this cocoon are like small 
silkworm eggs. In each bundle there are several hundreds. 
At the opening of spring they are taken down and wrapped in 
bamboo leaves and hung upon the tree. The insects gradually 
hatch out and come out of the envelope and adhere to the 
under side of the leaves and the other parts of the plant, where 
they begin the manufacture of wax. The ground beneath the 
tree must be kept very clean, lest the ants eat the young 
insects. Phere is also a tree called zk && Af (Shui-la-shu, 
Ligustrum tbota), the leaves of which somewhat resemble those 
of the elm. ‘This may be used for breeding wax insects, as can 
also the F fii (Tien-chu, Quercus sclerophylla.)”’ 

The insect which produces this secretion is the Coccus 
Pe-la of Westwood, otherwise known as Coccus sineusis. It is 
whitish in color when young, but becomes of a dark brown 
color at the end of the season. The male insect is deseribed 
in Hanbury’s Notes (Science Papers, p. 271) as having large 
wings, a body of a dark red chestnut color, an elongated anal 
point, and reddish-brown legs. The body of the female seems 
to develop in such a way as to envelope the twig upon which 
it grows. The account given by Li Shih-chen, as quoted 
above, seems to be fairly close to the facts, as these have thus 
far been gathered by foreign observers. 

The trees upon which the insect grows have been much in 
dispute as to their identification. For the most part they 
belong to the Oleaceze. Without doubt the insect will thrive 
upon several different species, such as Ligzustrum, Fraxinus, 
Ilex, Quercus, and possibly Rhus. But it seems now to be 
well established that Ligustrum lucidum (z HH, Nu-chén and 
4 Ff Tung-ch‘ing) and Fraxinus sinensis (& Hi, K‘u-li) are 
the principal trees employed for this purpose ; the former for 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 239 


the most part in the western provinces, and the latter in the 
eastern. Lzgustrum zebota makes a good third in the lst of 
wax trees. The Kuang-chiin-fang-pu gives t fi} (La-shu), 
‘““wax tree,’’? as the alternative naine for the WVii-chen, and 
while it also gives Zung-ch‘ing as a nae, it seems to use this 
more in the sense of ‘‘evergreen.’’ The trees are usually 
planted upon dykes between fields, and more rarely in clumps 
or orchards. Few engage exclusively in this business of 
producing the wax. It is usually one of the many activities of 
the Chinese farmer. 

In commerce the wax appears in cakes of varying sizes ; 
the ustal one being of a diameter of about thirteen inches and 
about three and a half inches thick, with an oblong hole in the 
center for ease of handling. It texture it is highly crystaline 
on its broken surface, much resembling spermaceti, but con- 
siderably harder. When pure it is almost colorless, inodorous, 
and tasteless. It melts at a temperature of about 180° F., and 
chemically seems to be a ceryl cerotate, its formula being 
C., H;;, C2; H;; O,. It is very sightly soluble in alcohol or 
ether, but very soluble in naphtha. It is used in China to 
some extent for making candles, being rarely used pure for 
this purpose, but sometimes combined with softer fats. It is 
more particularly used for giving to the ordinary tallow candle 
a hard coating to prevent its guttering and wasting. For 
this purpose it is usually colored red with alkanet root, or 
green with verdigris. Latterly the analine dyes are being used 
to produce other colors. It is used in the trades for polishing 
the edges of books, the edges of the soles of shoes, polishing 
earthenware, and the like. Medicinally, the /éz¢sao says that 
it makes flesh grow, stops bleeding, eases pain, restores strength, 
braces the nerves, and joins broken bones together. It is 
regarded as a valuable remedy for wounds and all sorts of 
external difficulties, being used together with the bark of Ad- 
bizzza julibrissin for this purpose. It is also considered to have 
anthelmintic properties when taken internally, and is rubbed 
into the scalp in cases of favus and alopecia. Pills are some- 
times coated with this wax, and it is used for rubbing up 
with india ink in printing Chinese visiting cards of the better 
quality. Grosier says that public speakers sometimes swallow 


240 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


it to the extent of an ounce at a time as a stimulant to the 
voice. A large pill, made in Canton, and which is called 
Ky ht AL (Pai-la-wan), 687, is considered to be a very good 


vulnerary and pectoral remedy. 


LILIUM BROWNII. —& @ @ (Yeh-pai-ho); Zz/zum 
tigrinum.—Re Bf (Chia-pai-ho). The first term also includes 
other wild growing species. In fact, the name  @ (Pai-ho), 
945, is applied to a number of species of lily, the bulbs of 
which, resembling onions, are used as food. Several other 
names are given in the /éx/sao, some of which refer to this 
resemblance to the onion or garlic. Another name applied 
to Lilium tigrinum, the description agreeing very closely, is 
#2 J} (Chiien-tan), which refers to the way in which the flowers 
roll up as they fade. The domestic varieties of this plant are 
raised by manuring with the droppings of fowls. The wild 
kinds are preferred by some. The bulbs are considered to be 
tonic, eliminant, carminative, quieting, and expectorant. They 
are used also in epiphora, suppression of milk, post-partum 
neuroses, and externally in swellings and ulcers. The flowers 
are dried, powdered, and mixed with oil for the treatment of 
moist eczema and vesicular eruptions in children. The bulblets 
in the axils of the leaves are steeped in wine and used in the 
treatment of intestinal disorders. The dried bulbs of these 
lilies appear in commerce as fj 4 H¢ (Pai-ho-kan), 945, while 
the fresh bulbs are called &  & (Hsien-pai-ho). A sort of 
starch is also made out of the bulbs, which is called G & #} 
(Pai-ho-fén), 946. 


LILIUM CONCOLOR.—jlj J} (Shan-tan). This is also 
known as #0 @ 4 (Hung-pai-ho) and #f 7—€ 3 (Hung-hua- 
ts‘ai). The term # J} (Chiian-tan) is sometimes applied to 
the flowers of this species, but it properly belongs to Ledewm 
tigvinum. In the case of this plant the flowers are eaten as 
well as the bulb, which latter is smaller than that of the Wy @ 
(Pai-ho). The bulb is sweet and cooling, and is recommended 
in uterine fluxes, choreic affections, ulcers, and swellings. 
The flowers are considered to be invigorating to the blood, and 
are applied as a poultice to boils and foul ulcers. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 24t 


LIMNANTHEMUM NYMPHOIDES. —23& 3 (Hsing- 
ts‘ai). According to the Sook of Odes, the first character is 
also written 7%. Another name is S ¥$ (Fu-k‘uei), which Li 
Shih-chén says ought to be written #f Zs. He also says that 
the plant is the same genus with H€ (Shun, Brassenia peltata). 
It is therefore also called 7 3£ (Shui-k‘uei), ‘‘ water mallow.” 
Legge confounds this plant with Lemna minor. But these all 
belong to different natural orders ; Lemna being the type of the 
Lemnacee, while Brasseria is a nymphaceous plant, and 
Limnanthemum an aquatic Gentianacea. The plant grows in 
water, the stem being so proportioned that the leaves may float 
on the surface. ‘I'he leaves are peltate, purplish-red in color, 
and about an inch in diameter. ‘The inferior part of the stem 
is white, and is sometimes eaten as a green vegetable. The 
flowers are yellow. ‘True to Chinese ideas of the virtues of 
aquatic plants, those supposed to reside in this one are thirst- 
relieving, antifebrile, and diuretic. The expressed juice is 
used in fevers, and the bruised plant is applied to swellings, 
burns, rodent ulcers, and snake bite. 


LIMNANTHEMUM PELTATUM.—RR # (Hui-t‘iao). 
Other names are Je #E 3€ (Hui-t‘iao-ts‘ai) and 4 #¥ RK (Chin- 
so-t‘ien). [he peltate leaves of this plant bear the hook-like 
appendages characteristic of this genus, and are also covered 
with a white, powdery efflorescence. ‘The stalk and leaves are 
highly esteemed as a pot-herb. It bears a small white fower 
and produces a globular fruit containing seeds which are also 
edible. The stalk and leaves are bruised together with oil and 
applied to ulcers and insect bites, and in decoction they are used 
as a wash for scaly skin diseases, boils, sudamina, and all forms 
of parasitic skin difficulties. ‘The kernels of the seeds are made 
into cakes and eaten to destroy and prevent intestinal worms. 


LINDERA GLAUCA.— IJ] Wf #~ (Shan-hu-chiao). This 
is a Japanese identification. It is spoken of in the Péztsao in 
a foot-note to the article on Daphnuidium cubeba. It has a 
black drupe, the size of Zanthoxylum berries ; hence the name. 
The taste of the drupe is acrid and warming, and it is used as 
a carminative and gastric stimulant, 


242 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


LINDERA SERICEA.—$y #% (Tiao-chang), also called 
B #& (Wu-chang). The Chinese liken this tree to the cam- 
phor tree, claiming it to be a dwarf variety of the latter. The 
root is likened to that of Daphnidium myrrha. It is a 
laurinaceous tree, allied to Benzoin. ‘The leaves are some- 
what hirsute, and resemble those of Persea nanumu. ‘The root 
is used in medicine, especially its bark, and is prescribed as a 
hemostatic in wounds, an astringent in fluxes, and as a wash 
in skin diseases. The branches and leaves are placed at the 
doors to ward off miasmatic and evil influences. 


LINDERA STRYCHNIFOLIA.—, 8% (Wu-yao), 1478. 
See Daphnidium myrrha. 


LINDERA TZUMU.—#* (Tzitt), 78 FE (Mu-wang). Bret- 
schneider at first classed this as Catalpa bungeana, but in his 
Jatest work he says that there can be no doubt that it must be 
referred to Lzzdera. In Japan it is Rottlera japonica, and in 
this Faber follows. Bretschneider being so wide and careful 
an observer, he will be given the benefit of the doubt, and this 
tree will be here described. The Chinese also confound this 
with Catalpa (fk, Ch‘iu). Some confusion also exists with 
this and Acanthopanax, and even with Paulownia. ‘This is a 
tall, graceful tree, which on account of its great height and the 
usefulness of its timber is called by the Chinese 7  (Mu- 
wang), ‘* king of trees.’’ It is said that a house built of this 
timber is never struck by lightning. The white, inner bark 
of the tree is used in medicine, and is considered to be anthel- 
mintic and parasiticide. It is used in decoction as a wash in 
scabies and pediculosis in children, and in ophthalmia. It is 
also prescribed in nausea and vomiting, and is thought to have 
some antifebrile properties. The leaves are fed to hogs, and 
are said to be very fattening. ‘They are also bruised and 
applied in the skin difficulties of these animals, as well as in 
sores on the hands or feet of mankind. 


LINUM PERENNE.—ii fit (Ya-ma). This plant is 
grown largely in Shensi for the oil of its seeds, which was 
formerly used in lamps. It is not eaten on account of its bad 
odor and taste. It is applied in ulcers and scaly skin eruptions. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 243 


LINUM SATIVUM.— I ?§ # fift (Shan-si-hu-ma). This 
plant seems to have been unknown to the ancient Chinese, and 
it has probably been a comparatively recent introduction into 
China. It is cultivated in the north for the oil of its seeds, and 
its use as a textile does not yet seem to be appreciated. Its oil 
is not distinguished from that of Canxzadbis, Sesamum, or of 
other species of Zzxum. It is employed medicinally in the 
same manner and for the same purposes as these other oils. 


LINUM USITATISSIMUM.—J fff (Chih-ma). This 
is thoroughly confounded with Caxnaézs and Sesamum. The 
term is found in the /éztsao under the latter article, and the 
name #§ Jf (Hu-ma), 486, is without doubt applied to both 
genera. The plant is evidently of foreign origin, although it 
is extensively cultivated in China for the oil of its seeds. The 
medicinal uses of this plant and of its oil do not differ from 
those of Sesawzum (see that article). 


LIQUIDAMBAR ALTINGIANA.—This is a tall tree of 
Java, the Malay name of which is vassamala. It has a fra- 
grant wood, which when incised yields a sweet scented resin 
of about the consistency of honey, and which hardens upon 
exposure to the air. This substance, which is found in Chinese 
drug shops, goes by the name of fi @ iff (Su-ho-yu), 1196, 
or ff f¢ # (Su-ho-hsiang). The substance is very similar to, 
if not identical with, the Zzquzd Storax derived from Liguid- 
ambar ortentalis of Asia Minor. ‘The term ‘‘ vose-maloes,”” 
by which this substance is sometimes known, is probably 
derived from the Malay name for the tree. Garcia says that 
‘* Roga-malha’’ is the name by which it is known in China, 
but this has not been confirmed by any Chinese work con- 
sulted. According to some early writers the substance is 
produced in the country called #f 4 (Su-ho), from which fact 
it receives its name. What this country may have been is not 
known, but it may suggest Sumatra. The present source of 
supply for this drug to China is uncertain. ‘The account in 
the Péntsao suggests Annam, Sumatra, Central India, and 
Western Asia. This renders it probable that both the product 
of Liguidambar altingiana and that of Liguzdambar ortentalis 


244 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


are found. One is Rose-maloes and the other is Liguzd 
Storax. Western observers are said to have found both of 
these products under. this Chinese name in different parts of 
China. Dr. Bretschneider suggests that the Balm of Mecca, 
a product of Lalsamodendron opobalsamum, and Mukul, 
obtained from Balsamodendron mukul, may also be found in 
China under the same name. The Sanscrit name of the drug 
is My 4 ZE sa] (Tu-li-sé-chien). Its medicinal action is anti- 
dotal to noxious poisons, antimalarial, anticonvulsive, and 
constructive. Its prolonged use is said to give vitality and 
lightness to the body and to prolong life. A famous nostrum, 
called #€ @ # AU (Su-ho-hsiaug-wan), and whose principal 
ingredients are Rose maloes, Benzoin, Atractylis, Cyperus 
rotundus, Aristolochia, Santalum album, Lign-aloés, Cloves, 
Musk, Piper longum, Terminalia chebula, Vermillion, Baroos 
camphor, and Olibanum, is used in the treatment of malaria, 
epilepsy, and several other serious. difficulties. Dr. Waring 
mentions two substances as obtained in Burma: one a light 
yellow balsam and the other thick, dark, and terebinthinate, 
which correspond closely to descriptions given in the Péz/sao. 
He found these of little use as expectorants, which is the 
priucipal property of storax. 


LIQUIDAMBAR FORMOSANA.—The character 
(Féng) is applied to this, to Platanus, Acer, and Gynocardia. 
But the description given in the /éz/sao refers to the one 
under consideration. It is a very tall tree, with rounded, 
dentate, three-cleft, more or less peltate leaves, which have a 
peculiar fragrance. The leaves flutter in the wind much like 
those of the aspen, and beine such a large tree, this fact 
becomes particularly noticeable. It is said that the com- 
position of the character # is explained in this way. The 
branches are long and supple and wave gracefully in the wind. 
In autumn they are covered with the beautifully colored leaves, 
which gives an exceedingly attractive appearance to the tree. 
On this account, many of these trees were planted in the 
Imperial palace grounds at Peking by an emperor of the Han 
dynasty, and the palace from this took the name of i 
(Féug-chén), and the city was called $i ME (Féng-pi). The 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 245 


wood of the tree is considered to be especially appropriate for 
making idols, being thought to #¢ (Ling, “spiritualize ”) more 
easily than any other. This is probably due to the fact that 
on account of the free movement of its leaves and branches in 
the wind, the tree top is thought to be the abode of various 
sorts of spirits. The tree bears a white flower, and its fruits 
are said to be as large as a duck’s egg. It produces a resinous 
extract resembling Rose-maloes and Liguid Storax, called 
Hil A JG (Feng-hsiang-chih), that produced from the fruits 
being called fy #2 # (Pai-chiao-hsiang). Indian and Sanscrit 
naines for the substance are given as fg ff #2 YE FF (Sa-chih- 
lo-p‘o-hsiang) and pig fa] SB YE FF (Sa-shé@lo-p‘o-hsiang). This 
gum-resin is of a pale yellow color, and is said to resemble 
frankincense. Its medicinal action is that of a hemostatic, 
astringent, anodyne, and corrective remedy. It is used in all 
sorts of wounds, skin affections, and ulcers. It is combined 
with two sorts of ARkamnus berries in preparing a suppository 
(HE #4, Ting-na) for the treatment of chronic constipation. 
The bark of the tree is employed in fluxes and as an astringent 
wash in skin diseases, while the leaves and the root are used in 
cancerous growths. The Lyrhya says that Lzguidambar resin 
which has been buried in the ground for a thousand years 
becomes amber. An unidentified excrescence found growing 
on the tree, which is said to somewhat resemble the form of 
the human body, and which is reputed to grow to the length 
of three or four feet, is called #i  §% (Féng-tzti-kuei) and 
Hil JL (Féng-jén). It is said to be poisonous, and to produce, 
when ingested, a laughing delirium which is_ persistent. 
Faber gives |[f {fk (Shan-ch‘iu) as a term for Lzguzdambar 
Jormosana, but Chinese botanical works do not seem so to 
recognise it, but on the other hand identify this with Cazalpa, 
as the name implies. 


LITHOSPERMUM OFFICINALE (ERYTHRORHI- 
ZON).—% Hi (Tziti-ts‘ao). Other names are 3% J} (‘Tzii-tan), 
$i, fi. (Ti-hstieh), and 9& ff Bi (Ya-hsien-ts‘ao). The Erhya 
writes the first character Jf (Tz‘i). This plant is indigenous 
to the central and northern provinces of China. It is cultivated 
for the purple dye yielded by its root. ‘This is dug up in the 


246 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


spring before the plant has flowered, at which time the color- 
ing matter will be found to be very bright. If gathered after 
flowering, the color has become deeper, and is considered to be 
inferior in quality. The root is the part used in medicine, 
aud it is said to act on the blood, to be derivative to the skin 
and all of the passages of the body, especially the intestinal 
canal and urinary tract. It is also prescribed in skin affec- 
tions, and especially in eruptive fevers, being supposed to 
bring out eruption and to neutralize the poison. 


LITSEA GLAUCA.—Jj #£ (Yiieh-kuei). There is an 
old tradition that this tree grows in the moon, and that its 
fruits fall to earth and are found on the ground. This legend 
dates from the Tang and Sung dynasties. The Zang History 
says that in A.D. 868, at Taichow in Chekiang, these berries 
fell during a period of more than ten days. Also during the 
Sung dynasty, during the reign of T‘ien-shéng (1023-1032), 
at the monastery of Lingyin at Hangchow, the berries fell 
during fifteen moonlight nights. Li Shih-chén gives a 
number of other legends in regard to this tree and its fruits. 
In the Taoist books it is called A HF FE (Pu-shih-hua), and it 
is not permitted to be offered in sacrifice. The only difficulty 
for which the seeds are recommended to be used is as a local 
application in ringworm of the scalp in children. 


LOBELIA RADICANS.—+ 3% if (Pan-pien-lien), 974. 
This isa small plant growing in moist ground, having small 
leaves and flowers; the latter being reddish-purple in color. 
The juice is expressed and used on snake and insect bites, and 
the plant is used in decoction in the treatment of fever, asthma, 
ague, and the like. 


LONICERA JAPONICA.—2, & (Jén-tung), 555, 4& # 
Fi (Chin-yin-t‘éng), 162-165. Li Shih-chén gives a good 
description of this Chinese honeysuckle, or woodbine. The 
first Chinese name refers to the plant not withering during 
the winter, and the seccnd to the fact that the flowers, which 
are at first white, afterwards become yellow, and as they do 


not fall early, the plant bears both colors at the same time. 


a 


rs] 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 247 


The flowers, vine, and leaves are employed in medicine. Pro- 
longed use is said to increase vitality and to lengthen life. 
Antifebrile, corrective, and astringent properties are ascribed, 
and it is used in the treatment of all sorts of infections and 
poisons. A wine (2, & 7%, Jén-tung-chiu) and a plaster (2% 
2 %, Jén-tung-kao) are officinal, The dried flowers in the 
Chinese medicine shops have a smell resembling that of some 
kinds of tobacco. 


LOPHANTHUS RUGOSUS.— % (Ho-hsiang), 371. 
This plant does not seem to be indigenous to China, being 
referred to Annam, India, and other parts of Southern Asia. 
A number of Sanscrit and other foreign names are given in the 
Péntsao for it. The plant is cultivated in Lingnan. ‘The 
branches and leaves are used in medicine; their principal 
virtues being considered to be carminative and stomachic. 
They are also used in cholera and as a deodorizing mouth 
wash. The nausea of pregnancy is another difficulty for which 
they are recommended. It is possible that Betonica officinalis 
is included under this term. If so, it is interesting to note that 
this remedy is recommended both in the Herbarium of Appulius 
and in the Péxtsao as a remedy for the consequences of the 
excessive use of wine. 


LOPHATHERUM ELATUM.—ij ff $£ (Tan-chu-yeh). 
This gramineous plant is found growing plentifully in wild, 
waste land. Its leaves somewhat resemble those of the bam- 
boo. The root is dug up and mixed with fermenting cereals 
in the production of wine, giving to the latter a peculiarly 
agreeable aroma. ‘The leaves are antifebrile and diuretic. 


The root is said to be a certain abortifacient. For this reason 
it is called PE Hr  (Sui-ku-tzii), ‘‘ bone-breaker.”’ 


LORANTHUS.—The term $f 4t (Chi-shéng), 58, 1320, 
properly means an epiphyte; and without doubt the Chinese 
include under this term species of Loranthus, as well as of 
Viscum. It is used to explain the terms §§ (Niao) and & # 
(Nii-lo), which respectively are the mzs¢/etoe and dodder. ‘The 
distinction between Loranthus and Viscum is not clearly made, 


248 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


but in some cases 3& #F 4E (Sang-chi-shéng), 1067, is Loranthus 
yadortki and #R # (Sung-lo) is Loranthus kempfert. ‘The 
former is most highly valued in medicine. It is described as 
being two or three feet long, having round, thick, soft, green 
leaves, white flowers, and yellow fruit. ‘The medicinal action 
of the plant is regarded as anodyne, and quieting to the preg- 
nant uterus. It is employed in puerperal difficulties, threatened 
abortion, menorrhagia, and insufficient secretion of milk. It 
is also considered to promote the growth of hair. ‘The fruits 
are regarded as vitalizing in their action. The # 3% (Sung- 
lo), which is also called & $£ (Nii-lo), and which grows prin- 
cipally upon the pine and fir tree, is thought to be antiseptic, 
antimalarial, diuretic, and somewhat soporific. It is also used 
in scalp diseases and difficulties of the external genital organs 
of women. 


LOTUS CORNICULATUS.—® fix #t (Pai-mai-kén). 
This product comes from Kansu and Northern Szechuan, is 
said to resemble /ecerae, has a yellow flower, a root like that of 
Polygata japonica, which is gathered in the second and eighth 
moous and dried in the sun. Its action is carminative, thirst- 
relieving, antifebrile, restorative, and tonic. It is administered 
in tinctures, decoction, pill, or powder. 


LUFFA CYLINDRICA.—& jt (Ssti-kua). . Other names 
are FC #R M (T‘ien-sst-kua), FE ##¢ (T‘ien-lo), #7 JX (Pu-kua), 
and § jX (Man-kua). It was unknown in China prior to the 
Tang dynasty. Now it is grown in all parts of the empire for 
use as a vegetable. It is planted in the second moon, and the 
vine is trained over bushes, bamboos, or houses, or a frame- 
work of reeds or bamboo poles is made, over which it runs. 
The leaves are about the size of hollyhock leaves and hairy. 
The expressed juice of these will dye a green color. The stalk 
is angled. In the sixth or seventh moon there is produced a 
five-parted, yellow flower, slightly resembling that of the 
cucumber. The pepo is something over an inch in diameter, 
from one to four feet long, deep green in color and mottled, 
and when it is fresh it can be baked, stewed, or otherwise 
prepared as a vegetable food. When old and ripe, the fibrous 


nT 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 249 


structure of the pepo renders it useful as a sponge for washing 
vessels. For this reason villagers call it JE 4 #2 J\ (Hsi-kuo- 
lo-kua). The flowers, buds, and young leaves can also be used 
as food. ‘The ripe pepo is incinerated and pulverized, under 
which circumtances the medicinal virtues ascribed to it are 
something extraordinary. It is reputed to be carminative, 
pectoral, cooling to the blood, antiseptic, anthelmintic, emme- 
nagogue, quickening to the circulation, galactagogue, and is 
also used in the treatment of hemorrhage from bowels or 
bladder, hemorrhoids, menorrhagia, jaundice, hernia, orchitis, 
cancerous swellings, toothache, smallpox, and scarlet fever. 
Mixed with vermillion, it is used to dry up smallpox pustules. 
The fresh pepo is considered to be cooling and beneficial to the 
intestines, warming to the stomach, and tonic to the genital 
organs. The leaves are prescribed in skin diseases and orchitis, 
the vine and root in decayed teeth, ozcena, and parasitic. affec- 
tions. The fibres of this gourd are found in commerce under 
the names of fR I # (Sstl-kua-lo), r190, and #& M Fi (Ssit- 
kua-pu), 1191. 


LUISIA TERES.—y $ ff (Ch‘ai-tzii-ku). Also called 
4 $M fie (Chin-ch‘ai-ku), but it must not be confounded with 
Dendrobium nobile, which is 4 § #¢§ (Chin-ch‘ai-hua). This 
orchidaceous plant grows in the south and resembles Asarum. 
It is a much vaunted counter-poison, especially against the 
# (Ku) infection. It is also prescribed for carcinoma, malaria, 
and to counteract all sorts of medicinal poisons. 


LYCHNIS.—# i (Chien-ts‘ao), 112, HY #§ 2 (Chien- 
ch‘un-lo), §§ #0 HE (Chien-hung-lo), BY # ¥ (Chien-ch ‘iu-lo), 
BY FR 7G (Chien-lo-hua), g§ 4 # (Chien-chin-lo), BY ar 
(Chien-hung-sha). These all seem to be species and varieties 
of this genus. Faber also gives J 38 J (Yii-mei-jén), but 
this is not given in the /éxztsao, and according to other 
observers is identified as Papaver rheas, with which identifica- 
tion the description in the Kwang-chiin-fang-pu agrees very 
well. The only terms mentioned in the Péxtsao are the first 
two, with the third as a synonym of the second. ‘The descrip- 
tion of the first is mot at all clear, and as Faber makes it 


250 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


identical with /% 32 J\ (Yii-mei-jén), the likelihood of its being 
Lychuis is small. It may be a rubiaceous plant, as the Péx¢sao 
likens it to fj (Ch‘ien), which is Rwdza. The root is used as a 
tonic, anodyne, parasiticide, and hemostatic remedy. The 
Bt 4 2 (Chien-ch‘un-lo) is undoubtedly Lychuis grandiflora. 
It is a very popular garden flower, having fresh green leaves 
and beautiful red blossoms. BY #¢ #3 (Chien-hung-sha) is 
probably only another name for this. The leaves and flowers 
are crushed together with honey and used as an application in 
herpes zoster. 


LYCIUM CHINENSE.—#y #8 (Kou-chi), 607, $4 fp Jz 
(Ti-ku-p‘i), 1267, 1384. It is also called ff 3€ (T‘ien-ts‘ai), 
1300, which is the leaves, 3% 9 (Yang-ju), the fruit, and 
{ij J. #k (Hsien-jén-chang), the stalk. This was erroneously 
identified by Porter Smith with Berberzs lycitum. It is nota 
berberidaceous plant, but a solanaceous one. It is a common 
shrub in the northern and western provinces, has soft, thin 
leaves, which can be eaten, and small reddish-purple flowers. 
The fruits are small, one-celled, red berries, having a sweet 
but rather rough taste. The root is met with in light, 
yellowish-brown, quilled pieces, having very little taste or 
smell. The general action of the plant is considered to be 
tonic, cooling, constructive, prolonging life, improving the 
complexion, and brightening the eye. The shoots or young 
leaves are recommended to be used in all forms of wasting 
disease. Used in the form of a tea, they are recommended to 
quench thirst and to remove the unpleasant symptoms of 
pulmonary consumption. The root is supposed to have special 
action on the kidneys and sexual organs, as well as those 
virtues ascribed to the leaves, and is used as a hemostatic in 
bleeding of the gums and wounds. ‘The seeds are similarly 
used. There are a number of officinal preparations, such as an 
extract, pills, tinctures, and the like. 


LYCOPERDON.—§5 #4 (Ma-p‘o). This is the ordinary 
puff-ball. It is of a purple color, hollow, and soft, growing 
on decayed wood in damp places. When ruptured, it discharges 
its spores in a fine powder. It varies in size, up to that of a 


a Acree 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 251 


peck measure. The reddish-brown, powdery spores are used as 
a dusting powder for all sorts: of ulcers. Mixed with honey 
or water, they are used in sore throat, as well as in fever and 
diseases of the lungs. 


LYCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM.—¥ #4 (Fan-shih), 
~A HA th (Liu-ytieh-shih), The ‘¢omato is not indigenous to 
China; but, as the name indicates, is of foreign origin. Just 
when it was introduced is uncertain; but, as it is mentioned 
in the Kuwang-chiin-fang-pu, this occurred before the beginning 
of the XVIII century. It is not yet much cultivated, as the 
Chinese do not seem to have learned its value as a vegetable. 


LYCOPODIUM.—Several species of this genus are found 
in China and Japan. 3 4#y (Yu-po), for which -- 4 4#ff (Ch ‘ien- 
nien-po) and #¥ 4@ # (Wan-nien-sung) are given in the Péz- 
tsao as synonyms, is Lycopodium japonicum. 'This grows 
among stones to the height of five or six inches, and has a 
purple ‘‘flower.’? The stalk and leaves are employed medicin- 
ally. Their use gives lightness to the body, benefits the breath, 
and quenches thirst. #4 # (Shih-sung), 1158, is Lycopodium 
clavatum. It also grows plentifully in all mountains to the 
length of one or two feet. The stalk and root are used in the 
treatment of chronic diseases, and they are supposed to restore 
health and vigor, moistening the skin and improving the com- 
plexion. The Chinese do not seem to have learned to use the 
sporules of these plants as dusting powders. In Japan, +: 4e # 
(Ch‘ien-nien-sung) is Lycopodium cernuum, and Faber identi- 
fies {jl} A #4 (Hsien-jén-t‘ao) as Lycopodium steboldi. ‘The 
last character in the latter name is a way of writing 4% (T‘ao). 
This does not seem to be used in medicine, but is described in 
the Kuang-chiin-fang-pu. The Customs lists give Ff 4s 4 
(Shéng-chin-ts‘ao), 1131, as a term for Lycopodium, but upon 
what authority does not appear. 


LYCORIS RADIATA.— #% (Shih-suan), 44 9§ 2% (Lao- 
ya-suan), — 4% # (I-chih-chien). In Japan this is called 
§% #4, Hy (T‘ieh-sé-chien), and this term is also found in the 
Péntsao. It isan amaryllidaceous plant, the # (Suan) in the 


252 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Chinese name referring to the resemblance of the roots, and the 
*#= (Chien) to that of the stalk. The plant is commonly called 
4K Jit’ (Shui-ma), and grows almost everywhere in swamps. 
In the seventh month it produces a red flower with yellow 
sepals. The root hasa purplish skin and a white cortex, and 
is the part used in medicine. Its taste is acrid, sweet, and 
cooling, and it is slightly poisonous. It is applied to swellings 
and ulcers, and administered internally in decoction and tinc- 
ture to counteract the poisoned phlegm supposed to accompany 
abscesses and ulcers. It is also used in the nervous affections 
of children. 


LYSIMACHIA ELEUTHEROIDES.—¥# FH 3H (Chén- 
chu-ts‘ai), also written J # 3 (Chén-chu-ts‘ai). This plant, 
with its filamentous stalk and leaves, is found in moist ground 
in Szechuan. As it is used as food, it is probably also culti- 
vated. It is fragrant and succulent, and in the fresh state is 
highly esteemed as a pot-herb or pickle. It is eaten with 
honey, or with a piquant sauce called fi (Hsi). Its use is 
regarded as beneficial, but no medicinal properties are ascribed 
to it. 


_ LYSIMACHIA SIKOKIANA.—# #& (P‘ai-ts‘ao). It is 
also called HE #& 4 (P‘ai-ts‘ao-hsiang) on account of its great 
fragrance. It grows in the region of Lingnan, and the root is 
used to correct fetor of the breath. The Customs lists give 
as 7; Hi (Ling-hsiang-ts‘ao) as Lyszmachia fenum grecum, 
but this is not found in the Pézésao, nor is any authority given 
for the identification. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 25 


Lo) 


M. 


MABA EBENOS.—§, 7 (Wu-mu). Other names, Fy fi 7K 
(Wu-mén-mu) and & a 78 (Wu-wén-mu). This comes from 
Hainan, Lingnan, and the Indian Archipelago. It is also said 
to be brought in junks from Persia (probably, rather, India). 
Its heavy, hard texture and black color are mentioned in the 
Péntsao, as well as the fact that other heavy woods are some- 
times stained black to fabricate it. The tree is not a large 
one, being said to seldom exceed ten feet in height. The wood 
is pulverized and digested in warm wine, and administered in 
poisons and cholera morbus. 


MACROCLINIDIUM VERTICILLATUM.—& 
(Kuei-tu-yu). This is somewhat confounded in Chinese works 
with Pycnostelma chinensis, an asclepiadaceous plant, and with 
Gastrodia elata, an orchidaceous one. But this plant is one 
of the Composite. It sends up closely set shoots of one stem, 
which is surmounted by a whorl of leaves like an umbrella. 
The root resembles that of Acryanthes bidentata, but is smaller 
and without filaments. The flowers, which come out among 
the leaves, are yellowish-white. The taste of the drug is 
bitter, and it is somewhat deleterious. It is recommended for 
the treatment of an evil disposition, vicious effluvia of the 
heart, and the hundred poisonous essences. It is also used in 
malaria, to give power to the loins and legs, and to benefit the 
muscular strength (4 Jy, Lii-li) generally. 


MASA DORANA.—#t ¥ Il] (Tu-kén-shan). This is a 
mountain plant, growing toa height of four or five feet, with 
leaves like those of Souchus arvensis. It flowers in the autumn, 
and towards winter it bears a fruit like that of Lyceum chi- 
nense, but larger and white in color. It is used for malarial and 
other fevers, headache, and nausea. Digested in new wine and 
administered, it will cause vomiting, which clears away the 
phlegm and relieves the worst symptoms of febrile attacks. 


MAGNOLIA CONSPICUA.— # (Hsin-i), 464. Be- 
cause the unopened flower is globular, not unlike a young 


254 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


peach, it is called #% $k (Hou-t‘ao). When the flower first 
opens it resembles a Chinese pen, and for this reason it is called 
AC Ze (Mu-pi), ‘‘ wood pencil.’? Since the flowers appear 
very early in the spring, the tree is called 3{§ # (Ying-ch‘un). 
This must not be confounded with Jasminum nudiflorum. The 
white Howered magnolia is called 3 fj (Yii-lan), and has been 
by some botanists designated as Magnolia yulan. 'These names 
are all used for this species of magnolia, and usually indicate 
varieties. It also is called FR j# 7E (Mu-lien-hua), because its 
flowers resemble those of the lotus (Melumbium speciosum). 
The tree flowers twice a year: once in the early spring and 
once in the autumn. It is much cultivated in gardens, and 
the flowers are usually purple or white. It rarely perfects its 
fruits. The unopened flower buds (%, P‘ao) are the parts used 
in medicine. This is one of the many drugs reputed to give 
lightness to the body, brightness to the eye, added length of 
life, culminating in a green old age. ‘‘It warms the centers, 
lubricates the muscles, benefits the nine cavities, opens up the 
nose, expells mucus, relieves swelling of the face and tooth- 
ache, mitigates cart and boat vertigo, promotes the growth of 
whiskers and hair, and expels white worms.’’ It is prescribed 
in headaches and all difficulties of the nose, in which latter 
case it is especially recommended if combined with musk and 
onions. The flowers appear in commerce under the name 


of # 7 (Ch‘un-hua), 272. 


MAGNOLIA FUSCATA.—& 4@ (Han-hsiao). This is 
the same as I/tchelza fuscata. ‘There are said to be two kinds: 
the large and the small; and flowers of two colors: white and 
purple. It is a southern species, not being found in the north- 
ern provinces. It flowers in every season, but is most prolific 
in summer. ‘The flowers are very fragrant, reminding one of 
Jasminum sambac. It does not seem to be used in medicine, 
but it is possible that its buds are sometimes substituted for 
those of Magnolia conspicua. 


MAGNOLIA HYPOLEUCA.—JE #p (Hou-p‘o), 381. This 
tree is cultivated in the upper Yangtse provinces for its bark, 
which on account of its extensive use as a medicine is quite an 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 255 


article of commerce. ‘The wood is dark colored and the bark 
white. It has very large leaves, and there are two varieties: 
one with red and the other with white flowers. ‘The drug 
consists of the rough, thick bark, rolled into large, tight 
cylinders, from seven to nine inches long, and very thick. 
The outer surface is of a greyish-brown color, roughened with 
tubercles and marked with lichenous growths. ‘The inner 
surface is smooth and of a reddish-brown color. In the coast 
provinces there seems to be some confusion in regard to the 
drug ; an inferior product, which is probably the bark of a 
different tree, appearing in commerce (see Customs Lists, 1040). 
There is some confusion of Chinese terms between this and 
Celtzs sinensis. ‘The taste of the true bark is aromatic and 
bitter, but some of the drug found in the shops is almost taste- 
less, and is probably inert. Its medicinal properties are deob- 
struent, tonic, stomachic, quieting, and anthelmintic. It is 
prescribed in diarrhoeas, flatulence, amenorrhea, pyrosis, and 
a variety of dissimilar difficulties. The fruit is said to be 
called 3% fff (Chu-ché), but whether it is the fruit of this or 
of Eucommia ulmoides, the Péntsao is not quite certain. It 
cures ulcers, brightens the eyes, and benefits the breath. A 
foot-note to this article in the Péztsao speaks of YF Ig Re ky 
(Fou-lan-lo-lé), which in Japan is a variety of Magnolia 
hypoleuca. It comes from Samarcand, and is used as a deob- 
struent and tonic remedy. 


MAGNOLIA OBOVATA.—Z ff (Mu-lan). This tree is 
indigenous to China, being found in the mountainous districts 
of Szechuan, Hunan, and Shantung. It isa large tree, grow- 
ing to the height of fifty or sixty feet. The wood isa useful 
building material, being fine grained, and having a yellow 
heart. Because of this last named fact, it is sometimes called 
% i (Huang-hsin), ‘‘ yellow heart.’? Its flowers resemble 
those of the lotus, and for this reason it takes the name JK j# 7& 
(Mu-lien-hua). The flowers are red, yellow, and white. The 
tree receives its principal name from the odor of its flowers, 
which resembles that of the orchid (fj, Lan). The bark is 
considered to be deobstruent, constructive, diuretic, and tonic, 
and it is prescribed in fevers, sudamina, dropsy, mental 


256 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


disease, and alcoholism. The flowers are included among the 
drugs having the reputation of dissolving bone and metals 
lodged in the throat. 


MALT.—gzé 4% (Nieh-mi). The grains of ordinary millet, 
spiked millet, glutinous millet, rice, barley, nacked barley, 
beans, and wheat are all malted by the Chinese. The grain is 
moistened and left to sprout, and when this process has gone 
on a sufficient length of time, it is dried in the sun, the sprouts 
are rubbed off, and the grain is ground into flour for making 
into cakes or bread. The malted millet is called 3 8 (Su- 
nieh) or JE 3f (Su-ya), and is considered to be cooling, carmina- 
tive, and stomachic. Mixed with fat and applied to the face, 
it makes the skin soft and glossy. Malted rice is called #§ 3% 
(Tao-nieh) or gf 3f (Ku-ya), and is considered to be peptic, 
carminative, regulating, and constructive. The nacked barley 
is the kind of barley usually malted, and this is called fj HE # 
(Kung-mai-nieh) or 2 3F (Mai-ya), and is considered to be 
peptic, warming, stomachic, and abortifacient. It is prescribed 
in cholera, as well as in intestinal indigestion due to over- 
eating. It is also used in post-partum difficulties and to 
suppress the secretion of milk in women whose children have 
died at or after birth. Other kinds of malt or sprouted grain 
are found, but their general uses do not differ from those given. 


MALVA.—The character 3§ (K‘uei) is applied to very 
many malvaceous plants and to several others. Adudz/lon, 
Althea, Anemone, Basella, Eranthis, Helianthus, Hibiscus, 
Mailva, Géeanthe, and Peucedanum all find it used as a dis- 
tinguishing term for one or more species; for this reason it is 
sometimes difficult to distinguish between plants of these differ- 
ent genera. ff Z£ (Chin-k‘uei) seems to be regarded by most 
observers as Malva sylvestris. Malva verticillata or Malva 
pulchella is assigned to & 3 (Tung-k‘uei). Ford and Crow 
called & 3 Ff (Tung-k‘uei-tzi), 1395, at Hongkong Abutzlion 
zndicum, but in the north this term seems to refer to a malva. 
Faber makes Malva verticillata to be F # (T‘ien-k‘uei), but 
the Péntsao gives this as a synonym of # ¥¥ (T‘u-k‘uei), which 
in Japan is Anemone or Evanthis. Li Shih-chén says: “In 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 257 


ancient times the A’‘wez was a common food, and was ranked as 
the first of the five vegetables, but now it is not much eaten. It 
was then called # 3£ (Lu-k‘uei, ‘dew mallow’). Now it is 
also called 7# 3£§ (Hua-k‘uei), but it is not much cultivated. 
There are two kinds, distinguished by the color of the stem, 
which is either purple or white. The latter is the best. It 
has large leaves and small yellow or purple flowers. The 
kind with very many small flowers is called #§ ji) 38 (Ya-chio- 
k‘uei, ‘duck’s-leg mallow’). The fruit is of the size of the 
end of a finger, and flattened, having a thin skin, and the seeds 
are light and resemble those of the elm. That sown in the sixth 
or seventh moon is called # 3§ (Chiu-k‘uei), that sown in the 
eighth or ninth moon is called & 3& (Tung-k‘uei), and that 
sown in the first moon is called #,3§ (Ch‘un-k‘uei). Thus 
the plant can be used all the year.’? The shoots and leaves 
are eaten, but they are not considered to be very healthful. 
If eaten raw, they are especially harmful, and the heart of the 
shoot is positively injurious. If a person who has been bitten 
by a mad dog, although cured, eats of these, the disease will 
return. If eaten with garlic, the poisonous action is not so apt 
to show itself. It is the spleen vegetable, and any advantage 
accruing from its use is gained by that organ, Its mucil- 
aginous qualities recommend it as a demulcent in stomach and 
intestinal troubles. Its use is also said to lubricate the passages, 
and thus to render labor easy. The ash is used as a styptic in 
wounds. The decoction is recommended in vermillion and 
other mineral poisons, and the seeds are similarly used. The 
root is employed in foul ulcers and as an antilithic, diuretic, 
and thirst-relieving remedy. It is recommended for difficulties 
similar to those for which the stalk and leaves are used. 


MANDRAGORA.—3fi $$ (Lang-tu), 693. This is a doubt- 
ful identification. The drug seems to be a very ancient one 
with the Chinese, as it is mentioned in the Shéxnung Péntsao 
(XXVIII Century B.C.) as one of the five poisons ; the others 
being Croton tiglium, Veratrum, Aconitum, and cantharides. 
Ma Chi (X Century) classifies it with the ‘‘six old drugs ;” 
the other five being “phedra, orange peel, Pinellia tuberifera, 
Citrus fusca, and Boymia rutecarpa. There is not much 


258 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


description of the plant. Its leaves are said to resemble those 
of Phytolactée or Rheum, and both these and the stem are 
hirsute. The root externally is yellow, but within is white. 
It is exceedinly poisonous, and is used to destroy birds and 
beasts, especially rats and other vermin. Its medicinal action 
is that of a sedative in coughs, angina, and colic. It is 
also used as a parasiticide in the #% (Ku) disease and in 
parasitic skin diseases. Combined with another unidentified 


plant called Bf $§ (Yeh-ko), it is used in the treatment of 
deafness. 


MANGROVE BARK.—The Rhkzzophora mangle does not 
seem to grow in China ; but, according to Bowra, the bark is 
imported from Siam and Singapore, and is used to dye or 
tan the sails, cordage, and nets of sailors and fishermen. 
The name given is #% JE (K‘ao-p‘i), but this first character 
evidently refers to an upland tree, and it is made identical 
in the Féxtsao with Cedrela sinensis. Another suggested 
identification is Platycaria strobilacea. In the Customs Lists 
ETE (K‘ao-hua), 591, and # JB (K‘ao-kuo), 592, are given, 
but no identification is suggested. A name given for man- 
grove bark im Giles’ Dictionary is #jfj #2 (Ch‘ieh-ting), but 
from what source this term is derived does not appear. It 
is not known that the Chinese use the bark for any medic- 
inal purpose, although both it and the fruits are excellent 
astringents., 


MANNA.—tf # (Kan-lu) is a term that is used in Chi- 
nese translations of Indian books to'express what is meant by 
the Sanscrit word amrita, the food of the Dévas, and it is 
used in China for manna-like substances, of which there are 
several. One is produced on a coniferous tree, and resembles 
the manna of Briancon. A similar substance, called Tf BS 
(Kan-lu-mi), is described’ as occurring on a small plant in Sze- 
chuan, Samarcand, and Arabia. Under the head of jl 
.(T‘zu-mi) or #% 34 (Ts‘ao-mi), a clear, honey-like substance 
is spoken of as coming from Tangut, and produced upon a 
leafless plant, called 2 ji] (Yang-tz‘u). The Turckic tribes 
ate said to call this substance @& HH HE (Chi-p‘o-lo). The 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 259 


Tamarix manna is called ## FL (Ch‘€ng-ju). Similar properties 
to those set down in foreign works are referred to these 
saccharine substances. Some of the mannas are believed to 
be produced by an insect, probably the Coccus manniparus 
of Ehrenberg. The term }f # -f (Kan-lu-tzil), applied to 
Stachys steboldt, should not be confounded with this, as in the 
former case it only refers to the taste of the drug, as it also 
does in the case of an unidentified climber called tf #2 i® 
(Kan-lu-t ‘€ug). 


MANGIFERA INDICA.—# #2 #& (An-lo-kuo), &% #8 
(Méng-kuo). The first two characters of the first name are a 
transliteration of some Indian name, as is also # f& #2 dm HX 
(An-mo-lo-ka-kuo), probably of amra, one of the Indian com- 
mon names for this fruit. Another name is # # (Hsiang-kai). 
The Indian origin of this fruit is indicated by the names and 
spoken of in the books. It is now cultivated at Hongkong, 
Canton, and throughout the south-eastern provinces. ‘The 
Pénisao says that the mango can be eaten very freely, with no 
fear of injury. It is thirst relieving, and promotes the circula- 
tion of the blood and assists in menstruation. The leaves are 
also accounted as cooling. According to Lindley, the root 
bark is an aromatic bitter, good for use in diarrhoea and leucor- 
rhoea. He also reports the seeds to be anthelmintic. Dr. Waring 
recommends the powdered seeds as an excellent remedy in 
lumbricoid worms, and says that strongly astringent qualities, 
dependent upon the presence of a large proportion of gallic 
acid, recommend this powder for use in menorrhagia and 


_ bleeding piles. 


MARLEA PLATANIFOLIA.—xX @ (Ta-k‘ung). This 
is Faber’s identification. In Japan this shrub is called 7\ #4 #i 
(Pa-chio-féng), 930. The Péztsao says that another name is 
% 2 (Tu-k‘ung). It is described as a small tree with large, 
rounded leaves. The bark of the root and the leaves are used 
as insecticides. Faber calls the root fy f— 3 (Pai-lung-hsit), 
but upon what authority does not appear. The Péxtsao 
describes this as an epiphyte growing upon some one of the 
many #§ (Féng) trees. 


» 


260 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


MARSILIA QUADRIFOLIA. —#¥ (P‘in). There is some 
confounding this with Wydrocharis, Lemna, and Limnanthe- 
mum, both in China and Japan. This is a larger plant than 
the others. It has leaves about an inch in diameter, which 
float on the surface of the water, while the root is at the bottom 
of the pond. The leaves are arranged in a quadriform manner, 
and for this reason the plant is called P¥ #E 3€ (Ssii-yeh-ts‘ai) 
and pW = Hi (Tien-tzii-ts‘ao). AZarszlia is a pseudo-fern, and 
has no flowers, and so when Chinese writers speak of white 
and yellow flowered varieties, they confound this with Lemna 
and other plants. The drug is considered to be cooling, 
diuretic, resolvent, and constructive. Its juice is applied locally 
to snake bites and ulcers. 


MATRICARIA INDICA.—5} 4 7G (Yeh-chii-hua). Ax- 
themis, Calendula, and Chrysanthemum are not clearly 
distinguished from this by the Chinese. Another name given 
in the Péztsao is 7F # (K‘u-i). It grows plentifully in waste 
land. In Japan it is identified as Pyrethrum indicum. The 
whole plant is used in medicine. Administered in decoction, 
it is considered to be resolvent, but it is used principally as 
a fomentation to swellings, boils, tuberculous glands, and 
inflamed eyes. 


MEDICAGO SATIVA.—f ## (Mu-su). ‘This is one of 
the plants said to have been brought to China by General 
Chang Chien of the Han dynasty. Its foreign origin is in- 
dicated by the fact that its Chinese name is variously written 
with characters of similar sound. It also has a name derived 
from a Buddhist book, in which the characters 3E ¥& Jy Ym (Sai- 
pi-li-ka) evidently stand for an Indian name, possibly széarga, 
which is the common name for 777z/olewm giganteum in Kabul. 
Medicago sativa is there called vzshka. In Europe the flowers 
of this plant are usually purple or blue; but here they are 
yellow. For this reason the plant is sometimes thought to be 
Medicago denticulata. Faber identifies this latter with Ei 58 
(Ts‘ao-t‘ou), 1351, or 4 ¥%—E 3€ (Chin-hua-ts‘ai), 153. Neither 
of these names is found in the /ézz¢sao. He also indentifies 
Medicago lupulina with 46 3 ¥ (Niu-yiin-ts‘ao) or # 


“VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 261 


(Huang-hua), and according to the description in the Awang- 
chiin-fang-pu, this is probably correct. The J/z-se is included 
among the vegetables, and was formerly extensively cultivated ; 
and in some parts of China, is still grown. It is found, how- 
ever, growing almost everywhere of its own accord. It is not 
much valued as a vegetable, as it is almost tasteless. It is 
considered too cooling to be eaten very frequently, and it is 
thought to make one thin, which is always carefully avoided 
by the Chinese. If eaten with honey it is said to cause 
dysentery. It is thought to benefit the intestines, and to be 
generally depurative. The root is prescribed in feverish and 
high colored urine. The expressed juice is reputed to have some 
emetic properties, and is administered in gravel to relieve pain. 


MELIA AZEDARACH.—# (Lien), 7 # (K‘u-lien), 
e He} (Sén-shu). The fruit is called 4 # - (Chin-ling-tzt). 
The species from Szechuan called JI] #  (Ch‘uan-len-tzt), 
251, and which is Aelza toosendan, is considered the best. 
The Chinese do not distinguish clearly between these two 
species. The fruits of the latter consist of a fleshy, globular 
drupe, about three-quarters of an inch in diameter, covered 
with a shining, yellow skin, and usually much shrivelled. It 
is larger than that of Melia azedarach, and probably cor- 
responds to the #z# or margosa fruits of India. They yield 
a bitter oil, and both in India and China are used as an anthel- 
mintic remedy. At the time of the Dragon Festival (fifth day 
of the fifth moon) bamboo sprouts and rice cakes are wrapped 
in azedarach leaves, and tied with silk thread of five different 
colors, and these parcels are thrown into streams to propitiate 
the spirit of the waters. The phoenix and the unicorn are 
said to eat the fruits of this tree, but the dragon abhors them. 
The tree grows very rapidly, and at Canton its timber is called 
#: 7K (Sén-mu). Always remembering that the Chinese do 
not distinguish between the two species of JZe/za, the medicinal 
properties ascribed to the fruits may be said to be those of an 
antifebrile, quieting, anthelmintic, and diuretic remedy. These 
fruits are a five-celled drupe, yellow when ripe, and dark and 
shrivelled when kept any length of time. The azedarach is 
much smaller than the Ch‘wau-lien-tzu, measuring about half 


262 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


an inch in diameter. They contain a stone, furrowed longitu- 
dinally by five or six ridges. The taste is bitter, and they are, 
like the leaves, said to be deleterious, but driving away infec- 
tion. ‘he leaves are used in decoction for the relief of pain in 
hernia. ‘The flowers are used for prickly heat, and are put 
under bed mats to destroy fleas and lice. The bark of the root 
and tree, 633, is anthelmintic and parasiticide. It is highly 
valued in intestinal worms and parasitic skin diseases. The 
root, 632, and seeds, 634, are mentioned in the Customs Lists, 
but are not specially noticed in the Péxtsao. 


MELILOTUS ARVENSIS.—#é ¥i (Hstin-ts‘ao), @ EE F&F 
(Ling-ling-hsiang). This is thought by several observers to 
be the labiate Oczmum.daszlicum , but the weight of authority 
seems to be in favor of identifying it with this fragrant legum- 
inous genus. It is quite possible that Chinese botanists often 
confound it with Oczmum, both on account of its fragrance and 
of several other resemblances. # (Hsiin), B§ (Lan), and 
(Hsieh) are characters which have passed into classical litera- 
ture as types of fragrance and refinement. ‘The ancients used 
to burn the A7szz plant as incense to make the spirits descend, 
and when worn in the girdle it is said to dispell noxious in- 
fluences. ‘The plant seems to have been first grown in & 
(Ling-ling), the present xe JH Hf (Yungchoufu) in southern 
Hunan. It grows in moist ground, and is found throughout 
the Yangtse provinces. On account of its fragrance, the plant 
is used for making mats, pillows, aud mattresses. It is also 
employed in cosmetic applications. Medicinally, it is regarded 
as carminative, calmative, anodyne, and astringent. It is pre- 
scribed in flatulence, colds, muscular rheumatism, polypus of 
the nose, and toothache. When ingested, it is said to have 
the property of imparting its fragrance to the body, a thing 
much desired by the Chinese in the absence of soap, as was 
formerly the case. The fruits are regarded as tonic. The 
mucoid sap found in the stalk and root is used in colds and 
influenza, and is regarded as an excellent local application in 
piles, prolapse of the anus, and seat worms. 


MENISPERMUM DAURICUM.—See Cocculus. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 263 


MENTHA ARVENSIS.—Y fy (Po-ho). Also written 
#£ PA (Pa-ho) and # fy (Fan-ho). The plant grows almost 
everywhere, but the drug coming from Soochow is regarded as 
the best. On this account it is called ¥2 #% FR (Wu-pa-ho), 2 
being the old name for Soochow. Jn the south the plant may 
be confounded with Dryobalanops aromatica, as it is there 
called fe |} YE fy (Lung-nao-po-ho). Two other species or 
varieties are mentioned in the /éz/sao, one called fj #€ A (Hu- 
pa-ho), and the other 4 }#& fig (Shib-po-ho). The latter grows 
in uplands, and is smaller than the ordinary species, while 
the former seems to be of foreign origin. Peppermint is 
cultivated much in gardens, and is used with other vegetables 
to give flavor. Carminative, antispasmodic, astringent, sudorif- 
ic, and alexipharmic qualities are ascribed to these plants. 
They are prescribed in fevers, colds, nervous disorders of 
children, nosebleed, fluxes, snake and insect bites, and diseases 
of-the nose and throat. An oil is spoken of in the Customs 
Lists, 1035, and also menthol, P& fy Wk (Po-ho-ping), 1033, 
but these are not mentioned in the Péxtsao. They are brought 
from Canton, and are probably of quite modern origin. 


MENYANTHES TRIFOLIATA.—fi— 3% (Shui-ts‘ai). 
The Chinese point out very clearly the slightly narcotic prop- 
erties of this plant, both in their description of it and in the 
various names applied to it. It is also called f&% 3¢ (Ming-ts‘ai), 
#i 3 (Cho-ts‘ai), and WK i (Tsui-ts‘ao). It grows in ponds, 
has a leaf like the M/onochoria hastata, and a root like that of 
Nelumbium speciosum. ‘The people where it grows pickle it, 
and use it to promote sleep. Its only medicinal use is asa 
hypnotic in fevers. 


MERCURIALIS LEIOCARPA.—3¥ % Fi (T‘ou-ku- 
ts‘ao). This euphorbiaceous plant is not described in the 
Chinese books. It is prescribed in all sorts of rheumatic 
difficulties, contracted tendons, and perspiring feet. Combined 
with Sophera flavescens, rhubarb, and flowers of sulphur, it is 
used in a bath in the treatment of obstinate skin eruptions 
(possibly scabies or ringworm). ‘The patient is directed to 
remain in a close, hot room, until the perspiration falls like 


264 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


rain, and then to bathe in the decoction. It is also recom- 
mended in combination with other drugs in nausea and vomit- 
ing, as well as in dropsy. 


METAPLEXIS STAUNTONII.— #€ (Lo-mo), % W 
(Huan-lan). The fruits of this creeping plant have several 
fanciful names, such as #€ #{(Chio-p‘iao), 2& J Wy (Yang-p‘o- 
nai), Yé 3% fm BR EL (P‘o-p‘o-chén-hsien-pao), and JE ye sR HS 
(P‘o-p‘o-ch€n-tai-€rh). It is a climbing plant, the stalks of 
which, when broken, exude a white juice. It is cultivated, 
and the leaves are eaten both raw and cooked. ‘The fruit is 
green, and from two to four inches long. On account of its 
shape, it is also called 36 7§ 3% (Yang-chio-ts‘ai). The plant 
belongs to the natural order Asclepiadaceze, and is found in 
north China, both wild and cultivated. The seeds are the 
parts used in medicine; but the virtues of the leaves are con- 
sidered to be identical. They are thought to be tonic and 
constructive. ‘The crushed seeds are applied to wounds and 
ulcers as an astringent and hemostatic remedy. ‘They are 
also applied to all sorts of insect bites, and if frequently used, 
are thought to have some escharotic properies. 


MICHELIA CHAMPACA.—Porter Smith gives the fol- 
lowing characters for the Chinese name of this magnoliaceous 
tree: HE fii (Chén-po), fF gR (Chén-p‘o), fy 2 ym (Chen-p‘o- 
ka); but the source from which he secured these has not been 
found. From whatever source they may have been derived, 
they are evidently an attempt to transliterate the Indian name 
tsjampac, or tchampaka. It is said to be found in China, but 
perhaps is only cultivated here. It has very fragrant yellow 
flowers, and an edible fruit. Its bark is used, with that of 
other magnolias, to adulterate czzzamon. It has been used in 
the Mauritius, with some success, in the treatment of the low 
intermittent fevers of that island. 


MIRABILIS JALAPA.— # #] (Tziti-mo-li), fi §F 
(Yém@chih). This is described in the Awang-chin-fang-pu. 
The flowers are only used for cosmetic purposes. Faber also 
gives yx je BE Ri (Huo-t‘an-mu-ts‘ao) as a name for this AZarvet 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 265 


of Peru, or Four-oclock, but the description in the Péxtsao 
does not agree. ‘The second name above given simply refers to 
its cosmetic uses. Other plants also bear this name in some 
form (see Basella rubra and Chenopodium album). Another 
name sometimes found used for it is J # 7€ (Hsi-tsao-hua), 
because it blooms at the time of day when people usually bathe. 


MOMORDICA CHARANTIA.—¥# JK (K‘u-kua), 628. 
Also called $f #% # (Chin-li-chih) and #§j #j 4 (Lai-p‘u-t‘ao), 
from the warty appearance of its fruit. The plant originally 
came from the countries south of China, but is now grown in 
the southern provinces. It is likened in appearance to the 
wild grape vine, but is smaller. The pepo varies from two to 
five inches in length, is of a green color, and the skin is 
marked with longitudinal rows of oblong tubercles, with the 
intervening space crowded with smaller tubercles. In this 
tuberculated appearance it is likened to the lichee, and from it 
takes the second and third names given above. When it is ripe 
it is yellow in color, and it eventually bursts open, exhibiting 
a beautiful red pulp enclosing the seeds. The pulp is sweet 
and can be eaten. ‘The seeds are the shape of squash seeds, 
and are also tuberculated. The fruit is considered to be cool- 
ing and strengthening. The seeds benefit the breath and 
invigorate the male principle (f§, Yang). The dried ies in 
slices, 7] JK # (K‘u-kua-kan), 629, and the peduncles, # jh 
“4 (K ‘n-kua-ti), 630, are mentioned in the Customs Liss but 
they are not spoken of in the Péztsao. 


MOMORDICA COCHINCHINENSIS.—7R HE F (Mu- 
pieh-tzti), 872. Also called 7 fF (Mu-hsieh). These names 
refer to the form of the seeds, which are likened to a turtle or 
crab. ‘The plant is a cucurbitaceous one with a perennial root. 
It is described as coming up in the spring in the form of a 
vine or creeper, having a five pointed leaf resembling that of 
Batatas edulis, green and shiny. In the fourth or fifth moon 
it bears yellow flowers, followed by the fruits, which resemble 
those of Zricosanthes multzloba, but larger ; first green in@olor, 
and when ripe yellowish-red and covered with soft prickles. 
Each fruit contains from thirty to forty seeds, flat, and of the 


266 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


peculiar shape indicated by the name. In the south the young 
pepo and the leaves are said to be eaten asa vegetable. ‘The 
seed is of a light to dark brown color, having a double row of 
tubercles at the margin, and the testa fragile, roughened and 
sometimes coarsely reticulated. ‘They vary from three-quarters 
to one and a-quarter inches in diameter, and contain two large, 
oily cotyledons, green ou the outside and yellow internally. 
These cotyledons are used in medicine, but the oil for the most 
part is first removed. ‘Their action is considered to ‘be con- 
structive and resolvent, and they are prescribed in strumous 
swellings of the neck, mammary abscess, mesenteric enlarge- 
ments, bruises, wounds, swellings, and ulcers. They are 
recommended in chronic malaria, enlarged spleen, and fluxes. 


MONOCHORIA HASTATA.—Z% gi (Tz ‘ti-ku), 1426. 
This is also called 7k 7? (Shui-p‘ing), thus confounding it with 
Lemna and other species of Monochoria. The shoots are called 
WS JJ Hi (Chien-tao-ts‘ao). The principal name is also written 
we 4k (Tz‘it-ku), and this is not distinguished from Sagzétara 
sagittifolia, being the latter in the north, and JZonochoria in 
the south. (See Sagzt/arza sagittifolia.) 


MONOCHORIA KORSAKOWII.—}#f (P‘ing). This has 
the same Chinese name as the Lema minor, and is therefore 
not distinguished from the latter. (See Lemna minor.) 


MONOCHORIA VAGINALIS.—Y/F AE (Fou-shih), #7 
Hi (Ya-shé-ts‘ao), 1483. This ‘‘ floating polygonum’’, or 
‘‘duck’s tongue’’, is likened to Brasenia peltata. Tike all 
water plants, it is considered to be cooling. 


MORUS ALBA.—& (Sang). The ma/berry tree is prob- 
ably the best known tree of China. Its cultivation can be 
traced to remote antiquity. According to ancient tradition, 
Si-ling, the empress of Huangti (B.C. 2967), taught the people 
how to rear silk worms, using the mulberry leaves for that 
purpose. The tree is cultivated in all parts of the empire, 
being found in several varieties. Cultivation and the constant 
denuding the tree of its leaves has resulted in greatly modifying 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 267 


the plant as found in the orchards of those engaged in sericult- 
ure. The stalk is stunted and gnarled, while the leaves are 
large, green, and succulent, round in the south, and lobed in 
the north. Some of the varieties are indicated by the names 
fy & (Pai-sang), # 3% (Lu-sang), #6 4 (Chi-sang), & & (Nt- 
sang), [lf 4 (Shan-sang), Hf 4% (Ti-sang), #iJ 4& (Ching-sang), 
4 % (Chin-sang), and {# 4% (I-sang). The J& 4& (Yén-sang), 
which is probably identical with Jj 4 (Shan-sang), is Morus 
maica. The fruits are called #£ (Shén). ‘his character is 
commonly but wrongly, written #— (Chén); and this mistake 
in writing is made even in the Book of Odes. When the 
fruits are black-ripe, they are called HE (Hsiin or Ian). They 
enter into commerce under the name of 4 #£ -- (Sang-shén- 
tzti), 1066, and are made into a jam called & $E # (Sang- 
shén-kao), 1065, which is the form in which the fruits are 
preserved for medicinal use. ‘The bark of the root, 3 #tEA Jk 
Sang-kén-pai-p‘i), 1071, is also used in medicine. There is 
a persistent opinion among Chinese observers that any portion 
of the root which is above ground is poisonous. ‘The drug 
is considered to be restorative and tonic, and it is prescribed in 
in weakness, menorrhagia, phthisis, and all sorts of wasting 
diseases. It is also thought to have anthelmintic and astrin- 
gent properties. The juice of the fresh bark is used in epilepsy 
in children and in dribbling of saliva. For nervous disorders, 
the bark from the root extending toward the east is considered 
especially efficacious. The milky sap of the tree is used in 
aphthous stomatitis in infants, and in incised wounds, snake, 
centipede, and spider bites. The fruits are thirst relieving, 
they benefit the internal organs, promote the circulation of the 
blood, pacify the soul, energise the spirit, increase mental 
vigor, and prevent the signs of old age. The juice is anti- 
vinous, and when itself fermented, benefits the water passages 
of the body. ‘The leaves, 1073, are considered to be slightly 
deleterious. ‘Their action is diaphoretic. Made into strong 
decoction, they are used for sweating feet, dropsy, and for 
intestinal disorders. ‘The bruised leaves are used in wounds 
and insect bites, and are thought to promote the growth of 
hair. ‘The twigs, 1068, are given about the same properties as 
the fruit, and they are considered prophylactic against all forms 


268 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


of cold (fm, Féng). They are also diuretic and pectoral. A 
lye made of the ashes of mulberry wood is used as a stimulant 
and escharotic in scaly skin diseases and unhealthy granula- 
tions. The bark of the tree is sometimes used to dye a brown 
color. The Chinese claim that the seeds procured from the 
excrement of fowls and ducks which have been fed upon the 
berries, produce plants that are more likely to grow to leaf 
than to fruit, and are therefore more suitable for silk worm 
rearing. 


MOSLA GROSSESERRATA.—#& @ (Chi-ning). This 
is a labiate plant, which, on account of its foul odor is called 
§. #% (Ch‘ou-su), and on account of the color of its leaves is 
called 4 & fm (Ch‘ing-pai-su). It is likened to Stachys 
aspera. It grows almost everywhere on plains, and has a 
hirsute leaf with a bad odor. ‘The poor people eat it, but the 
taste is not very pleasant. The stalk and leaves are used in 
medicine, are considered to be carminative and warming, and 
are recommended in heart-burn. 


MOSLA PUNCTATA.—q 3 Be (Shih-chi-ning). In 
Japan $f 4k (Chio-chuang) is given as an equivalent for this 
plant, but this name applies properly to /ustzcza procumbens. 
The drug is used asa warming and carminative remedy, and 
in decoction as a wash for parasitic skin diseases. It grows 
among the rocks in mountainous districts to the height of one 
or two feet. It has small leaves and purple flowers. The hill 
people employ it as a substitute for the last. 


MUCILAGE.—Jk #2 (Shui-chiao). Chinese mucilage is 
very good, and is usually made from seaweed, to which is 
added a little alum. Other substances are also used : such as 
some of the malvaceous plants and fruits, the dunzgtalz fruits, 
the gum from the peach tree (Pk fR, T‘ao-chiao) and that from 
the plum tree (f} J, Shu-chiao), all affording excellent 
material for making mucilage, and being used as demulcent 
remedies. But the thing most commonly used in China, both 
for suspending insoluble drugs and as a paste for adhesive 
purposes, is rice congee. It is an efficient instrument, usually 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 269 


ready at hand, or very easily prepared. The Chinese literary 
man usually depends upon a few grains of cooked rice left 
over from his last meal, for sticking together paper surfaces. 


MUCUNA CAPITATA.—#% &F (Li-tou), 32 W (Li-tou), 
FE & (Hu-tou). This is a Japanese identification, and it is not 
quite certain that this is the plant mentioned in the Pémtsao. 
What is there described is a leguminous plant bearing a hairy 
pod, having a purple flower which resembles that of Dolichos 
umbellatus, while the leaves resemble those of Dolzchos lablad. 
The beans are of the size of those of Canzvallia ensiformis, 
and are mottled with black. They are very good eating 
when cooked with pork or chicken. They are considered 
to be slightly deleterious, and medicinally are warming and 
respiratory. 


MULGEDIUM SIBIRIACUM.—£& # (Chii-shéng). This 
is confounded with Sesamum by Chinese botanists, and is 
mentioned in the /ézzsao under that article. However, this 
present identification is very uncertain, although the seeds 
(Ei BF, Chit-shéng-tzit), 234, answer tolerably well to this 
description. Strange to say, the Customs Lists identify them 
with the seeds of Jmpatiens balsamina. As described by 
Braun, they are yellowish brown in color, oblong, and have all 
the appearance of fennel seeds. ‘Those found in the shops of 
Peking are of two kinds, black and yellowish-white. What 
the black are is very uncertain. The others were regarded 
by Maximowics as seeds of Jxrerzs or Mulgedium. ‘The med- 
ical action of these seeds is said to be tonic to the viscera, 
respiratory, and strengthening to the sinews and bones. ‘The 
drug will also dissolve cinnabar. 


MURRAYA EXOTICA.—jJL # @ HE (Chiu-li-hsiang- 
ts‘ao). No description of this plant is given in the books. It 
is prescribed for abdominal abscess. 


MUSA SAPIENTUM.—+} # (Kan-chiao),  # (Pa- 
chiao). Also commonly called # # (Hsiang-chiao). A good 
description of this plant is given in the Pézésao, but no dis- 


270 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


tinction is made between the plantain and the banana (J/usa 
fete aes A number of varieties are oe such as: 

#& (Hung-chiao), Kt #£ ae (Shui-chiao), 3 #€ (Ya-chiao), 4b Pf 
FE se -chiao), #g 7% (Pan- Ea i} = #6 (Fo-shou- ea 
SE -f~- #E (Chi-tzti-chiao), 32 J #€ (Mei-jén-chiao), and jf 3K #2 
(Tan-p‘ing-chiao). The plant is met with in Szechuan, Fu- 
kien, and the southern provinces. It grows in the VYangtse 
provinces, but seldom ripens its fruit. ‘The fruit is considered 
to be very cooling, and should not be eaten in excess. When 
eaten in the raw state, it relieves thirst, moistens the lungs, 
purifies the blood, heals wounds, and is antivinous. Steamed, 
it promotes the circulation of the blood and enriches the 
marrow. ‘The root, 84, is considered to be antifebrile and 
restorative. Bruised, it is applied to wounds and ulcers, and 
the juice is administered in jaundice, influenza, and post-partum 
difficulties. The viscid sap of the plant, which is called #2 fh 
(Chiao-yu), is procured by thrusting a bamboo tube into the 
stalk and collecting the sap ina bottle. It has the antifebrile 
properties of the other parts, and is specially recommended in 
epilepsy, vertigo, and to prevent women’s hair from falling, 
to increase its growth and to restore its color. ‘The bruised 
leaves are particularly recommended as a poultice in incipient 
abscesses. ‘The flowers are used in cardialgia. 


MUSCI.— (Tai) is alinost a family name for mosses, 
but is not confined to these, being also at times applied to 
alga, fungi, and some aquatic spermaphytes. Several mosses 
are mentioned in the /éntsao. [i 9% (Chih-li), which is 
variously called ge 73 (Shui-t‘ai), gt $f (Shui-mien), and 7 3¢ 
Tai-ts‘ai), is probably Ceramzum rubrum. It was formerly 
used for making a kind of eevee and is still gathered and dried 
for food under the name of 3 Jyjj (T‘ai-fu). It is considered 
to be very nourishing. Its Acne al action is cooling, peptic, 
and emollient. It is used in fluxes, influenza, and cinnabar 
poisoning. The moss growing in old wells, Jf es 3 (Ching- 
chung-t‘ai), is of repute in the treatment of wounds, scalds and 
burns, and is considered to be an antidote to several vegetable 
poisons. ‘That from the bottom of boats, fy j~é % (Ch‘uan- 
ti-t‘ai); is prescribed in hemoptysis, gravel, and influenza. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 271 


ta Zé (Yuan-i) is a kind of moss which grows on house roofs 
and stones. In the latter case it is also called Ff 3 # (Ch‘ing- 
tai-i). It is prescribed in jaundice, coughs, fever, flatulence, 
wounds, burns, and nosebleed. It is considered to be tonic, 
respiratory, and constructive, and is said to improve nutrition 
aud color. 


MUSHROOMS.—A class name for these is 3 #fq (Chih- 
cen Another common name is }% (Chiin), and still another 
is ## (Hsin). Mushrooms growing on hard ground are called 
fi] (Chin), those on soft earth are called 4 (Chih), while those 
growing on wood are called {ij or jij (fix). The ® (Hsin) is 
more fleshy than the fg (Chin), and is probably referred to 
Boletus or a fleshy Polyforus. Some of the mountain varieties 
are deleterious. Other terms used for mushrooms are #€ (Kai) 
and $x. (Ku), but these refer to a few specific specimens. 2 
(Chih) is defined in the classics as the plant of immortality, 
and it is therefore always considered to be a felicitous one. It 
is said to absorb the earthy vapors and to leave a heavenly 
atmosphere. For this reason it is called gf 4 (Ling-chih.) It 
is large and of a branched form, and probably represents 
Clavaria or Sparassis. Its form is likened to that of coral. 
There are very many varieties ; one author says one hundred, 
but the principal ones are represented by what are known as 
teigy (Liu. eye or ‘‘six mosses;’’ namely: the FF = 
(Ching-chih) or fj— 2£ (Lung-chih) ; the #f 26 (Ch‘ih-chih) or 
Jt & (Tan-chih) ; the # 4% (Huang-chih) or 45 4 (Chin-chith) ; 
a 2 (Pai-chih), 3 2% (Vii-chih), or $$ 2 (Su-chih); the 
Be (Hei- -chih) or ¥ 7% (Hsitian-chih); and the 38 2% (Tzt- 
aa or AR (Mu-chih). ‘These are all non-poisonous, edible, 
and are considered to be highly beneficial. ‘The first comes 
from ‘Taishan, has a sour taste, brightens the eye, strengthens 
the liver, quiets the spirits, improves the memory, and prolongs 
life. The second grows on the Hengshan, has a bitter taste, 
acts especially on the heart, and has the tonic and quieting 
properties of the first. ‘The third grows on Sungshan, is of a 
sweet taste, acts specially on the spleen, and is tonic and con- 
structive, as in the case of the other two. The fourth grows 
ou Huashan, is of a pungent taste, acts specially on the lungs 


272 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


and air passages, with beneficial properties as before. The 
fifth grows on Changshan, has a saltish taste, acts specially on 
the urinary organs, and is of equaly general value with the 
others. The sixth comes from the Kaohsiashan (location not 
known), is of a sweetish-cooling taste, acts on the bones and 
ligaments, and has the general constructive properties of the 
others. It is also recommended in deafness and hemorrhoids. 

ZAR H. (Mu-érh) has been identified by some observers as 
Exidia auricula zud@, but the probability is rather in favor 
of its being Auricularia, even as its name implies, belonging 
to the order of Auriculariales rather than to that of Zremal- 
lales. Five species have already been mentioned in the article 
on £xidia. Three others are given in the Péxztsao. That 
growing upon Cudranza triloba, # He (Ché-érh), is employed 
in the treatment of diseases of the respiratory organs, especially 
hemoptysis and fetid expectoration. The one growing upon 
Diervilla versicolor '% tg He (Yang-lu-érh), is employed to 
scatter ecchymoses, and has the reputation of rendering the 
blood fluid. The one growing upon Cunninghamia sinensis 
#2 TA (Shan-chtin), is reputed to relieve cardialgia. Still 
another, growing upon Gleditschia chinensis, & 7 B. (Tsao- 
chia-hsin), is of high repute in scattering incipient abscesses 
and in the treatment of diarrhoea due to cold. 

The # ® (Hsiang-hsin) grows upon the Paxlownza, the 
willow, Cztrus fusca, and Hovenia dulcis. It is of two colors; 
the purple being called #4 & (Hsiang-hsin) and the white 
fy # (Jou-hsin). The latter is the fleshy sort, and is probably 
Boletus. ‘They are said to benefit respiration, cure colds, and 
purify the blood. A kind growing upon the pine tree is used 
in the treatment of gonorrhcea. Another mushroom, known 
as $ 7E 36 (Ko-hua-ts‘ai) and $§ #L (Ko-ju), is red in color, 
with a large, fat hymenium. It is used in the treatment of 
excess in wine. A mushroom known as R 7% & (T‘ien-hua- 
hsin) and K 7€ %H (T‘ien-hua-ts‘ai), is fragrant, white in color, 
and is regarded asa finely edible variety. It is considered to 
be respiratory and anthelmintic. Another fleshy mushroom, 
known as # $f @ (Mo-ku-hsin), grows upon the decaying 
wood of the mulberry and the paper-mulberry. It is two or 
three inches long, conical, small at the base and large at the 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 273 


upper extremity, white in color, exceedingly fragile, and 
hollow internally. Owing to its shape, it is commonly called 
SE jit es iy (Chi-t‘ui-mo-ku). ‘This is probably one of the 
Clavariacee, and may be /%siéed/arza. Its medicinal action is 
upon the intestines and stomach, and it is also said to dissolve 
phlegm and benefit respiration. A club-shaped mushroom, 
called $ff }f@ (Chi-tsung) and € jj (Chi-chiin), is found in the 
sandy plains of Yunnan. A similar kind, called F 14 (Lei- 
chiin), comes from Kiangsi. Both of these are used as food, 
eaten with tea or cooked with meat broth. They are thought 
to benefit the stomach, invigorate the spirits, and to cure 
hemorrhoids. A form growing upon the rudders of old sea- 
going ships is called from this fact ffg 3 (To-ts‘ai). It is used 
in the treatment of goitre. 

The poisonous varieties of mushroom go under the names 
+ wW (T‘u-chiin), — @ (T‘u-hsin), #y @ (Ti-hsin) #k F 
(Ku-tzi), $ #€ (Ti-chi), and J §& (Chang-t‘ou). These, 
the more common forms of wild growing mushrooms, or 
toad-stools, are well described in the /éxtsao as to their 
coarser characteristics. Medicinally they are used, after 
having been incinerated, in the treatment of ulcers, scaly 
skin diseases, and foul sores. Another poisonous variety 
is called | 4 (Kuei-pi), on account of its pencil-like form. 
It is also used in the treatment of skin difficulties, especially 
those of a parasitic nature. ‘Two non-poisonous varieties of 
common field mushroom are the §% #§ (Kuei-kai) and $f 2 
(Ti-chin). These are used in the treatment of nervous diseases 
of children. The former is found in yellow and white colors, 
and the latter is ephemeral, coming up in the morning and 
fading by noon. A horn-shaped kind, found growing upon the 
bamboo, or in bamboo groves, is for this reason called fF | 
(Chu-ju) and ff WW (Chu-jou). It is highly esteemed as a 
vegetable and in the treatment of poisonous efluvia. A mush- 
room found growing in ponds and marshes, called ¥% jj (Huan- 
chiin), is very irregular in shape, and was said by one ancient 
observer to be the metamorphosed excrement of the heron, 
and for this reason the first character in the name should be 
written #8 (Huan). It is slightly deleterious, and is therefore 
not used for food. It is esteemed in cardialgia, insect and 


274 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


reptile bites, intestinal worms, favus, and internally as an 
anodyne in colic. A prickly variety, which may be referred to 
flydnum, is found in Szechuan, and is called 43 # (Shu-ko). 
It is non-poisonous, and is used in the treatment of fevers and 
menstrual difficulties. One called $4 HE (Ti-érh) is evidently 
an auriculariaceous form, as is also that called # He (Shih- 
érh). ‘The former is eaten, and is said to brighten the eye, 
benefit respiration, and promote fecundity. The latter is also 
edible, and has all of the good qualities of the % (Chih), being 
also used in the treatment of gravel, and being said to benefit 
virility. It is specially used in hemorrhage from the bowels 
and prolapse of the rectum. While the name of this would 
indicate that it was one of the Auriculariales, the fact that the 
name #@ 7 (Ling-chih), 731, is also given to it might place it 
among the Clavariaceze. It is not fully described, so that there 
is no way in which the matter can be determined except by 
observation of specimens. 


MYLITTA LAPIDESCENS.—# A, (Lei-wan), 699. This 
is one of those growths the nature of which has not yet been 
accurately determined. Some observers consider it to be the 
result of one of the parasitic myxomycetes attacking the 
roots of certain trees, developing in them, and from their sub- 
stance, these tuberous bodies, as is well known in the case of 
Alnus in America. In this case the tuber leads an independ- 
ent, though parasitic, existence. Others regard them to be 
the result of the mycellium of some parasitic fungus penetrat- 
ing the inner bark of the tree-host, and producing from the 
tissues of the root itself and the sap of the tree these bodies. 
In this case the growth is a pathological excrescence. ‘‘ They 
occur in the form of small rounded nodules, varying in weight 
from five grains to nearly a half an ounce. ‘Their exterior 
surface is of a dark brownish-grey color, and generally finely 
corrugated ; their inner substance has a granular appearance, 
is of a pinkish-brown color, and of almost stony hardness. A 
microscopic section shows that the tissue is divided into areole, 
after the manner of that of the truffle and other underground 
fungi.’? They have a slight pedicle attached to one or both 
poles, and are sometimes met with joined together like a roll 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 275 


of imperfectly divided pills. They have little smell or taste, 
as they appear on the Chinese market. Similar substances are 
dug out of the chalk beds of Travancore and Tinnevelly. 
Those produced on the root of the bamboo are called fF 
(Chu-ling). The tubers are said to be produced by the thunder- 
clap metamorphosing the subtile vapors of plants. In the fresh 
state, they are bitter and cooling im taste, and slightly poison- 
ous, and are among the large number of drugs reputed to 
be prophylactic and antifebrile, are said to benefit the male 
but not the female, and if taken for a long time result in im- 
potence. ‘They are recommended in epilepsy, chorea, and 
other nervous affections of children, and are used for pity worms 
and maggots im the flesh. 


MYRICA RUBRA.—#3 # (Yang-mei), Jf, F (Chiu-tzi). 
This tree is likened to Nepfheliwm, and its fruit to that of 
Broussonetia papyrifera or Fragaria. Foreigners call the fruit 
the ‘‘ Chznese strawberry.” .There are three principal varie- 
ties, determined by the color of the fruit—the white, the red, 
and the purple. They are esteemed in the order here given ; 
the purple being considered to be the best. ‘They are sour and 
cooling. in taste, and are sonvetimes: salted or preserved. In 
this form they are considered to be pectoral and quieting to the 
stomach. Taken with wine, they prevent the nausea from 
wine drinking. They are also said to’ be carminative, and 
useful in digestive disturbances, including diarrhcea and dysen- 
tery. The kernels of the seeds are used in sweating feet, and 
the bark of the tree and the root are employed in decoction in 
the treatment of wounds, ulcers, scaly skin diseases, and arseni¢ 
poisoning. 


MYRIOGYNE MINUTA.—% # # (Shih-hu-sui). This 
is a minute plant, growing in the crevices of stones and in 
moist places among rocks: It is also called ] #W # (T‘ien- 
hu-sui). It is not edible, and although it is more or less an 
aquatic plant, geese will not eat it, and for this reason it receives 
the name @ FR KH (B- -pu-shil-ts‘ao): Its medicinal action is 
upon the respiratery passages, including the nose. It cures 
films on the eyes, hemorrhoids, polypus of the nose, and 


276 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


relieves swellings and deafness. It is also recommended in 
malarial fevers. 


MYRIOPHYLLUM.—JK #% (Shui-tsao). Several halora- 
geous avd naiadaceous plants are described in the Péxtsao 
under this term. The larger kind, with leaves like those of 
Perilla, is called by the name-given above. This is ALZyrio- 
phyllum spicatum. Another, with leaves like the Chrysanthe- 
mum coronarium, is called ¥¥ HE (Chii-tsao). In Japan this is 
Ceratophyllum demersum. It is also called 7 #8 (Shui-yiin), 
RB ¥G (Sai-ts‘ao), and 4F & #4 (Niu-wei-ytin). But these are 
probably quite different plants, being referred to Ayrz0phyllum, 
Fippuris, and Zostera. Still another mentioned is & #@ (Ma- 
tsao), which is usually referred to Potamogeton. All of these 
plants are considered to be edible, and are used in medicine ; 
the last named being considered to be the best for this pur- 
pose. ‘The taste is sweet, very cooling, demulcent, and the 
plant is non-poisonous. It is prescribed in fevers, to relieve 
thirst, and in fluxes, especially those of children. Faber also 
identifies 4 WW (Shih-fan) as Myrzophyllum, but the Péxtsao 
describes this. as a seaweed allied to Sargassum, or may be to 
Glyptostrobus. It is used in decoction for the treatment of 
ainenorrhcea. 


MYRISTICA MOSCHATA.—fWY¥ HB # (Jou-tou-k‘ou), 
559, 1314. This Chinese name is that of the muimeg. Ans 
other name is fy 94 (Jou-kuo). Mace is called QW HW ¥E (Jou- 
tou-hua), 560, and py §% 7 (Jou-kuo-hua). It is not produced 
in China, but is brought from countries to the south, where it 
is said to be called 3 #y Hf (Ka-kou-lé). In this the Chinese 
probably confound the nutmeg with the cardamom. The 
nutmegs found in China are usually olive shaped, dry, and 
worm eaten. ‘They are used principally as a warming, car- 
minative and astringent remedy in all sorts of fluxes, especially 
those of children and of the aged. They are very seldom 
employed as a spice. J/ace is used medicinally equally with 
the mutmeg. The Customs Lists speak of fj B #t (Jou-tou- 
kén), 561, which seems to be the root of the tree. This is not 
mentioned in the Péztsao. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 277 


N. 


NANDINA DOMESTICA.—jqy 8 (Nan-chu), BK GB 
(Nan-t‘ien-chu). This is a berberidaceous shrub, with ever- 
green leaves and, in the winter time, beautiful red berries, 
making a good substitute for Christmas holly. The generic 
name is taken from the sound of the first two characters in the 
second name given above. Fortune, from the error of suppos- 
ing that the last character in the Chinese name was ff (Chu), 
translated the supposed name F ff (T‘ien-chu) into ‘‘ Heaven- 
ly banboo,’” a name which the plant still retains among 
foreigners. But this combination of characters is not found 
in the Chinese books. The berries are called #¢ #% (Hou-shu), 
‘“monkey beaus,’’ by the common people, and the plant also 
goes by the name of & fy #8 (Wu-fan-ts‘ao), because the leaves 
are used in preparing a kind of rice congee called & fig (Wu- 
fan) or FF #§ fy (Ch‘ing-ching-fan). The shrub grows on 
the hills, but is’ also cultivated on account of its glossy, 
green leaves and red berries, which are much used as winter 
decorations. Medicinally, the branches and leaves are reputed 
to check discharges, drive away sleepiness, strengthen the 
tendons, benefit the breath, prolong life, prevent hunger, and 
keep off old age. They are also prescribed for colds. The 
seeds, 883, have about the same virtues, and they are said to 
strengthen virility and improve the complexion. The congee 
made with the leaves, as mentioned above, has similar virtues, 
to which are added the nourishing qualities of the rice. 


NARCISSUS TAZETTA.— 3K {i} (Shui-hsien), & 3 g 
™ (Chin-chan-yin-t‘ai). This ‘‘ water-nymph’’ is much cul- 
tivated in China, being found in nearly every home at the 
New Year’s season, growing in specially prepared dishes in 
which the bulbs are set in clean water among clean pebbles 
or shells. The flowers are white or red, with yellow centers, 
and surmount a greenish white stem ; hence the second name, 
“ golden-bowl-silver-stand.’’ ‘They are exceedingly pleasing, 
both on account of their beauty and fragrance. The bulbs 
are used medicinally as a poultice to swellings, and as a 


278 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. | 


demulcent bolus to carry bones out of the cesophagus. The 
flowers are used cosmetically, and are thought to benefit the 
hair. ‘The plant is regarded as a woman’s remedy. 


NARDOSTACHYS JATAMANSI.—This plant, which 
properly belongs to India, is found in the province of Yunnan 
and on the western borders of Szechuan, but whether indigenous 
or transplanted is uncertain. Its product, ff #& 7 (Kan-sung- 
hsiang), or true spzkenard, is found in the medicine shops of 
China. A name for this, taken from a Buddhist book, is 7 7 
w% (K‘u-mi-ch‘é). This is probably a transliteration of some 
Indian name. Spikenard is classed together with lign aloes, 
cloves, sandalwood, and Ag/aza odorata, as one of the five 
odorous plants. ‘The rhizome is used as a deodorant, carmina- 
tive, and stimulant. A decoction is used in various skin affec- 
tions and in the bath to give fragrance to the body. It is 
used in India in hysteria, epilepsy, and other convulsive 
diseases. ‘The root is sometimes confounded with sumbul root. 


NASTURTIUM PALUSTRE.—® ji (Ting-li), see 
Draba nenoralis. 7 Fé (Shui-ch‘in), see Ganthe stolonyera. 


NAUCLEA GAMBIR.—See Uncaria gambir and Acacia 
catechu. 


NELUMBIUM SPECIOSUM.—7yj (Ho), 3€ #@ (Fu-ch ‘i). 
This exceedingly popular and very useful plant has a distinct 
name for its every part. [ts stem is called jij (Ch‘ieh) ; the 
rootlets on the lower part of the stent or at the top of the 
rhizome are called # (Mi); its leaf is called 3 (Hsia) ; its 
flower is called #4 #{ (Haun-t‘ao) ; its fruit jg (Lien); its root 
¥#H (Ou); its seed #§ (Ti); and its caulicle # (1). In some 
parts of the country the flowers are called % # (Fu-jung). 
However, the common names now in use are limited for 
the most part to if 7€ (Lien-hua), 722, for the flower, jij B€ 
(Ho-yeh), 729, for the leaves, and $j (Ow), 923, for the root. 
Such is the arrangement in the Péztsao, which discusses the 
plant under the term i# #§ (Lien-ou). The seeds, called jf 7 
(Lien-shih), 726, and 4 3% -f (Shih-lien-tzt), or more com- 
monly 3 ¥f (Lien-tzti); are usually found iu the hard, dry state, 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 279 


having a black testa and a reddish tegmen. These are removed 
in preparing the seeds for use, and the fleshy cotyledons 
are boiled or ground into flour, and in either case form the 
basis of a very palatable food. The fresh cotyledons are 
also much relished in the raw state by the Chinese, being 
peddled on the streets in their receptacles in the season. 
In any form they are considered to be very nourishing and 
highly beneficial in preserving the body in health and strength. 
They are refreshing, preventive of fluxes, promote the cir- 
culation, strengthen the virility, and ‘‘the more you eat, the 
more you want of them.’? ‘Their use is recommended in 
leucorrhcea and gonorrheea. Although the plant grows amidst 
the filth and slime of ponds, it is considered to be an emblem 
of purity, and for this reason the different parts of the plant 
are thought to purify the body of noxious poisons and evil 
conditions. The seeds must not be confounded with those 
of Cesalpinia minax, which are also called  j# F (Shih- 
lien-tzit), 1153. Li Shih-chén utters this warning, but says 
that he does not know what these latter seeds are. ‘The 
root-stock is jointed and fleshy, and when cut across shows a 
number of cavities in the tissue, concentrically arranged, and 
terminating at the joints, which interrupt them at every foot 
or less of the length of the stock. These are boiled and sold 
in slices on the streets, forming a sweet, mucilaginous food, 
looking like the sweet potato, and very much relished by-the 
Chinese. ‘The joints of the root-stock are considered separately 
under the name of ## @ (Ou-chieh), 923, and are thought to 
be hemostatic in hemoptysis, and also in post-partum hemor- 
rhage, hematuria, and bloody stools. Two kinds of arrow-root 
_are made of the root-stock, one called #§ ## (Ou-fén), 924, from 
the fleshy part, and the other called fj #} (Chieh-fén) from the 
joints. The latter is far the more expensive of the two, and 
is made in the region about Huaian, Kiangsu. ‘The mode of 
manufacture in either case is to crush the root and wash out 
the starch with water. After subsidance, the water is drained 
off and the starch left to dry. ‘The taste of the Ox-fén is 
sweetish and somewhat aromatic. It is considered to be 
nutritious, stomachic, tonic, increasing the mental faculties 
and quieting the spirits, The taste of the Chzeh-fén is some- 


280 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


what bitterish and acrid, and it is thought to have special 
action upon the circulation, and is recommended in hemor- 
thages. ‘The ordinary Ou-fénx is a reddish-white, glistening, 
unctuous powder, making a very tenacious jeHy of a dark 
color when boiled with water. It answers all the purposes of 


the best arrow-root, and is of great value in the treatment of - 


diarrhoea and dysentery. It is given in diseases of the chest, 
and is an important ingredient in the article called = 4 # 
(San-ho-fén), used in the rearing of hand-fed infants. It also 
is a chief ingredient in a nourishing pudding specially prepared 
for the weak and ill-nourished, and called J\ 4) #5 # (Pa- 
hsien-ou-fén). This arrow-root, as found in the shops, is so 
frequently adulterated with leguminous starches that many 
families endeavor to make it for themselves. The caulicle 
of the seeds, called ji 3 (Lien-i) and jf $ sf) (Lien-tzt- 
hsin), 728, is bitter in taste, relieves the sense of thirst after 
hemorrhages, and is used in the treatment of cholera, he- 
moptysis, and spermatorrhcea. The stamens of the flowers, 
called df 35 9% (Lien-jui-hsii), 721, and qh JE $4 (Fo-tso-hsii), 
purify the heart, permeate the kidneys, strengthen the virility, 
blacken the hair, make joyful the countenance, benefit the 
blood, and check hemorrhages. ‘The flowers, 722, are recom- 
mended as a cosmetic application to the face to improve the 
complexion, and it is said that in cases of difficult labor a 
single petal is taken, the father’s literary ‘‘style” is inscribed 
thereon, and then swallowed by the woman, in which case the 
labor will be made easy. The seed pod or receptacle is called 
iff jf: (Lien-fang), 720, or mf € Wk (Lien-p‘éng-fu), 725. After 
the seeds have been removed, it looks something like the nozzle 
of a garden sprinkler. Its medicinal action is regarded as anti- 
hemorrhagic, and it is also employed to promote the expulsion 
of the afterbirth and in watery decoction to counteract the 
poison of deleterious fungi. The leaves, iy #2 (Ho-yeh), re- 
ceive various names according to their age or position. The 
very young ones are calléd ff #% (Ho-ch‘ien), those lying upon 
the water ## fiy (Ou-ho), and those extending above the 
water 3% fiy (Chih-ho). The dried leaves are sold to grocers, 
who use them for wrapping wp some of their goods. The leaf 
stalk is called # £ (Ho-pi). The medicinal virtues of the 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 281 


leaf are considered to be antifebrile, antihemorrhagic, con- 
structive to the blood, promotive of labor and the expulsion of 
the afterbirth, antidotal to poisonous fungi, and useful as an 
application in eruptive fevers and other skin diseases. Some 
of these properties are attributed to the leaf stalk, and it is said 
to have the special quality of quieting the pregnant uterus. 
Two lotus-like flowers, brought from some foreign country, 
and called #L fy j# 76 (Hung-pai-lien-hua), are spoken of in 
the Péntsao. The prolonged use of these drives away old age 
and gives a fine complexion. ‘They may be Nymphee. 


NEPETA GLECHOMA.—#@ 33 #i (Chi-hsiieh-ts‘ao). 
Because this plant has leaves like Chinese copper coin, it is 
also called } $2 Hi (Ti-ch ‘ien-ts‘ao) and j# $8 Ei (Lien-ch ‘ien- 
ts‘ao). On account of its fragrance it is called 49 YF fj (Hu- 
po-ho). It grows in the river valleys of the central and 
northern provinces, and is the well known ground ivy. The 
stalk and leaves of the plant are used in medicine, and their 
chief virtue seems to be that of an antifebrile remedy. They 
are also anodyne, and are prescribed in every form of fever and 
in all sorts of spontaneous pain; including toothache and 
earache. 


NEPHELIUM LAPACUM.—#% F (Shao-tzt). This 
grows in Lingnan, resembles the /zchee, and is esteemed asa 
fruit. It is recommended in severe dysentery and as a warm- 
ing carminative in ‘‘cold’’ dyspepsia. 


NEPHELIUM LITCHLI.—¥% #& (Li-chih), 700, $3 # (Tan- 
li). Many of the sapindaceous plants are poisonous, but the 
Nephelium fruits are an exception, being much esteemed both 
in the fresh and in the dry state. These grow thtoughout 
China, but are only found in their perfection in the southerh 
provinces ; those from Fukien being regarded as the best. The 
fruits are dried in the sun or by artificial heat, and are used 
as a sweetmeat at feasts, and often given as presénts to the 
newly niarried. They are not regarded as entirely without 
deleterious properties; and when the raw fruits are partaken of 
freely they are said to produce féverishness and nosebleed. 


282 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Partaken of in small quantities or in the dried form, they are 
thirst relieving and beneficial to nutrition. But they are 
specially recommended in all forms of gland enlargement and 
tumors. The seeds, 701, are regarded as anodyne, and are 
prescribed in various neuralgic disorders and in orchitis. The 
leathery external tegument of the fruit is used in decoction in 
the distress caused by small-pox eruption, and also in fluxes 
from the bowels. ‘The flowers, bark, and root, 702, are 
employed in decoction in angina and quinsy. 


NEPHELIUM LONGANA.—#é if (Lung-yen). A num- 
ber of other names are given for this plant, which resembles 
the /zchee, but is smaller. On account of this inferiority it is 
called #% #e AL (Li-chih-nu), ‘‘slave of the lichee.’’ Because 
it is supposed to benefit the understanding, it is called # # 
(I-chih), but it must not be confounded with Amomum 
amarum. The fruits are supposed to be counter-poison, 
anthelmintic, and constructive. They act specially upon 
the spleen, improve the mental faculties, and are regarded 
as generally beneficial. The seeds are used in excessive 
perspirations. The flowers, 793, and leaves, 794, are sold 
on the markets, but are not mentioned in the Péztsao. . 


NEPHELIUM Sp.— fe #% (Lung-li). This grows south 
of the Meiling, and as its name implies, resembles both the 
lichee and the /uxgyen. It is slightly poisonous, cannot be 
eaten raw, but is cooked and used as food. If eaten in the 
raw state, it produces a sort of frenzy, and causes one to have 
hallucinations. This shows the narrow line between the 
poisonous and non-poisonous Sapindaceee. 


NEPHRODIUM FILIX MAS.—According to Henry, in 
Hupeh % & 3 (Mao-kuan-chung) is the name for this male- 
fern, as well as for Onoclea orientalis and Woodwardia radt- 
cans. It is not distinguished in the Péztsao from & # (Kuan- 
chung). In Shantung, according to Fauvel, this last name is 
applied to Aspidium jalcatum ; while, according to Franchet, 
in Japan it is applied to Lomaria japonica. Several Chinese 
names are given in the /éz/sao for this plant, among which 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 283 


is A fe Fi (Féng-wei-ts‘ao), or ‘‘ phoenix-tail.’? It is probable 
that a number of species of Aspzazwm, as well as of other ferns, 
is included under these names. ‘The root-stock is gathered 
twice a year, in the second and the eighth moons, and dried 
for use as medicine. Its virtues are considered to be anthel- 
mintic and corrective. It is also used in wounds and hemor- 
thages, such as epistaxis, menorrhagia, and post-partum 
hemorrhage. It is employed in the treatment of the diseases 
of swine. Flowers are spoken of, which would indicate that 
Osmunda is sometimes confounded with this. These so-called 
flowers are employed in foul ulcers, and are said to be pur- 
gative. 


NICOTIANA TABACUM.—}§ Hi (Yen-ts‘a0), f- ¥ 
(Jén-ts‘ao), J HE (Yu [Yen]-ts‘ao). This is one of the evil 
gifts of the new world to the old. It seems to have been 
introduced into China about the year 1620 A.D., and prob- 
ably came by the way of Manila. ‘he plant has no proper 
name in Chinese, being known as }¥ #4 (Yen-ts‘ao), ‘smoke 
weed,” and ¥& © $m (Tan-pa-ku), which is variously writ- 
ten, and which is probably a transliteration of the West 
Indian ¢adacco. There is no evidence to show that the plant 
was known in Mongolia, as claimed by some, although the 
Mongoliaus are said to have smoked the leaves of Lobelia 
inflata, as did some tribes of North American Indians. The 
plant seems to have been first introduced into Fukien, and 
this province has maintained its preéminence in producing 
the kinds which find the most favor with smokers. It is 
now grown in almost every part of the empire, and almost as 
many species and varieties are found in China as in America, 
although the Chinese do not use the care in cultivating, curing, 
preserving, and manufacturing the products as is the case in 
America and other countries where it is grown. Various 
qualities are indicated by such terms as # gg (Kai-lu), pa i 
(T‘ou-huang), = 3% (Erh-huang), and the like. These refer to 
the time and effects of curing. Little care is taken by the 
Chinese to preserve the leaf from dampness, as it is usually 
shipped in open boats, only covered with matting, or thatched 
over with straw. Consequently it loses much of its favor and 


284 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


strength, and often becomes mouldy. The prepared tobacco, 
as formerly almost universally smoked by the Chinese, was 
called 4 $% #4 (Chin-ssiti-yen), and was manufactured by 
tightly packing the leaves with yellow ochre between, and 
cutting into fine threads with planes. Tobacco is considered 
by the Chinese to be antimalarial, and to increase this effect, 
arsenic is sometimes mixed with the leaves before cutting. 
The deleterious effects of tobacco are fully recognised by the 
Chinese. #€ Jit #8 ff. (Hao-fei-sun-hsiieh), ‘‘ wasting the lungs 
and injuring the blood,’’ are the unequivocal terms in which 
they describe its evil effects. Another author uses $f jf) (Sun- 
hsin), ‘‘injuring the heart,’? which certainly describes the 
effect well known to Western observers. It is also said to JH @ 
(Sun-jung), ‘‘injure the features,’? referring to the sallowness 
and dry skin produced in excessive smokers. In addition to its 
use as a prophylactic to malaria, its decoction or oil is used to 
destroy insects, in parasitic skin diseases, and the prepared 
tobacco is used to staunch the flow of blood in wounds in the 
same way as “‘ fine cut?’ is sometimes used in the rural districts 
of America. #9 t¢ 2 (Hu-hnang-lien) with tea, or the Chinese 
black sugar, are regarded as antidotes to the poison of tobacco. 

The flower stalk of the tobacco plant, {§] § (Yen-kén), is 
considered to be more poisonous than the leaves. It is said to 
be used for stupefying fish. For this purpose it is chopped 
fine and bruised together with green walnut hulls and thrown 
into the pond, when the large fish will be stupefied by it, the 
small ones will be killed, as will also all shrimps, turtles, 
‘sttell-fish, and other animal life found in the pond ; and the 
author goes on to say that although it thus shows itself to be 
deadly poisonous, yet men prepare it for smoking! ‘The 
powdered tobacco leaf is recommended as an insufflation in 
nasal catarrh (NS ifs, Nao-lou). This disease is said to be pro- 
duced in some people who smoke what is known as fj 7£ 1 
(Lan-hua- yen), which is made by adding Lwpatorium seeds to 
the tobacco, in order to give it fragrance. The expressed juice 
of the fresh leaves is combined with pine resin, and the vapor 
inhaled to benefit the blood vessels in defective circulation. 
The bruised leaves are also applied in snake bite, and the 
dried leaves sometimes put into beds, or burned under the bed, 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 285 


to drive away Cimex lectulariws and his progeny. An old 
tobacco pipe stem, #4 #$ (Yen-kan), and the deposit in its 
interior, 1 #2 wh (Yen-kan-yu), are regarded as sovereign 
remedies for the bite of venomous snakes. One that has been 
in use at least forty years is considered the best, especially if 
it was smoked by a man rather than a woman. ‘The remedy 
is both administered internally and applied locally. It is also 
used in menorrhagia. The substance from the interior of pipe 
stems, as well as the water from a water-pipe, goes by the 
names }] 3% (Yen-kao) and { wh (Yen-yu). It it said to be 
the emanation of the five elements (water, fire, wood, metal, 
earth) developed in the process of smoking, and is therefore 
sometimes called FL #7 Ff (Wu-hsing-tan). It is used to kill 
insects, to cure parasitic skin diseases, snake and centipede 
bites, and the like. It is also sometimes secured from the 
metal tops of ordinary pipes, 

SNuFF, & 1 (Pi-yen), was formerly quite extensively used, 
but, as in Western countries, has largely fallen into disuse. 
A few officials and wealthy people still employ it, but seem to 
do so rather to make an exhibition of their costly snuff bottles. 
The collection of these snuff bottles, which are made of jade, 
lapis lazuli, chrysoprase, and other precious stones, in many 
artistic and beautiful designs, has become a hobby with pur- 
chasers of bric-A-brac. Snuff-rubbing, as formerly practiced 
in some parts of America, does not seem to have ever gained a 
foothold in China. Foreign snuff was introduced through 
Macao, and was considered to be superior to the native product. 
This latter was composed of Angelica anomala, Asarum ste- 
boldi, Gleditschia officinalis, Mentha arvensis, Baroos camphor, 
and prepared tobacco (iJ #%). ‘The water tobacco 7K JM (Shui- 
yen) comes from Lanchou in Kansu, is also called #§ $% (Hsi- 
yi), and is highly esteemed as a tussic remedy, and also in the 
treatment of snake and scorpion bites. It is probable that 
this is Lobedia, rather than Nzcotzana, as the leaves are likened 
to those of £rzobotrya paponicea. 

The use of tobacco has undergone considerable change in 
China within the last few years. Formerly it was smoked in 
small quantities at a time, and almost universally with a water 
pipe or a long-stemmed bamboo pipe, either of which reduced 


286 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


the absorption of nicotine by the lungs to a minimum. But 
since foreigners have become so largely identified with the 
tobacco trade, the use of cigars, and especially of cigarettes, 
has not only largely driven out the former and less deleterious 
methods of consumption, but has also vastly increased the per 
capita amount of tobacco consumed. The modern Chinese 
student, clerk, or coolie is seldom seen without a ‘coffin 
nail” between his lips, almost uniformly inhaling the smoke 
and blowing it out through his nostrils. If this manner of 
consumption goes on at its present increasing rate, the Chinese 
people will soon demonstrate to the world whether or not 
nicotine has any specially deleterious effects on the race. This. 
will be especially true in this case, since the women use cigar- 
ettes almost as freely as the men, and youths and even small 
children of both sexes are frequent consumers. 


NITRARIA SCHOBERI.—Under the title #j #@ (Kou- 
chi), Li Shih-chén describes a globular, red, edible berry, 
which he says grows in Kansu. It is certainly not Lyczum, as 
this is not edible. It seems to correspond to a plant described 
by Przewalski, the Nz¢érarza schroberz of the order of Zygophyl- 
lee, the berries of which form an important article of diet to 
the Mongols and Tangus of Gobi, Ordos, and Tsaidam. The 
name of the plant in Mongolian is sharmyk. It is a crooked 
shrub, having dense foliage and small thick leaves. It blooms 
profusely in May, the flowers being small and white. These 
are followed by the fruit, which consists of small, dark-red 
berries, ripening in August and remaining on the tree until 
late in the autumn. The people collect these berries on the 
twigs when fully ripe and put them away for winter use. 
They are soaked and boiled in water to soften them, and eaten 
together with barley meal. The water in which the berries 
have been boiled is also used as a drink. Bears, wolves, foxes, 
and birds also feed on the berries. Their medicinal properties, 
if any, can scarcely be the same as those of Lyczum. 


NOTHOSMYRNIUM JAPONICUM.—# 7 (Kao-pén), 
589. Henry says that in Hupeh the drug is derived from 
Ligusticum stnense. 'The root is said to resemble that of 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 287 


Conioselinum univittatum, but is lighter and less juicy. The 
plant has small, bipinnate, entire leaves. As found in the 
shops, the roots are yellowish-brown, branched and nodulated, 
with small rootlets and portions of the stem attached to them. 
They have a sweetish and somewhat acrid flavor. Stimulant, 
antispasmodic, arthritic, deobstruant, alterative, and resolvent 
properties are attributed to the drug. It is especially recom- 
mended for women, and is also employed in congestive affections 
of the skin. It is added to cosmetic preparations, both on 
account of its good influence on the skin and of its fragrance. 
The seeds are employed in rheumatic affections of the extrem- 
ities as a resolvent. 


NUPHAR JAPONICUM.—#§ 3€ 4 (P‘ing-p‘éng-ts‘ao). 
This is also called 7k 3£ (Shui-su), ‘‘ water millet,’’ on account 
of the resemblance of its seeds. It grows in the southern 
provinces in marshes and ponds, the leaves resembling those 
of Limnanthemum nymphoides. It bears yellow flowers, and 
has a root-stock like that of the lotus, which in famine years 
is eaten. Its seeds ate borne in a capsule about two inches 
long, and they resemble poppy seeds. ‘They are also edible, 
and are made use of by the people living in the marshy country 
in which the plant grows. The flavor of the root is compared 
to that of the chestnut, and for this reason the plant is some- 
times called 7 Bi - (Shui-li-tzti). The king of Ch‘u ferried 
the river and found the fruit of the #f£ (P‘ing), large as a peck 
measure, red like the sun, and sweet as honey to the taste. 
This quotation from the Book of History is supposed to refer to 
this plant. The seeds are supposed to benefit the spleen and 
intestines and to satisfy hunger. The root is regarded as 
constructive and tonic, benefits the digestive organs, and in- 
creases the bodily strength. 


NYCTANTHES ARBOR TRISTIS.—&S 7§ (Nai-hua), 
£0 5K #J (Hung-mo-li). This is the ‘‘ z2ght-blooming jasmine”? 
or musk flower of Eastern India. It is called hurszughar in 
India, and is used both in China and in India as a red dye and 
as an ornament. It is not distinguished in the Pénxtsao from 
Jasminum sambac. 


288 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


NYMPHAA TETRAGONA.—fif ji (Shui-lien). This 
is spoken of in the /éntsao under the article on Nuphar 
japonicum. Its leaves resemble those of Lzmuanthemum nymph- 
otdes, but are larger. Its flowers spread above the leaves, and 
during the summer open during the day, closing at night and 
withdrawing beneath the water, to appear with daylight the 
following morning, It is not distinguished medicinally from 
Nuphar. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 289 


O. 


OCIMUM BASILICUM.—£g i (Lo-lé), % 3% (Hsiang- 
ts‘ai), 426. ‘The common name at Peking is # HR (Ai-k‘ang). 
Because it is used in the treatment of opacity of the cornea it 
is called @ - ¥4 (I-tzii-ts‘a0). The plant is found every- 
where. The /ézdsao distinguishes three varieties: one resem- 
bling Perilla ocymordes, and one has large leaves and is very 
fragrant, its perfume carrying to a distance of twenty paces, 
and the third can be used asa vegetable. The plant is recom- 
mended to be extensively sown in gardens to overcome the 
bad odors due to the use of fertilizers. Peptic and carminative 
properties are ascribed to it, and the decoction is used as a wash 
for ulcers. It is prescribed in vomiting, hiccough, and polypus 
of the nose. The seeds are specially prescribed in diseases of 
the eyes, are said to remove films and opacities, and to soothe 
pain and inflammation. They are also recommended for rodent 
ulcer (32 5 F 3, Tsou-ma-ya-kan). ‘The Customs Lists give 
Ju fe 3& (Chiu-ts‘éng-t‘a) as a term for Oczmum, but this has 
not been found in the Chinese books. 


CECGHOCLADES FALCATA.—}i §§ (Féng-lan), FB ig 
(Tiao-lan), This orchidaceous plant grows suspended from 
rocks in mountain gorges of the southern provinces. It 
resembles Dendrobium, and has been confounded with it. 
Faber calls it Angrecum falcatum. It has a drooping stem 
and leaves, and the latter are flat and two or more inches in 
length. When once rolled up they do not open again, ‘The 
people place the plant in bamboo baskets and suspend these 
from the eaves of the house, where it grows and blossoms, 
drawing its nourishment from the air. It is said that if this is 
suspended in the room in which a woman.is going through 
parturition, the labor will be hastened. 


GENANTHE STOLONIFERA.— 7K #f (Shui-chin). The 
name is commonly written Jt # (Shui-ch‘in). It is described 
in the Péntsao under the title 7 BF (K‘u-chin). Other names 
are Ff 3 (Ch‘in-ts‘ai), 7 3e (Shui-ying), and 4 3 (Ch‘u- 


290 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


k‘uei). There are two kinds: the white, of which the root is 
used in medicine, and the red, of which the leaves and stem 
are eaten, either pickled or in the fresh state. This is an 
umbelliferous plant, much resembling celery. While the 
white varieties are most commonly eaten, some of the red 
kinds are considered to be non-poisonous. Caution has to be 
used, however, as in the case of the red varieties of celery, 
because these are often deleterious, resembling water hemlock. 
The properties of the drug are considered to be cooling, 
strengthening, hemostatic, and antivinous. It is prescribed 
in choleraic affections of children, urinary difficulties, colds, 
and hematuria. ‘The seeds are recommended in plethora. 
Under the article on Ranunculus scleratus is also men- 
tioned jf #2 (Shui-chin). The characters #8, #f, and j£ are 
used more or less interchangeably, and serve to confound 
Cnanthe, Nasturtium, Aconitum, Ranunculus, and other 
genera. However, @zanthe is most commonly referred to 
when the character 7\¢ is prefixed to either of the three char- 
acters. In the article to which reference is here made the 
plant is recommended to be bruised and applied to horse 
bites, snake bites, scorpion bites, and cancerous swellings. 
Administered internally, it has the reputation of causing resolu- 
tion in scrofulous swellings, curing choleraic affections, and 
the like. It is said to be emetic if taken in large quantities. 


OINTMENTS.—Aside from the very much overworked 
term # (Kao), the Chinese have no term for ointment as that 
is understood in the West. Foreign physicians have prefixed 
the characters # (Mo) or #€ (Ch‘a), ‘‘to rub on,’’ “‘to smear,” 
in attempting to distinguish an ointment from an extract or 
plaster. A better character would be # (T‘u), as that is the 
one universally used in Chinese medical works to indicate the 
smearing on the skin of unctuous remedies. The most com- 
mon vehicle for applying drugs to the skin is the #& yf 
(Hsiang-yu), ‘‘fragrant-oil,” or sesamum-seed oil. Lard comes 
next, and it is often mixed with vegetable wax, beeswax, or 
white (insect) wax. Pomades and cosmetic applications are 
many, and are called WH & (Yén-chih). While there are few 
formule of ointments in the Chinese books, unctuous applica- 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 291 


' tions to the skin are very extensively used, although a favor- 
ite way of treating skin diseases among the Chinese is the 
medicated bath. One or two special ointments are mentioned 
among the Plasters (which article see). 


OLEA AQUIFOLIA.—Faber gives #y  (Kou-ku) for 
this, but in China Kou-ku seems to be /éex cornuta (which see). 


OLIBANUM.—}E fi # (Hsun-lu-hsiang), FL # (Ju- 


hsiang). See Boswellia. 


ONOCLEA ORIENTALIS.—This is one of the ferns 
confounded under the name & #€ (Kuan-chung). See Wephro- 
dium filix mas. 


OPHIOPOGON SPICATUS.—2# FY & (Mai-mén-tung), 
816. Two species are described, one with large leaves, which 
is this, and the other with small leaves, which is Ophzopogon 
japonica. A large number of names are given for this plant, 
most of which refer to the similarity of its leaves to those of 
Allium odorum. ‘The plant bears blue, globular berries in 
winter. The root is the part used in medicine, and as it 
appears in the drug stores, consists of shrivelled, pale yellow, 
soft, flexible tubers, from one inch to an inch and a half long, 
tapering at either end and traversed by a central thread-like 
cord. ‘The taste is sweet and aromatic, and the smeil agree- 
able. It is non-poisonous and is edible. ‘The plant is specially 
cultivated in the province of Chekiang. ‘The drug has some 
of the properties of sgzz//, for which it may be used as a sub- 
stitute. It is supposed to benefit the dual principles, and is 
therefore tonic and aphrodisiac, promoting fertility. It assists 
the memory and promotes the secretion of milk. It is con- 
sidered as one of the very important remedies. 


OPUNTIA FICUS.—{] A & (Hsien-jén-chang). This 
“fairy palm” is the well known cactus of the plains. It is 
found in the wilds of Szechuan and Hupeh. It is prescribed, 
together with licorice, in piles and diarrhoea, and is dried, 
powdered, and mixed with oil to be applied to favus in 
children. 


292 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


ORITHIA EDULIS.—|ly 2% 4 (Shan-tzii-ku), 4& 
(Chin-téng). This plant grows in moist places in mountain 
valleys, and resembles Sagzttarza. It is valued for its flowers, 
of which there are white, red, and yellow varieties. The 
small, shrunken, horny, irregularly ovate bulbs of the plant, 
with a mass of fibrous, tangled rootlets attached to each bulb, 
are sometimes called % %¢ (Mao-k‘o). The hairy rootlets are 
detached from the bulb before the latter is used in medicine. 
Slightly deleterious properties are attributed to the drug, and 
it is used by military doctors in the treatment of strumous 
diseases, specific diseases of the blood, carbuncles, injuries, 
hydrophobia, and any disease requiring the exhibition of 
alteratives. It enters into the composition of a famous \nos- 
trum prepared by the Chinese, called the ‘‘ Universal Counter- 
poison’? (BY 33 2 $$ 4L, Wan-ping-chieh-tu-wan). The leaves 
are used externally as an application to buboes, abscesses, and 
diseases of the breast. The flowers are said to be efficacious 
in urinary disorders. This is the same as 7ulipa graminzfolia. 


ORIXA JAPONICA.—%# {ly (Ch‘ang-shan), 30. Also 
called 4 ¥% (Shu-ch‘i), ‘‘ Szechuan varnish,’’ ## [ly (Hén- 
shan), and W ¥i (Hu-ts‘ao). The /éztsao classifies this plant 
among the poisonous drugs (3 Wi #4, Tu-ts‘ao-lei), and says 
that it comes from the provinces of Szechuan and Yunnan, and 
especially from Chentehfu in the former province, where it 
grows in the mountain ravines. It is also found in the forests 
of the Yangtse hills. It is described as having a round, 
pointed stalk, and being not over three or four feet high, with 
opposite leaves shaped like the tea-leaf. In the second month 
appears a white flower with green carpels, and in the fifth 
month a fruit, green and round, and with three seeds in each 
receptacle. The dried leaves have a greenish-white color 
when they are fit for use, but if they turn black they are 
spoiled. The leaves are collected in the fifth or sixth month. 
One author says that the Szechuan varnish is the stalk of the 
plant, and that it is gathered in the eighth or ninth month. 
This plant is also said to be brought from ‘‘ Hainan,’’ which 
probably means Cochiu-China and other places in the south. 
The only places from which it is reported as coming in 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 293 


the Customs lists of 1885 are Canton and Hankow, and the 
following record is found: ‘‘Several plants supply drugs of 
this name, which are used as febrifuges, as Dechroa febrifuga, 
Lour, Hydrangea sp., and an unknown herbaceous plant.”’ 
By referring to Loureiro’s list, we find a plant, the name of 
which Romanized according to the Cantonese dialect is cham 
chan (the Chinese characters are lacking), but which presum- 
ably is this same plant, and is called by him Dzychroa 
febrifuga. As VLoureiro’s work was wholly done in Cochin- 
China, the plant he thus identifies is presumably indigenous to 
that country. Whether it is the same as the Szechuan plant 
described by the Péxtsao remains to be determined. ‘Tatarinov 
makes Ch‘ang-shan to be Lystmachia, and +. ¥% {lf (T‘u-ch ‘ang- 
shan) is also a Hydrangea. In addition to the leaves and 
stalk, the shoot and roots are used in medicine. The drug is 
steeped in a decoction of licorice root to correct its nauseant 
properties. The tincture, or the dessicated drug, is not 
strongly emetic, but if prepared with vinegar its emetic proper- 
ties are increased. All forms of the drug are used in fevers, 
specially those of malarial origin. There is no form of this 
latter disease for which it is not recommended. The leaves 
are used in goitre. 


OROBANCHE AMMOPHYLA.—W %€ & (Jou-tsung- 
jung), 1359. Zsung-jung is a name of several orobancaceous 
plants. Another variety, or possibly species, of the one under 
consideration, is called #i #% # (Ts‘ao-tsung-jung) or i 
(Lieh-tang). The ancients thought that this plant sprang up 
from the semen dropped on the ground by wild stallions, 
somewhat similar to the supposed origin of Salenophera, 
another orobancaceous plant. ‘The growing plant is scaly, has 
a scaly root, and both the root and stalk have the appearance 
of flesh, from which fact it receives its name. Both the plant 
and root are eaten either raw or cooked with meat. The root 
is salted, or dried in the sun, for use as medicine. It is first 
cleaned, soaked in wine, and the central fibres rejected. 
These latter are considered to be deleterious. Its virtues seem 
to be tonic in all of the wasting diseases and injuries, as well 
as aphrodisiac, promoting fertility in women and curing 


204 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


impotence in men. It is used in spermatorrhcea, menstrual 
difficulties, gonorrhoea, and all forms of difficulties of the 
genital organs. The ZLzeh-tang has similar virtues, but is 
specially recommended in impotence. 


ORYZA SATIVA.—#} (Tao), #F (Tu), #8 (No), 
(Kéng), fil (Hsien). These characters and several others 
are used in the classics and other ancient works for race. 
Originally, Zao was equivalent to Mo, and was used for the 
glutinous variety, while Aézg referred to the non-glutinous 
variety. At present Zao is a general term for rice and 
includes both kinds, but refers for the most part to the 
non-glutinous, while the glutinous is known only as Wo. 
Kéng is also written #7@ (Kéng). F&F (T‘u) is a very old 
name, and is no longer in use. The common name now 
in use is # (Mi), which refers more particularly to the hulled 
rice. In fact, every stage in the growth and preparation of 
rice gives it a distinctive name. The young shoots are called 
Fi (Yang), that growing in the field is called fj (Tao), the 
unhulled rice is called ## (Kéng), the hulled rice is called 
(Mi), the hulls are called #% (K‘ang), the cooked rice is called 
fj (Fan), and the rice congee is called if (Chou). The gluti- 
nous rice is described in the Péztsao under the term #§ (Tao). 
It may be used for distilling spirits (j§), for pastry (#8), for 
sweet-meats (#4), for dumplings (f£), and as puffed-rice }> 3. 
All these are quite common uses of the Mo-mz. The dump- 
lings, under the name of #2 -F (Tsung-tzti), are made at the 
time of the Fifth Moon Feast and consumed in large quantities, 
They are also made of glutinous millet, and sometimes are 
stuffed with meat or sweet-meats. The puffed or parched rice 
is sold at all times of the year, and is largely consumed by 
children and persons of weak digestion. It also serves as a 
foundation for candy balls, which are made by sweet-meat 
makers, and which vary in size from that of a marble to balls 
a foot or more in diameter. A sticky confection is also made 
of this rice and sold by street vendors in strips or cakes. The 
rice is considered too heating as a constant article of diet, and 
it is said to produce paralytic symptoms in men, cats, dogs, 
and horses, if consumed for some time (beri-beri?). It is consid- 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 295 


ered to be constipating, and therefore is recommended to be 
used in diarrhoeas. Cakes made of this rice and fried in camel’s 
fat are used for hemorrhoids. ‘The congee is used in fevers as 
a diuretic, and both internally and externally as a demulcent. 
The Chinese often heat the water in which the rice is to 
be scoured, and after. thorough washing the water is called 
3% jit (Mi-kan). This is considered cooling as a drink, is 
administered in fluxes from the bowels, and used to wash foul 
sores. The rice flowers, ## {§ 7€ (No-tao-hua) are dried and 
used as a dentifrice and cosmetic. The root, ## #§ #L (No- 
tao-kén), 912, is not mentioned in the Péztsao. ‘The green 
culm or stalk is recommended in biliousness, and the ash of 
the straw is used in the treatment of wounds and discharges. 
The awns (@ 7, Ku-ying) are also recommended in jaundice. 
The ashes of the hulls are used to clean discolored teeth. 

The non-glutinous kind is described under the title f# 
(Kéng). ‘There are two varieties : the 7[¢ 7€ (Shui-mi) and the 
& X (Han-mi), or the water-grown and the upland varieties. 
The former is by far the more common. The Chinese regard 
rice as the best food, and their term for the prepared article, f 
(Fan), has about the same signification that the word ‘‘bread’’ 
had to English-speaking people of the time of King Jamies ; 
that is, a term signifying food in general. Their estimate is 

very nearly correct, as rice is the one cereal which comes 
‘nearest having all the elements necessary to sustain life. It 
is said to benefit the breath, remove anxiety and thirst, check 
discharges, warm the viscera, harmonize the gases of the 
stomach, and cause the growth of flesh. If taken in the form 
of congee, together with Euryale ferox, it will benefit the 
vital principle, strengthen the will, clarify the hearing, and 
brighten the eye. If one constantly eats the dry cooked rice, 
he will not have hiccough. The second water in which non- 
glutinous rice is scoured is called jf ™ jH (Hsi-é@rh-kan) and 
XK 7 (Mi-shén), and is regarded as cooling to the blood and 
diuretic. It is given in hematemesis, epistaxis, and in cases in 
which medicine has been taken in excessive doses. Parched 
rice broth, ~> 4 #& (Ch‘ao-mi-t‘ang), benefits the stomach and 
drives away the vicious humor produced by eating too inuch 
farinaceous food; but if the element of fire is not driven out of 


296 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


the preparation, it will produce thirst. ‘The rust sometimes 
found growing on the ears of rice, called #8 #% 4y (Kéng-ku- 
nu), is administered in acute paralysis of the fauces. The 
lixiviated ash of rice straw, 7 #8 (Ho-kan), is used as an 
antidote in arsenical poisoning. 

Another sort of rice is described under the term fj (Hsien). 
It was brought trom Cochin-China (-4 $ ff) by the Fukienese, 
and is therefore called py #§ (Chan-tao). It is an upland rice, 
and as it ripens earlier than other varieties it is called Ft #g 
(Tsao-tao). Its qualities are the same as the ordinary rice. 
The lixiviated ash of the straw is used in nausea and to destroy 
stomach worms. ‘The Chinese dry boiled rice in the sun and 
then grind it into flour, called 3€ # (Mi-fén). This is used 
for making gruel to feed dry-nursed infants and invalids. 
It also makes an exceilent poultice. (For malted rice see Malt, 
and for Cougee see that article in the Addenda.) 


OSMANTHUS FRAGRANS.— #E (Yén-kuei), HR # 
(Mu-hsi). This tree grows on cliffs; hence the first name. It 
is spoken of in the /é@ztsao at the close of the article on 
cinnamon, where it is said that there are three varieties: one 
with white flowers, called 9% #E (Yin-kuei), one with yellow 
flowers, called 4¢ #£ (Chin-kuei), and one with red flowers, 
called J} #E (Tan-kuei). ‘There are some varieties that flower 
in the autumn, some in the spring, some each season, and some ~ 
monthly. The bark of the tree is thin, has not the properties 
of true cinnamon, and is not used in medicine. The flowers 
are very fragrant, are employed for scenting tea and wine, and 
an oil is distilled from them, called RE 7é jf (Kuei-hua-yu), 
662. This tree is much cultivated in China for its fragrant 
flowers, which appear in great profusion in the axils of the 
leaves. These are used semi-medicinally as a flavor for other 
medicines, to disguise foul odors, as a tussic remedy, and in 
cosmetic preparations for the hair and skin. ‘The plant is the 
same as the Olea fragrans of Thunberg. 


OSMUNDA REGALIS.—#% (Wei). This is a Japanese 
identification, but without doubt the same term is sometimes 
applied to this fern in China. However, the plant described 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 297 


in the Péntsao under this title is a leguminous one, probably 
Vicia gigantea or Lathyrus maritimus. But in the same 
article the character is made to refer to i #¢ (Mi-chiteh), which 
under the article on $f (Chiteh), Prerds aguilina, is described 
as a ‘‘flowering’’ fern, thus evidently referring to Osmunda. 
But it is not distinguished medicinally from //erzs. 


OXALIS CORNICULATA.—jif 4% (Tso-chiang), Ge 
(Suan-chiang), 1204, sv BE 3€ (Hsiao-suan-ts’ai). This well 
known small plant, with its ternate, sour leaves is found in all 
parts of China, Children like to eat the young fresh leaves. 
In the fourth moon it bears a small, yellow fower. It 
is confounded with Rumex japonicus. Cooling; anthelmintic, 
emmenagogue, diuretic, lithontriptic, astringent, and styptic 
qualities are referred to the plant, and the juice is held to be 
antidotal to mercurial and arsenical poisoning, as well as bene- 
ficial when applied to burns, insect and scorpion bites, and 
eruptions. 


298 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


|g 


PACHYMA COCOS.—# 4 (Fu-ling), 332. This is a 
fungus growth upon the roots of fir trees, and is used by- 
the Chinese both as a food and medicine. It is met with 
in the form of large tubers, having a corrugated, blackish- 
brown skin, and consisting internally of a hard, starchy sub- 
stance of a white color, but sometimes tinged with pale- 
red or brown, especially towards the outside. The tuber is 
sometimes perforated by an irregular channel lined with 
red membrane, marking its attachment to the root. ‘The 
tubers vary in size from that of a fist to that of a peck 
measure. The smaller ones, and especially those which cling 
to the root, are called ff ji (Fu-shén). They are met with 
on the sites of old fir plantations, or actually connected with 
living fir trees. The Chinese suppose these tubers to be pro- 
duced either from the metamorphosed resin of the fir tree, or 
from the spurious vapors of the tree. They do not easily 
decay, and are said to be found unchanged after lying in 
the ground for a period of thirty years. The Chinese con- 
found them with the genuine root of the Syzlax pseudo- 
China, and the two substances are exported to India or else- 
where as China-root. "The hardest and whitest is the best. 
The substance probably consists largely of pectine, and is 
free from smell or taste. A similar substance is found in 
Japan and in America, in which latter country it is called 
Indian-bread. In China it is ground up, mixed with rice 
flour, and made into small square cakes, which are sold hot 
by hawkers on the streets of most cities in the Central prov- 
inces. Medicinally, it is considered to be peptic, nutrient, 
diuretic, and quieting, especially in the nervous disorders of 
children. It is prescribed in wasting diseases. The red 
variety is specially recommended in diarrhceas and disorders 
of the bladder, while the skin of the tuber, 333, is considered 
useful as a diuretic in dropsy. ‘The smaller and younger 
varieties, {% ji! (Fu-shén), are considered to be superior as a 
nerve tonic and sedative to those which are older and larger. 
The portion of the root of the fir tree which is encircled by 


Tg: 


s 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 299 


these growths is called ji} 7k (Shén-mu), and is prescribed in 
contractions of the tendons and convulsive disorders. (See 
articles on Smzlax and Fungi.) 


te acters THUNBERGIANUS.—% (Ko), 599. 
This is a wild growing creeper, of the order of Leguminose, 
furnishing a textile fiber of which a kind of cloth is made. 
The cloth somewhat resembles in texture that made from 
Behmeria nivea, and is also called grass-cloth. The Chinese 
name for this cloth is $§ 7 (Ko-pu) or H 7 (Kung-pu), and 
it is of a yellow color, very fine and durable, and is much 
prized by the Chinese as a summer cloth. The root of the 
plant, 600, 601, is used both as food and medicine, although 
that portion which is above the ground is considered to be 
somewhat poisonous, having emetic properties. The plant is 
much cultivated both on account of its textile fiber and of its 
root. ‘The latter is considered to be thirst-relieving, antifebrile, 
anti-emetic, and counter-poisonous. It is prescribed in colds, 
fevers, influenza, dysentery, snake and insect bites, and to 
counteract the effects of croton oil and other poisonous drugs. 
Externally, it is applied in dog bites. The seeds, 3 #% (Ko- 
ku), are prescribed in adults for dysentery aud in alcoholic 
excess. The flowers are also prescribed in the latter difficulty. 
The leaves are applied in wounds as a styptic. ‘The shoots 
are used in insufficient secretion of milk, as an application in 
incipient boils, and in aphthous sore mouth in children. 
Every part of the plant is also used in the treatment of skin 


rashes. ‘The root is made into an arrowroot-like preparation 
called $5 #} (Ko-fén). 


PAIDERIA FCITIDA.—%& F (Nii-ch‘ing). This plant 
is also called # #{ (Ch‘iao-piao), “sparrow’s calabash ;’’ the 
latter character indicating the shape of the fruit, and the 
former its small size, which is about that of ajujube. ‘The 
stem and leaves have an offensive odor. ‘To the root is ascribed 
remarkable virtues in driving away the Aw poison, expelling 
foul gases, destroying evil demons, and curing ague. It is 
used in virulent epidemics, and is said to restore to life those 
who are already in articulo mortis. 


300 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


PHONIA ALBIFLORA.—4j #% (Shao-yao), 143, 1112, 
959. Properly speaking this Chinese name is generic ; there 
being two kinds described in the Péxztsao: one with white 
flowers called 4 4j #% (Chin-shao-yao), which is Peonta albi- 
flora and the other with red flowers called 7t 2j #% (Mu-shao- 
yao), which may be Ponta officinalis in some cases, while in 
others it is confounded with Peonta moutan. ‘The plant is 
found growing wild in Anhui and Honan, as well as in Sze- 
chuan. It is also cultivated in Kiangsu for its root, which is 
used in medicine. It is a drug much prized by Chinese doctors, 
who use it as a tonic, alterative, astringent, and general remedy 
in diseases of women. As found in the shops, it is in hard, 
heavy pieces, tapering, of the size of the thumb or middle 
finger, and from four to six inches long. It is of a pinkish- 
white color on the outside, and marked with scars and tuber- 
cles, and is whitish, or brownish, and semitranslucent in the 
interior. It is said to be anodyne, diuretic, and carminative. 
It is specially recommended in the diseases of pregnancy and 
all forms of puerperal difficulty. It has also special action 
upon the spleen, liver, stomach, and intestines, and is pre- 
scribed in nosebleed, wounds, and other hemorrhages. 


PHONIA MOUTAN.—# J} (Mou-tan). This is known 
as the ¢ree Peony, and is also called #§ FE (Hua-wang), ‘‘the 
king of flowers,’? and f fj 4 (Pai-liang-chin), ‘‘a hundred 
ounces of gold.’? This latter name is given on account of the 
value in which the Chinese hold this exceedingly popular flower. 
It is a plant which is always discussed at length in all Chinese 
works on botany ; more than-thirty varieties being described. 
By long care, the plant has been rendered suffructicose. It is 
grown in Szechuan, where it seems to have been indigenous, 
but it has been cultivated for such a long period that the wild 
variety is no lenger valued. During the Han dynasty, Lo- 
yang in Honan was famous for its moztan flowers. The bark 
of the root, 857, 1245, is the part used in medicine, and is met 
with in quills three or four inches long, dark brown on the 
outside, and of a purplish color on the inside and on the broken 
surface. It has a warm flavor and but little smell. It is pre- 
scribed in fevers, colds, nervous disorders, hemorrhages, head- 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 301 


aches, and menstrual difficulties. Its prolonged use is supposed 
to give vigor to the body and to lengthen life. The root of this 
peony, J} Hi (Tan-kén), 1242, and the small rootlets, J} 3% 
(Tan-hsii), 1241, are mentioned in the Customs list, but do not 
appear in the Pézz¢sao. 


PALIURUS RAMOSISSIMUS.— } (Pai-chi). This 
is a rhamnaceous shrub, found in the south of China growing 
to the height of three or four feet. The wood of its stem is 
very white, which distinguishes it from the jujube tree. It 
has rather long, straight spines, and the branches and leaves 
are more or less tomentose. The drug seems to consist of the 
spines, and for this reason they are by some said to be the 
spines of the jujube tree, and it may well be that these are 
sometimes substituted. They are prescribed in spontaneous 
pains, neuralgias, ‘‘stitch in the side,’? and the like. They are 
also said to increase virility in married men and to benefit the 
genito-urinary system. The ashes of the twigs, mixed with oil, 
are used to cleanse filthy hair. Here the Chinese came very 
near to making soap. The flowers are used as an application 
to discharging wounds. The fruits are said to be cooling and 
diuretic. The leaves are applied in chronic ulcer of the leg. 


PANAX GINSENG.—A & (Jén-shén), 554, wih #E (Shén- 
ts’ao). ‘This, with the Chinese, is the medicine Jar excellance ; 
the dernier ressort when all other drugs fail ; reserved for the 
use of the Emperor and his household, and conferred by 
Imperial favor upon high and useful officials whenever they 
have a serious breakdown that does not yield to ordinary 
treatment, and which threatens to put a period to their lives 
and usefulness. The principal Chinese name is derived from 
a fancied resemblance of the root to the human form, and to 
certain astral influences said to be derived from the constel- 
lation of Orion. It is related that during the reign of Wenti, 
of the Sui dynasty (581 to 601 A.D.), at Shangtang in Shensi, 
at the back of a certain person’s house, was heard each night 
the imploring voice of a man, and when search was made for 
the source of this sound, at the distance of about a / there 
was seen a remarkable ginseng plant. Upon digging into the 


302 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


earth to the depth of five feet the root was secured, having 
the shape of a man, with four extremities perfect and complete; 
and it was this that had been calling out in the night with a 
man’s voice. It was therefore called -| # (T’u-ching), ‘spirit 
of the ground.” It is said that the best ginseng formerly came 
from this Shangtang, but at present no true ginseng is 
produced in that part of Shansi; on the contrary, the place is 
famous for its production of ‘‘bastard ginseng’’ from Adeno- 
phora (which article see) and other campanulaceous plants. 
The ginseng which is considered to be the best is the wild 
growing variety of Manchuria, and the next in repute is that 
coming from Korea. The former is practically all reserved 
for Imperial use, while the ordinary qualities of the latter are 
the best that appear on the general market. Japanese and 
American ginseng are also found in quantities, but these, 
especially the latter, are considered to be much inferior to the 
Korean kind. American ginseng is considered by Western 
physicians to have no medicinal virtues worth mentioning, 
and is thought to be a superfluous member of the Pharmaco- 
peeia. But entirely apart from ideas of its astral relations, 
true Chinese ginseng is persistently held by the Chinese to 
have stimulant, tonic, and restorative properties, which give it 
its high place in their pharmacology. It is probable that the 
Manchurian drug has not been carefully studied by any Euro- 
pean observer on account of its scarcity, the Imperial mo- 
nopoly, and its exceeding high price; this best quality being 
valued at Taels 6,400 a picul, and the superior sort costing as 
much as 250 times its weight in silver. For these reasons 
also only two or three complete herbarium specimens of the 
Manchurian wild ginseng plant are to be found in the 
museums of Europe. ‘The ordinary ginseng of the markets 
has been studied and has not been found to possess any impor- 
tant medicinal properties. But the Chinese describe cases in 
which the sick have been practically in articulo mortis, when 
upon the administration of ginseng they were sufficiently restored 
to transact final items of business. Much of the ginseng on 
the market consists of campanulaceous roots, substituted for 
those of the araliaceous Pazax. ‘The former roots, while ina 
general way resembling those of the true ginseng, are more or 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 303 


less hard and woody, and free from worms; while the latter is 
succulent and very liable to be attacked by insects. That 
prepared for Imperial use is carefully cleansed and dried, 
wrapped in paper and sealed up to preserve it from dampness 
and worms. It is said to have an aromatic, sweet taste, with 
a spice of bitterness. It may contain, therefore, in its fresh 
state an essential oil and a small amount of alkaloidal or other 
principle. The Chinese count five kinds of ginseng, viz., the 
one under consideration, which they consider to be the true 
ginseng, acting on the spleen, which to them is the center of 
life ; the ¥ B (Sha-shén), Adenophora, which operates upon the 
lungs; ¥% #B (Hsiian-shén), Scrophularza, which acts upon the 
kidneys; 4 3 (Mou-méng), Polygonum bistorta, which oper- 
ates on the liver; and J} #& (Tan-shén), Sa/vza multiorrhiza, 
which acts on the heart. Each of these is described under its 
appropriate title. The true ginseng plant has five parted, palmate 
leaves, bears minute flowers in an umbellate form, and has red, 
berry-like fruits. It somewhat resembles the American Aralia 
guinguefolia, but is not the same. In Manchuria and Korea 
it is usually found growing in the shade of trees, notably 
that of the #& (Kia) Zza (?) or Paulownia (?). ‘This tree 
and the ginseng plant are thought to have mutual sympathy, 
and whoever would find the latter must look for the tree. 
The root is dug up both in the spring and the autumn. It is 
said that in order to test for true ginseng two persons walk to- 
gether, one with a piece of the drug in his mouth and the other 
with his mouth empty. If at the end of three to five Z the one 
with the ginseng in his mouth does not feel himself tired, while 
the other is out of breath, the drug is true. ‘The Manchu. 
rian root is carefully searched for by the natives, who boast that 
the weeds of their country are the choice drugs of the Chinese. 
The drug is yellowish, semitransparent, firm, somewhat brittle, 
and has a sweet, mucilaginous taste, accompanied with a 
slight bitterness. It is usually prepared by steaming and dry- 
ing in still air, so as to make its appearance approximate the 
accepted standard of clearness. Fabulous stories, similar to 
that above given, are told of the finding of special deposits of 
this root, associated with guiding voices, stars, and other good 
omens. ‘The drug is sometimes prepared for use as an extract, 


304 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


or as a decoction, silver vessels usually being employed for this 
purpose. Medicinally, the Chinese claim it to be ‘‘a tonic 
to the five viscera, quieting the animal spirits (#§ jh), estab- 
lishing the soul (#f fj), allaying fear, expeliing evil effluvia, 
brightening the eye, opening up the heart, benefiting the 
understanding, and if taken for some time it will invigorate the 
body and prolong life.’? Alterative, tonic, stimulant, carmina- 
tive, and demulcent properties are the ones principally ascribed 
to it, and it is prescribed in nearly every kind of disease of a 
severe character, with few exceptions, but with many reserva- 
tions as to the stage of the disease in which it may be 
administered with the greatest benefit and safety. All forms 
of debility, spermatorrhcea, the asthenic hemorrhages, the 
various forms of severe dyspepsia, the persistent vomiting of 
pregnant women, chronic malaria, continued fevers, exhaust- 
ing discharges, old coughs, and polyuria are treated with this 
drug in confidence of relief and cure. The leaves, 8 jf (Shén- 
lu), are sold in bundles of the green, fragrant, excellently 
preserved foliage of the shrub. They are used as an emetic 
and expectorant remedy. 


PANAX REPENS.—+ #® (T‘u-shén), 1380. This is 
given in the Customs lists as an article of commerce, but it is 
not mentioned in the Péxtsao. ‘The Chinese term may also be 
applied to native ginseng, referring to that produced within 
China proper, as distinguished from that brought from other 
places. In Szechuan wild Paxax repens is known by the 
name = &% (San-ch‘i), 1059, but in other parts of China Saz- 
cht is Gynura pinnatifida, 


PANICUM CRUS CORVI, Panicum crus galli. —%&® 
(Pai), & A (Wu-ho), 7 ## (Shui-pai), 5& # (Han-pai). This 
panic grass takes the place in China of ¢ares and cheats in 
western countries. It grows plentifully in a wild state almost 
everywhere, and is found in fields of millet, wheat, and rice. 
The seed is said to be found in thrashed millet sometimes to 
the amount of three-tenths of the total bulk. The grain, 
although somewhat bitter in taste, is edible, and indeed is 
sometimes used in times of scarcity as a substitute for other 


ya 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. © 305 


cereals. Its use is said to benefit the breath and to act on the 
spleen. The shoots and roots are used bruised as an applica- 
tion to wounds to check hemorrhage. 


PANICUM FRUMENTACEUM.—#% F (Shan-tzt). It 
is not certain that this is not Elewszve indica, the ‘‘ragg7”! 
of India. Both were found by Staunton in Shantung, the 
former cultivated and the latter wild. It is also called §~E JN 3€ 
(Lung-chao-su), ‘‘dragon’s-claw-millet,’? and ff JR fH (Ya- 
chao-pai), ‘‘duck’s-claw-tare,’? on account of the shape of its 
head. It grows in moist ground, and somewhat resembles 
Panicum crus corvi, having a grain like Panicum meltaceum, 
but smaller. It is cultivated in Shantung and Honan. ‘The 
grain is red, and has a rough taste when prepared as food. It 
has no particular medicinal uses, but is considered to be tonic, 
nutritious, and strengthening, preserving health and warding 
off disease. 


~PANICUM MILIACEUM.—#® (Chi) seems to be a 
general name for the species while # (Ch‘i) seems to refer 
more properly to the non-glutinous variety. 2 (Shu) is the 
term for the glutinous variety. 3 (Tzit) is another common 
name for the panicled millet. ‘This comprises two of the F, #4 
(Wu-ku) of Shénnung, the others being rice, wheat and barley, 
and the soy bean. Of the six grains of the Choz/z, it also 
forms two, the others being rice, Se/arza ztalica, wheat, and 
fTydropyrum , and of the nine grains enumerated in another 
part of the Chou, it again forms two, the others being Se/arza 
wtadica glutinosa, rice, hemp, soy bean, Phaseolus beans, 
barley, and wheat. Both varieties have been known and 
cultivated in China from the earliest times, and are probably 
indigenous, the characters being exceedingly ancient. The 
first character refers to the necessity of careful plowing for the 
grain (§ and Ff), the second to a grain suitable for sacrifice 
(FE and #%), while the third isa grain for the manufacture of 
spirits by fermentation (Ft A 7K). The fact that the Chinese 
distinguish so clearly between these two varieties of panicled 
millet has led Legge, Biot, and other translators of the classics 
to translate # by ‘‘rice,’’? ‘‘sorghum,’’ and other similar 


306 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


attempts at keeping the translation of this character and # 
distinct. At Peking the non-glutinous millet is commonly 
called jf -F (Mi-tzii). This character is also written f&. 7K 
(Huang-mi) is another common name. There are several 
sub-varieties, producing red, white, yellow, and dark colored 
grains. ‘This is considered the chief of grains, and as the 
chiefest and best should be offered in sacrifice, it is the proper 
sacrificial grain (#§). If eaten exclusively it is said to predis- 
pose to the twenty-six ‘‘cold’’ diseases (including marasmus, 
ague, paralyses, and the like). Its use is considered strengthen- 
ing and nourishing. It is cooling, and antidotal to the 
poisoning by cinnabar or Momordica charantia. Its action 
upon the stomach is considered to be demulcent and beneficial. 
It should be eaten with mutton. The cooked mass also makes 
an excellent poultice for boils and abscesses. ‘The root of the 
plant is used in decoction for pyrosis and difficult labor. 

The glutinous variety (4) has also several sub-varieties. 
The red is called 3 (Mén) also written fi; the white @& (Ch‘i); 
the dark colored #& (Chu); and a kind said to contain two 
seeds within one glume is called #4 (P‘ei). Prolonged use of 
this millet as food is said to cause fever and discomfort, to 
produce in children and animals which eat it continuously 
incoérdination of voluntary motion, and to predispose to 
infection with pin worms. ‘The former condition is probably 
due to the presence of some parasitic growth upon the grain, 
and the latter is probably a co-incidence, nematode infection 
being exceedingly common in China. Its ordinary use as food 
is considered to be nutritious and strengthening. If inciner- 
ated, mixed with oil and applied to venereal sores, they will 
heal without a scar. If chewed and the juice applied to gaping 
sores of children, it is considered to be a sovereign remedy. 
The red variety is especially recommended in coughs, fevers, 
fluxes, to restore the yz principle in males, and to prevent 
jealousy in females. ‘The stalks and root are considered to be 
slightly deleterious. A decoction is prescribed in Momordica 
poisoning, and is used in the bath for prickly heat and skin 
eruptions. When taken with Phaseolus beans, it is diuretic. 
It is also administered in the hematuria of pregnant women, 
and in sprains it is used as a fomentation. 


” al 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 307 


PAPAVER RHG#AS.—E # #i (Li-ch‘un-ts‘ao). It is 
probable that J— 32 A (Vii-mei-jén) is the same, but this is 
considered to be a species of Lychuzs. It is also called {ll} & & 
(Hsien-nti-hao), or ‘‘fairy artemisia.’’ Its habitat is said to be 
the mountain valleys south of the Huai river. The flower and 
root are used in medicine, and are prescribed for jaundice. 


PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM.—# Ff HE (Ying-tzii-shu). 
It bas a jar-shaped capsule, and seed like those of Setarza 
virzais y hence the Chinese name. Another name, #) 4 (Yu- 
mi), was derived from the fact that the grain was paid as 
Imperial taxes. The plant was originally grown on account of 
its beautiful flowers, and both the young plant and the seeds 
were used for food. ‘The poppy seed oil is also spoken of, and 
was used in medicine. The seed was employed in the treat- 
ment of nausea and vomiting, fluxes, and fever. The capsule, 
1359, was prepared by washing, removing the outer skin, dry- 
ing in the shade, slicing, and digesting in rice vinegar or 
honey. It was used in the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery, 
prolapse of the rectum, spermatorrhcea, old coughs, and for 
the relief of spontaneous pains everywhere. It was specially 
recommended in all kinds of fluxes. 

Oprum.—fiJ 3 ¥ (O-fu-jung), fi] } (O-ptien), y HF 
(Ya-p‘ien). The poppy does not seem to have been indigenous 
to China. Evidence goes to show that it was introduced 
during the Sung period. But even then the preparation of 
opium does not seem to have been known. Li Shih-chén 
mentions its appearance just prior to his time (end of XVI 
Century), and quotes a contemporary work, which says that it 
came from F Ff fd (T‘ien-fang-kuo) ; for this reason it is also 
called [iJ Jj (O-fang). The method of piercing the capsule 
and scraping off the inspissated juice that oozes out, as prac- 
ticed at the present time, is described in the Fézfsao as the 
method introduced from JF Ff. The author of the Appendix 
to the Péxisao, who wrote in the Chienlung period, mentions 
the prevalence of the opium smoking habit, and describes the 
manner of preparing and smoking the drug. He speaks of 
the opium dens, and says that after one has smoked a few 
times the habit becomes established. Asa result of this there 


308 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


is physical and moral deterioration, insomnia develops, sexual 
degeneracy supervenes, and there is lack of moral control. 
The drug is here said to have been brought from [5 Bf] DE pe 
(Ko-la-pa-hai), ‘‘ Arabian sea’? (?), and was said to be produced 
in [We PB (Chiao-liu-pa) and | 3 (Lii-sung), the Philip- 
pines. Although it was a prohibited article of commerce, 
there were those who insisted upon having it, claiming that it 
increased strength and promoted sleep. As a consequence, con- 
sumption was then on the increase. Some had smoked to the 
extent that they had 9 3@ 3 & (P‘o-chia-shang-shén), ‘‘ broken 
up the home and destroyed the body.’?’ The confirmed opium 
smoker is described as black-faced, weak-voiced, watery-eyed, 
with prolapse of the bowels, and prospect of an early death. 
The Chinese names at the head of this article are all 
intended to imitate the Arabian name, afroum, or the Persian 
afioun. It is said that the resemblance of the flower of 
the poppy to that of the /A7zbzscus, 52 # (Fu-jung), gives 
cause for the use of these two characters in transliterating. 
The drug seems to have first come from Arabia or Persia, 
probably at the beginning by overland route through India. 
The extension of its use seems to have been more or less 
gradual. In the Ming dynasty it came into general use in 
medicine. It was then given as an astringent and sedative in 
dysentery, diarrhoea, rheumatism, catarrh, coughs, leucorrheea, 
dysmenorrheea, and spematorrhoea, but generally in combina- 
tion with other drugs. At the present time this practice has 
largely ceased, and the drug is. branded with all the infamy 
and illegality which belong to the habits of opium-smoking 
and opium-eating. From the researches of Mr. Hobson, made 
in the sixth decade of-the last century, it appears that opium 
was a recognized product of the prefecture of Yungchang, in 
the west of the province of Yunnan, in the year 1736, the 
beginning of the reign of Chienlung. Growing the poppy for 
the production of opium in the central provinces did not take 
place until about the middle of the XIX Century, and the 
popular story in Szechuan is that it was introduced there from 
India and ‘Thibet towards the end of Chienlung’s reign (say 
about 1780). Fully one-half of the best arable land in Sze- 
chuan is believed by Mr. Hobson to have been given up 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 309 


to the bearing of an annual crop of poppy. And he found 
that probably seven-tenths of the dwellers in towns in 
Szechuan were habitual opium-smokers, and that more than 
one-half of the country-people had fallen victims to this 
seductive and injurious habit. 

Foreign opium has a number of names, the principal of 
which are 2 WJ (Kung-yén), 2 FF (Kung-kao), 2 +. (Kung- 
t‘u) or ZS HE + (Kung-pan-t‘u), from the Chinese name for the 
East India Company, 2 #€ yj (Kung-pan-ya). These terms are 
also used for Patna opium and for the ‘‘ first-class’? quality. 
Another name for Patna opium is J -- (Ta-t‘u), while the 
Malwa is known as oJy -— (Hsiao-t‘u). 4 - (Yén-t‘u), 4 + 
(Yang-t‘u), and fF -- (Kuang-t‘u), ‘‘Canton-earth,’’ are com- 
mon names for opium, while # - (Hei-t‘u), ‘‘ black-earth,’’ is 
a slang term for it. The commonest colloquial-term of all, 
however, is ## }§ (Yang-yén), ‘‘ foreign-smoke.’’? The foreign 
drug is still considered the best, and is not noticeably replaced 
by the native article, although this latter is considerably cheaper 
than the other. ‘The increase in the opium trade is explained 
by the wider prevalence of the habit and the ever increasing 
consumption on the part of each indivdual smoker. Hence, 
although there has been a greatly increased production of the 
native drug, there has also been a substantial increase in the 
foreign importations. In the light of this increased consump- 
tion, it is small wonder that the Chinese government and people 
are anxious to prohibit the production of the native drug and 
to get rid of the traffic in the foreign article. The Szechuan 
opium is called JI[ -- (Ch‘uan-t‘u), and in favorable years can 
be produced at about half the cost of the Indian drug. It is 
made to imitate Malwa opium, and Dr. R. A. Jamieson found 
it to contain 6.94 per cent. of morphia. It is sometimes 
adulterated with mud, sesamum and hemp seeds, and an 
extract from the fruit of Sophora japonica, but it is probably 
not tampered with more than is the foreign drug. More extract 
for smoking is said to be got from Szechuan opium than from 
the Indian product. Yunnan opium, and that from Kuecichou, 
are called ff + (Nan-t‘u), while that from Kansu, Shensi, and 
Shansi is called fy + (Hsi-t‘u). These all represent a good 
quality of the native drug. According to Baron Richtofen, a 


310 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


large quantity of opium, some of it of a very inferior kind, is 
produced in Honan province, and is, for the most part, consumed 
locally. Other provinces, including Manchuria, have produced 
smaller quantities of ‘the drug. In fact, no part of the empire 
has been entirely free from the scourge of its growth. 

The prepared drug is called {4 # (Yén-kao) or 3k YM (Shu- 
yén), and is prepared on a large scale by mixing the ashes from 
opium-pipes with the raw opium, which facilitates the making 
of the watery infusion. ‘This is further filtered and evaporated 
to the consistence of a thin extract, which is combustible in 
the opium-pipe when held in the flame of a small lamp. 
Water dissolves from one-half to three-fourths of ordinary 
opium, but nothing is lost by the Chinese practised manipu- 
lator.. The extract is usually made by the keepers of the 
opium-joints, but rich people and Buddhist priests usually 
make their own extract. The burning of this extract in an 
incomplete manner, as is practiced by the Chinese, yields a 
smoke containing sundry empyreumatic compounds unknown 
to the chemist, but producing by absorption into the pulmon- 
ary vessels a stimulant, or some perfectly indescribable effect, 
unknown to all but the actual smoker. Of the effects of this 
habit one has heard all but too much. The positive necessity of 
improving, or increasing the quantity of, the extract used, leads 
to the loss of the volitional, digestive, and sexual powers, or in 
other words, to the gradual degradation of the man. That the 
habit may be suddenly and permanently broken off is a fact of 
frequent experience. But the failures are far more frequent 
than the cures, from the fact that it requires great will power 
on the part of a weakened and enslaved will. The use of tonics 
and stimulants, under careful supervision, combined with the 
provision of good food for body and mind, with restraint and 
disciplinary measures in certain cases, will greatly aid in enring 
the habit. The substitution of decreasing doses of morphia 
may also be practiced, but should only be done under the 
supervision of a competent and conscientious physician or 
dispenser, lest a morphia-eating habit be substituted for that of 
opium-smoking. ‘The indiscriminate sale or distribution of 
anti-opium pills, most of which contain morphia, is reprehen- 
sible, not to use a more severe term. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 311 


PARDANTHUS CHINENSIS.—J} -F (Shé-kan), 1120. 
Other names for this are Lelamcanda chinensis, Txta chinenszs, 
and Morea chinensis. It is one of the Iridaceze, and is grown 
in gardens. It resembles /rzs ¢ectorum.in its leaves, grows 
two to three feet high, has orange flowers, and black, berry-like 
fruits. It has a number of other names ; a common one being 
fa Tf (P‘ien-chu). It grows wild in the Peking mountains, 
but the wild variety bears white flowers (Pardanthus dicho- 
tomus). ‘The rhizomes are used in medicine, and as found in 
the shops they are very hard, bristled with rootlets, and of a 
chrome-yellow in the interior. The taste is acid in the fresh 
state, and the drug is considered by the Chinese to be delete- 
rious. It is described as having expectorant, deobstruent, 
carminative, and diuretic properties, and seems to have some 
special popularity in diseases of the throat. It is prescribed 
in amenorrhoea, malaria, dropsy, cancer of the breast, arrow 
poison, and a number of dissimilar difficulties. 


PARIS POLYPHYLLA.— {x (Tsao-hsiu). This plant 
has a solitary stem, bearing at the top two or three whorls of 
7 or 8 leaves each, with yellow and purple flowers. The leaves 
are of a reddish-yellow color, and run out into gold-colored, 
drooping filaments. The fruit is red, and the root has a 
purplish-red skin and white flesh. The plant is likened to 
Euphorbia steboldiana, and is somewhat confounded with it. 
The root is bitter and poisonous. It is prescribed in nervous 
affections, epilepsy, chorea, mania, puerperal eclampsia, and 
ague. It is also a counter poison against snake, insect, and 
rat bites. It is administered in the form of an aqueous extract. 


PARIS QUADRIFOLIA.—= ff (Wang-sun). This grows 
in the river valleys of Kiangsu. In is similar to the last, but 
the whorls have only four leaves. The root resembles that 
of Nelumbium speciosum, and is bitter, but not poisonous. It 
is prescribed in rheumatism, and is considered as a sort of 
general prophylactic and preservative of life and black hair. 


PARMELIA Sp.—4@ H (Shih-érh), 1146. Faber is 
authority for the identification of this gymnocarpous lichen. 
Another observer calls it Leptogium fuliginosum. ‘The plant 


312 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


is not described in the books, and without observation in its 
habitat nothing more definite can be said. For its medical 
uses, see the article on AZushrooms. 


PATRINIA SCABIOSAVFOLIA.— # (Pai-chiang.) 
Faber also gives }4 #4 (K‘u-chih), but this term is also applied 
to Physalis angulata and to Sophora flavescens. The root of 
the plant smells like spoiled soy, hence the Chinese name. 
The plant is quite common, and is sometimes called 7 2 
(K‘u-t‘u), because the aborigines eat it. In the spring, when 
the plant first comes up, the leaves lie on the ground. They 
appear tour in a whorl. ‘The stem attains to the height of two 
or three feet, and is jointed. The white flowers appear on the 
top of the stem in an umbel. The root is the part used in 
medicine, and its properties are considered to be counter 
poison, resolvent, anodyne, and astringent. It is prescribed 
in abscesses, post-partum pain and other puerperal difficulties, 
various poisions, and parasitic skin diseases. 


PAULOWNIA IMPERIALIS. —#ij (T‘ung). This is also 
known as § ffi (Pai-t‘ung), ix #3) (Huang-t‘ung), #2 fa (P‘ao- 
t‘ung), #} Hi (I-t‘ung), and 4 Hj (Jung-t‘ung). Li Shih-chén 
gives the following description of the tree: ‘‘It has very large 
leaves, of various shapes. The bark is of a dirty white color, 
and the wood is light and not attacked by insects. It is used 
in making various utensils, and is also very good for posts and 
beams in building houses. It bears flowers in the second 
month, resembling those of /fomaa hederacea, of a white or 
purple color. The fruit is more than an inch long and as 
large as a jujube. Within the capsule are the seeds, which 
are light, flattened, and winged like the seeds of the elm tree. 
When ripe, the capsule bursts, and the seeds are carried away 
by the wina.’’ ‘The leaves are used in decoction as a wash 
for foul sores, and to promote the growth of the hair and to 
restore its color. ‘The wood and bark are used as an astringent 
and vermicide, in ulcers, in falling of the hair, and are admin- 
istered in the delirium of typhoid fever. The flowers are 
considered to be a good remedy for skin diseases of swine, and 
if fed to these animals will fatten them three-fold. They are 


_ VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 313 


also give to those who are suffering from hallucinations, which 
would indicate that the fattening of the pigs could not be a 
hallucination ! 


PEDICULARIS RESUPINATA.—5; 5§ # (Ma-hsien- 
hao); properly §& 4@ # (Ma-shih-hao), because the herbage 
has the odor of horse excrement. It bears a reddish tinted, 
white flower. ‘The herbage is gathered in the second and 
eighth moons and dried for medicine. It is used in fevers, 
rheumatism, leucorrhcea, sterility, urinary difficulties, and in 
decoction asa wash to foul sores. This plant is confounded 
with Artemisia japonica and Lncarvillea sinensis. 


PEDICULARIS SCEPTRUM CAROLINUM.— [f@ & 
(Lin-hao), #§ # (O-hao). This is a Japanese identification, 
and somewhat uncertain as to the Chinese plant. It grows in 
swampy places, and can be eaten raw or cooked. It is fragrant. 
Its properties are considered to be resolvent and carminative. 


PERILLA OCIMOIDES.—2 fm (Tzii-su), 1417. Li 
Shih-chén distinguishes two varieties of this plant, the purple 
and the white, fy ff (Pai-su), according to the color of the 
leaves. The young leaves are eaten as a vegetable, also 
pickled with plums. They are used to prepare a fragrant 
beverage. The seeds, 1202, grow in capsules, and are about 
as large as mustard seeds, and an oil is expressed from them 
called jf (Su-tzu-yu). The seeds are also fed to ducks 
under the name of AE 4 (Kuei-jén). ‘The stalk and the leaves, 
1203, are used for driving away colds, as a stomachic and 
tonic, in cholera, and to benefit the alimentary canal. ‘They 
are considered to be diaphoretic and pectoral, and antidotal to 
fish and flesh poison. ‘The seeds have similar properties and 
uses, and are also thought to be highly nutritious. They are 
also prescribed in rheumatisin, seminal losses, asthma, and 
obstinate coughs. 


PERSEA NANMU.—#¥ (Nan). The character is more 
commonly written ##. This is a large tree found in the 
province of Szechuan, and furnishes the highly esteemed 
nanmu, a tough wood which does not easily rot, and which 


314 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


for this reason is much used for buildings and furniture. The 
tree has reddish-yellow flowers, and a fruit resembling cloves, 
green in color, but which is not edible. The tree grows to the 
height of more than a hundred feet, and the wood is red in 
color in the best varieties. The white wood is more brittle 
than the red. The root is called #% #4 #§ (T‘ou-pai-nan), and 
is used for making utensils. The twigs of the tree are used in 
decoction for the treatment of choleraic difficulties, and as a 
fomentation in sprains and swellings. The bark is similarly 
used, as well as in infants that vomit up their milk. 


PEUCEDANUM DECURSIVUM.— fj 7 (Tu-huo), 
1364. Faber also gives if Ag (Ch‘ien-hu), but this is dugelica 
refracta (which see). The Chinese name is derived from the 
belief that the plant is not moved by the wind, but that it is 
self-moving when there is no wind. For this reason it is 
also called fj # ¥ (Tu-yao-ts‘ao). Another name is 5 7§ 
(Ch‘iang-huo), 81, but this is said to indicate another species 
or variety. As this latter name indicates, the plant is found 
in Thibet, Kokonor, Kansu, and now in Szechuan ; that from 
the latter place being more distinctively known as 7#-huo. 
There is a difference in the appearance of the drug between 
these two kinds, the Zz-hwo coming in long, twisted pieces, 
deeply marked both lengthwise and crosswise with ribs or striz, 
with portions of the crowning leaves of the roct-stock sometimes 
-still attached. ‘The exterior surface is of a dark or yellowish 
brown color, and the interior is open in texture and is of a 
dirty-white. The Ch‘zang-huo is much darker in color, and is 
marked off into short internodes of nearly three quarters of an 
inch in length, by rings or ridges of tissue which indicate 
joints. This is less apparent in some samples, which are 
probably mixed. The interior, yellow, woody tissue is very 
brittle, and loosely arranged in wedge-shaped masses, a thick- 
ness of red cortical fibers intervening between the vascular 
bundles and the epidermis. Both drugs are similarly prescribed 
as stimulant, arthritic, antispasmodic, and derivative remedies, 
They are adininistered in catarrh, colds, rheumatism, apoplexy, 
leprosy, post-partum difficulties, dropsy of pregnancy and other 
dropsies, and in headache. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 315 


PEUCEDANUM JAPONICUM.—fR 3& (Fang-k‘uei). 
The root and leaves are like those of Malva, and the flowers, 
seeds, and the odor and taste of the root are like Bf ml (Fang- 
féng) (see the next article), hence the name. The plant has 
palmately three-divided leaves, and an umbelliferous flower 
head with white flowers. The drug, which is the root, easily 
decays. It is tested in water ; if it sinks it is good, but if it 
floats it is decayed. Most observers regard the root as non- 
poisonous, but by some it is considered to be slightly delete- 
rious. Its properties are represented as eliminative, diuretic, 
tussic, nerve sedative, and if taken for some time is thought to 
benefit the marrow, increase the vitality, and give activity to 
the body. It is prescribed in constipation, suppression of 
urine, various mental and epileptoid affections, delirium and 
hallucinations, nocturnal polyuria, malaria, and typhoid fever. 


PEUCEDANUM RIGIDUM, Peucedanum terebtntha- 
ceum.—)fj jg (Fang-féng), 292. At Peking this Chinese name 
is sometimes applied to the former species, and in the mount- 
ains of Hupeh it represents the latter. But it properly refers 
to Szler divaricatum (which see). 


PHARBITIS HEDERACEA.—See /pomea hederacea. 


PHASEOLUS MUNGO.—# ®% (Lu-tou). Veta sativa 
is known by this Chinese name in Hupeh. This is a small 
bunch-bean, the stalk growing to the height of a foot or more, 
and having small, roundish, hairy leaves. It is grown exten- 
sively for food, the bean being made into a congee, or only 
cooked soft. It is also ground into a meal and used as a 
porridge or pancake, and it is used for distilling into spirit. 
It is also sprouted and the sprouts used as food. ‘The beans 
are largely fed to horses and cattle. Prolonged use of these 
beans as food is thought to produce billiousness. The bean is 
recommended to be used together with its tegmen, and is 
considered to be a resolvent, carminative, antifebrile, and 
counter-poisonous remedy. It is prescribed in the sequelz to 
smallpox, obstinate dysentery, bladder difficulties in the aged, 
and all sorts of poisons. ‘The bean meal, 778, is similarly 


316 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


used, and is highly esteemed as a poultice in boils and abscesses. 
It is also regarded as an antivinous remedy. The tegen, 
781, alone is considered as an antifebrile, and is used in opacity 
of the cornea. ‘The pods are used in obstinate dysentery, the 
flowers to counteract the effects of wine, the sprouts are con- 
sidered to be countervinous and antifebrile, and the leaves are 
steeped in vinegar and used in cholera. 


PHASEOLUS RADIATUS.—# oy HH (Ch ‘ih-hsiao-tou), 
141, #£ % (Hung-tou). The leaves are called # (Huo). On 
account of the second naime, the Chinese sometimes confound 
Abrus precatorzus with this, and Tatarinov and other western 
botanists have fallen into the same error. ‘This bean is largely 
cultivated north of the Yangtse. ‘The plant, in its character 
and growth, is very similar to Phaseolus mungo, of which it is 
sometimes considered to be a variety. It is considered to be 
good food for donkeys, but is too heavy and heating for 
mankind. Medicinally, it drives away dropsy and scatters 
carcinomatous and purulent swellings. Otherwise, its proper- 
ties are similar to those of Phaseolus mungo, and it is prescribed 
in even a larger number of similar difficulties than is this latter. 
Threatened abortion, menstruation during pregnancy, dif_i- 
cult labor, retained placenta, post-partum troubles, and non- 
secretion of milk constitute a series of obstetrical difficulties for 
which its use is recommended. ‘The leaves are recommended 
in fever and urinary difficulties, and the sprouts in threatened 
abortion whether from an abortive tendency or from injury. 


PHELLODENDRON AMURENSE.—z¢ 7K (Po-mu), 
ja Be (Huang-po). This last is also wrongly written fy a 
(Huang-po), 518. Loureiro calls this Prerocarpus flavus, 
and Faber calls it Prerocarpus indicus. But Henry has shown 
the identification at the head of this article to be the correct 
one. ‘The root is said to be called #¥ fH (T‘an-huan), and it is 
covered with nodular masses resembling Pachyma cocos, which 
are probably fungoid. The tree grows to the height of thirty 
or forty feet, having a whitish outer bark and an inner yellow 
one. ‘The latter is used in dyeing silk yellow, as well as in 
medicine. ‘The drug, as it appears in the market, is in square 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Say 


or rectangular pieces, from three to five inches long, rough on 
the outer surface, and smooth, or striated longitudinally, on 
the inner surface. ‘The interior is of a deep yellow color, and 
the taste is very bitter. It varies a good deal in thickness, 
that from Hupeh province being the thinnest. It is regarded 
as tonic, diuretic, alterative, aphrodisiac, and antirheumatic. 
It is prescribed in jaundice, hemorrhoids, fluxes, menstrual 
difficulties, chancre, sexual incompetence, intestinal worms, 
nosebleed, dysuria, and favus. This list only includes types 
of difficulties for which it is prescribed. To see the complete 
list as given in the Chinese books, one would be led to think 
that it was a universal panacea. ‘The soot is said to be taken 
for medicinal uses only when one hundred years old. The 
therapeutic virtues ascribed to it seem to depend upon some 
mysterious power connected with age and geomantic aspect. 
It is said to relieve the hundred diseases of the heart and 
abdomen, to quiet the soul, to relieve hunger and thirst, and if 
taken for a long time to prolong life and permeate the spirit. 


PHOTINIA GLABRA.—j#t # F (Ts‘u-lin-tzi). This 
evergreen tree, with its luxuriant foliage, is said to grow on 
the hills of Szechuan. It bears white flowers in early summer, 
and in the winter becomes covered with bunches of red berries, 
much resembling cherries in appearance. These are dried in the 
shade, or are pickled by the natives for food. The leaves are 
sour in taste, and are pickled and eaten with fish. The fruits 
are recommended in obstinate dysentery, piles, intestinal worms, 
and jaundice. The pickled fruits are said to be appetizing and 
peptic, but if taken in excess will make the mouth and tongue 
rough and crack open. 


PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS.—j## (Lu), # (Wei), # 
(Chia), also known as Arundo phragmites and Phragmites 
roxburghit. The flowers are called 3 ~& (P‘éng-nung), and 
the shoot #f (Ch‘uan). Of the names given at the beginning 
of this article the third is said to indicate the young plant, and 
is explained by # 5é ‘excellent ;’’ the first refers to the stage 
before blooming, and is explained by jg, ‘‘black,’’ denoting 
its color; the second refers to the reed when it is fully grown, 


318 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


and is explained by f# ‘‘strong, fine-looking.’’ This plant, next 
to the bamboo, is one of the most useful plants in China. 
Indeed, north of the Yangtse it in a large measure takes the 
place occupied by the bamboo in the southern provinces. ‘The 
shoots are eaten like bamboo shoots; the stalks are used for 
building the hovels of the poor, for wattled fences, for mats, 
screens, and blinds, and as the principal kitchen ftel of the 
Yangtse, under which circumstances it is known as jf 3& (Lu- 
ch‘ai); the large, long leaves are used as wrappings fo the 
glutinous rice dumplings so largely consumed at the Fifth 
Moon Feast, and the broken leaves and autumnal sweepings 
are used far bedding ; aud lastly, these leaves and tops, when ~ 
boiled in water and the water afterwards evaporated, yield a 
dark, glutinous, sweet substance, used as a substitute for sugar. 
The whole plant is used as fodder for cattle, and the stalk, 
roots, leaves, tops, old house and fence wattles, broken screens 
and blinds, and the rakings of the reed fields and cattle yards, 
are all added to the pile of kitchen fuel. The portion of the 
root growing in the mud is also in times of scarcity used as 
food ; that above the ground being bitter and unpalatable. The 
plant grows in river valleys at flood water, and in marshes. It 
is almost the only thing one sees sailing up the lower Yangtse 
in August. Medicinally, the root, 768, is regarded as cooling 
and diuretic. It is administered in nausea and vomiting, 
‘internal’? fevers including typhoid fever, hiccough, and 
fluxes. The shoot is slightly bitter, and is considered cooling 
and counter poison, and is highly recommended for choleraic 
difficulties and various kinds of flesh and medicinal poisons. 
The stalks and leaves are used in cholera and fetid bronchitis, 
and the ash is applied to foul sores, unhealthy granulations, 
and the like. he use of the plant ach grows in the waters 
of the Yangtse by married couples is supposed to conduce to 
harmony in their sexual relations. The flowers are made into 
a strong decoction in water, and administered as a very effica- 
cious remedy in cholera, fish and shrimp poisoning, and the 
ashes are used for checking hemorrhage. 


PHYLLANTHUS URINARIA.—® # BH (Chén-chu- 
ts‘ao), 37. See Lyszmachia eleutheroides, also Spondias amara., 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 319 


PHYLLOSTACHYS.—& ff (Tziti-chu), 9K ff (Shui- 
chu). See Bambusa. 


PHYSALIS ALKEKENGI.— ji 4@ (Suan-chiang). This 
is a common plant, its habitat being the provinces of Hukuang; 
but it is also grown in fields and gardens in other parts of the 
empire. The plant resembles Solanum nigrum, bears small 
white flowers, and a reddish-yellow, cherry-like fruit, enclosed 
in an inflated calyx. On account of this bladder-like calyx, the 
plant is called }& #€ Hi (Téng-léng-ts‘ao), “lantern plant’’. 
The fruit is edible, but does not have much taste. The seeds 
are sour and the shoot is bitter. A smaller kind is called 7 #R 
(K‘u-chih). This is Physal’s angulata. The shoot, leaves, 
stalk, and root are used in medicine, and are considered to be 
autifebrile, diuretic, and expectorant. They are prescribed in 
a number of feverish conditions, especially those of children. 
The seeds are also used, and besides the properties ascribed to 
the other parts, they are said to promote easy labor, and to 
specially benefit children. 


PHYTOLACCA ACINOSA.--f§ f& (Shang-Iu), rir. 
This term also evidently includes Phytolacca decandra. 'Two 
kinds are described ; one with white flowers and a white root 
which is edible when cooked, and the other with reddish- 
purple flowers and a purple root which is poisonous. ‘The 
former is cultivated in some parts of the empire for food. ‘The 
toxic action of the drug is said to manifest itself in bloody 
stools and hallucinations. It is prescribed in dropsy and as a 
counter-poison, especially in abdominal parasites. Externally 
it is used in foul sores of all kinds. The flowers, called 3; 7 
(Ch‘ang-hua), are prescribed in apoplexy. 


PICRIS REPENS.—j & # (Hu-huang-lien). See 


Barkhausta repens. 


PIERIS OVALIFOLIA.—% FR (Li-mu). No description 
is given of this tree, except that its wood is veined in dark 
green, from which fact it receives its name. A tincture (of 


320 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


what part is not mentioned) is recommended in wasting, and 


is said to benefit the male principle and to act as a tonic to the 
loins and legs. 


PILEA.—JK 3% (Shui-ying). There is not much descrip- 
tion of this plant, and it is confounded with Gvanthe stolonifera. 
It grows in Szechuan, and is there used for the treatment of the 
form of rheumatism known as ># jal (Ku-féng). 


PILLS.—This is a favorite method of exhibiting drugs 
amoung the Chinese. But the remarkable difference between 
the Chinese and western practice in the use of these, is that the 
former never use this form of preparation for the exhibition of 
cathartics. A pill with the Chinese usually means a tonic or 
astringent remedy. ‘I‘he general term for these is #{ (Wan), 
although J} (Tan) nearly always refers to a similar preparation, 
while # (Kao) frequently refers to a pill-mass, rather than toa 
medicinal extract. In regard to the character J} (Tan), it refers 
to what is considered to be an efficacious drug compound, 
usually exhibited in the form of pill or pill mass, and almost 
seems sometimes to have been miswritten for 4, (Wan). Pills 
are usually made up with honey as an excipient, but if they 
are to be eaten fresh, they are prepared with rice-flour or 
wheat-flour paste. Those which are not desired to dissolve at 
once in the stomach are usually made small and coated with 
wax. Pills are made of all sizes, from that of a millet seed to 
that of a pigeon’s egg, and are most frequently not swallowed 
whole, but are chewed up in the mouth and swallowed with 
some approved decoction, with spirits, or with meat broth. 
This explains why patients in mission hospitals are sometimes 
seen to chew up the sugar or gelatine coated pills given them 
by the dispenser. Sometimes the pill mass is not made up 
into pills or bolusgs, but the patient simply helps himself to a 
piece as large as he likes, and eats it as he would confec- 
tionery. There is a very large number of formule extant, 
and we give below the most famous of these. 

Accumulation Pill; %& Im Fu (Chiao-chia-wan). Atractylis 
sinensis, Zanthoxylum, Psoralea corylifolia, Phellodendron amu- 
rense, fennel, and honey. ‘This causes water to ascend and fire to 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 321 


descend in the body, and therefore is a good remedy in almost 
any disease. 

Anti-dysentery Pils, 3 Hp FH HE JL (Chih-li-hsiang-lien- 
wan). Aristolochia recurvilabra, Coptis teeta, and honey. 

Aphrodisiac Pills; %& J FR (Chiao-kan-tan). Cyperus 
rotundus, Pachyma cocos (the kind that encircles the root), and 
honey. For impotence in middle age, and to prolong virility 
into old age (fifty-one to eighty). Another formula is as follows: 
Atractylis sinensis, Zanthoxylum, fennel, and paste. ‘Tonic 
and strengthening to the virile powers, producing fertility. 

Apricot-gold Pills; # 4: fe (Hsing-chin-tan). ‘The for- 
mula of this pill reminds one of those of the old alchemists, 
It is made entirely of the kernels of apricot seeds, but there is 
a long process of preparation, extending to the selection during 
the winter of a tree having auspicious surroundings, the use 
of geomantic influences, the combination of the various ele- 
ments, water, fire, earth, and frost, the collection of the 
kernels, giving preference to those seeds containing double 
kernels, the use of south-flowing water for the digestion of the 
kernels, followed by a process of fermentation, decoction, and 
mixing with the pulp of dates to form the pill-mass. It is said 
that Chaos (jf §!) took these pills and for long ages did not 
die. Hsia-chi (# iff) took them and attained to the age of 
seven hundred years, and afterwards became an immortal. 
“‘The people of the world will not believe this, but their 
unbelief is due to their unwillingness to purify their hearts.” 

Atractylis Pills; 3 ji H, (Tsang-shu-wan). These consist 
of Atractylis sinensis and black sesamum seeds. The former is 
prepared in a special manner, mixed with the latter and made 
into pills with flour-paste. For rheumatism and malaria. 
There is another formula, into the composition of which 
Atractylis sinensis, Zanthoxylum, fennel, Psoralea corylifolia, 
and Ipomoea hederacea enter. These are.said to give strength 
to the eyesight. . 

Azure-excellent Pills ;  %#% WU (Ch‘ing-6-wan). These 
are composed of Psoralea corylifolia, walnuts, aud licorice, and 
are regarded as tonic, reconstructive, and diuretic. 

Barkhausia Closing-passages Pills, %& #8 i) F&F JL (Huang- 
lien-pi-kuan-wan). Barkhausia repens, pangolin scales, Cassia 


322 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


occidentalis, 34 ff. #4 (Tung-hsiieh-hsiang), and flowers of 
Sophora japonica. ‘These are for the cure of excessive dis- 
charges of all kinds. 

Beating Age Pills ; #3} %& Si JU (Ta-lao-érh-wan). Cotton 
seeds, walnut kernels, and congee paste. Said to be preserva- 
tive and rejuvenating. 

Black and White Pills , % 4 Fy (Hei-pai-wan). Volunteer 
(wild) black beans and white Tribulus terrestris. Peptic and 
digestive. 

Cannabis Kernel Pills; jit — TE FU (Ma-tzt-jén-wan). 
Kernels of Cannabis seeds, Pzeonia albiflora, Magnolia hypo- 
leuca, rhubarb, Citrus fusca, apricot kernels, and honey. Used 
in constipation and profuse urination. 

Checking Ague Pills» #% JE Fy (Chieh-nio-wan). ‘There 
are a number of formule for these, the principal ingredient in 
all, and the only active one in some, being Orixa japonica. 
For ague in all stages. 

Cinnabar Five Odor Pills ; fe ty FT %& FL (Ch ‘én-sha-wu- 
hsiang-wan). ‘T‘hese are made of cinnabar from Chenchou in 
Hunan, dragon’s blood, olibanum, myrrh, Corydalis ambigua, 
Huachou orange flowers, and honey. ‘They are carminative, 
anti-spasinodic, and anti-emetic. 

Citrus-Atractylis Pills ; #8 jf Wy (Chih-shu-wan). Citrus 
fusca, Atractylis ovata, Pterocarpus indicus, and honey. 
Peptic and digestive. 

Controlling Saliva Pills, ¥ ¥ FJ} (K‘ung-hsien-tan). 
Euphorbia pekinensis, Euphorbia sieboldiana, white mustard 
seed, ginger juice, and paste. These check phlegm and 
salivation, and relieve rheumatic and sciatic pains. 

Cotton Seed Pills ; ¥& #E F- FU (Mien-hua-tzt-wan). Cot- 
ton seed, Eucommia ulmoides, ginger juice, Lycium sinense, 
Cuscuta chinensis, and honey. ‘Tonic and constructive. 

Cutting-away Pills; Ye fie FL (K‘an-li-wan). Atractylis 
ovata, Zanthoxylum, Psoralea corylifolia, Schizandra sinensis, 
Conioselinum. univittatum, Pterocarpus indicus, and honey. 
Considered to be peptic, digestive, and antirheumatic. 

Date and Ginseng Pills, 9 B JU (Tsao-shénu-wan). 
These are made of large southern dates and ginseng. They 
are strengthening to the respiratory organs. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 323 


Diagnostic Pills; Sp # HK, (Fén-ch‘ing-wan). Euryale 
ferox, Pachyma cocos, yellow wax and honey. For gonor- 
rheea. 

Dissolving-potson Protecting-infant Pills , ih Hs TR FF 
(Hsiao-tu-pao-ying-tan). The vine of a creeping bean with its 
beans, both the red and the discolored, the flesh of Crateegus 
fruits, Cimicifuga davurica, Relhmannia glutinosa, Salvia 
plebia, Siler divaricatum, Peucedanum decursivum, licorice, 
Pzeonia albiflora, Cryptoteenia canadensis, Forsythia suspensa, 
Coptis teeta, Platycodon grandiflorum, Arctium lappa, ver- 
million, and Momordica charantia. These pills are intended 
as a preventive of smallpox when it is epidemic. They are 
considered not only to prevent the disease, but to make it 
lighter in those who have already become infected. 

Driving away Boils and Saving-life Pills ; 3 FF HE Ry FF 
(T‘ui-ting-t‘ao-ming-tan). Siler divaricatum, green orange 
peel, Peucedanum decursivum, Coptis teeta, red Pzonia, 
Asarum sieboldi, silk worms, cicada exuvia, Eupatorium 
flowers, Lonicera chinensis, licorice root, Diphylleia, Paris 
polyphylla, and ginger juice. These are only used in the treat- 
ment of boils, abscesses, and carbuncles. 

Everlasting Spring Pills; § #% Hy (Ch‘ang-ch‘un-wan), 
Fish-glue, powdered oyster shell, cotton seed, lotus stamens, 
Rosa laevigata, Dendrobium nobile, Tribulus terrestris, Lycium 
sinense, deer’s horn, and honey. ‘Tonic, diuretic, and cooling. 

Eye Medicine Pills ; Wk #& JU (Yén-yao-wan). Volunteer 
(wild) beans, cicada exuvia, Equisetum hiemale, Cuscuta 
chinensis, Anthemis, white Tribulis terrestris, and honey. To 
be used in eye diseases. 

Fairy Flat-peach Pills , \\j & #& bk JU (Hsien-ch ‘uan-p‘an- 
t‘ao-wan). Cotton seed, red dates, Achryanthes bidentata, 
Lycium sinense, Orobanche ammophila, Cornus officinalis, 
Cuscuta chinensis, isinglass, Pachyma cocos, and woman’s 
milk. For all sorts of weaknesses and injuries. 

firm-true Pills ; {i AF} (Ku-chén-tan). The two charac- 
ters probably refer to the name of one of the ingredients, 
Atractylis sinensis, Zanthoxylum, Melia azedarach, fennel, 
Psoralea corylifolia, and paste. Antirheumatic and diges- 
tive. 


324 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


First Quality Pure Pills; |. j§ H, (Shang-ch ‘ing-wan). 
Soochow peppermint, white borax, black plums, Fritillaria 
roylii, Terminalia chebula, mixed with honey, for the treat- 
ment of syphilis. 

Five Tiger Pills, Fi EF} (Wu-hu-tan). Aconite, ginger 
juice, wild sesamum seeds, dragon’s blood, flowers of sulphur, 
and scaly ant eater skin. For wounds, boils, and colds. 

Four Essences Pills; (Q #§ JL (Sst-ching-wan). Urea, 
Pachyma cocos, Euryale ferox, and lotus root. Anaphrodisiac, 
and used in polyuria and spermatorrhecea. 

Four-precious Great-spirit Pills ; a FE Jc wih J} (Ssti-pao- 
ta-shén-tan). Volunteer (wild) beans boiled in the bath water 
from a public bath house (jf #), Astragalus hoangtchy 
cooked in woman’s milk, Cryptotenia canadensis washed in 
spirits, and Rosa levigata soaked in child’s urine. These are 
said to be tonic, and to one who is able to swallow them they 
should prove to be so. 

Four Spirit Pills ; YQ WR FU (Ssu-shén-wan). Lycium 
sinense, spirits, Zanthoxylum, fennel seed, sesamum seed, 
Melia azedarach, Rehmannia glutinosa, Atractylis ovata, 
Pachyma cocos, and honey. For kidney and eye troubles, as 
a tonic. 

Gastrodia Pills; FR jit Hy (Wien-ma-wan). Gastrodia 
elata, Conioselinum univittatum, and honey. ‘Tonic and con- 
structive. 

Helping the Yin and Bringing back the Soul Pills ; # 
(2 BE BH J (Chi-yin-fan-hun-tan). These are made of the whole 
plant of Leonurus sibirica, dried, powdered, and mixed with 
honey. ‘T‘hey are said to have preserved the lives of many, and 
are specially recommended in the difficulties of pregnancy and 
of the puerperal state. 

Flundred Felicities Pill; Fi We (Pai-hsiang-kao). These 
are simply the red sprouted Euphorbia lasiocaula, thoroughly 
cooked in starch water, and made into a pill mass, or rolled ~ 
into pills the size of millet grains. They are used in coughs, 
nausea, and smallpox of an irregular type. 

Hypoxis Pills; {) 3 JG (Hsien-mao-wan). Hypoxis 
aurea, glutinous rice, Atractylis sinensis, Lycium sinense, 
Plantago major, Pachyma cocos, fennel, kernels of Thuja 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 325 


orientalis, Rehmaunia glutinosa, spirits, and paste. These are 
a tonic, reconstructive, and aphrodisiac remedy. 

Jade-lock Pills ; %& $4 Ff (Vii-so-tan). The joints of lotus 
root, stamens of the lotus flower, lotus arrowroot, Euryale 
ferox, Dioscorea quinqueloba, both kinds of Paclyma cocos, 
Rosa levigata, and flour. This a famous prescription for 
seminal losses and gonorrhoea. It is aphrodisiac and strength- 
ening to virility. 

Long-life Pills;  #© H (Ling-chih-wan). Atractylis 
sinensis made into a pill mass with date pulp. These give 
virility and strength. 

Lung-tonic Pills ; $j Sif FH, (Pu-fei-wan). These consist of 
apricot kernels soaked in child’s urine in summer seven days, 
in winter twenty-seven days, and then decocted until soft. They 
are used for coughs. 

Man-red Pills; J. #% Wy (Jén-hung-wan). That which is 
called J. #€, ‘‘man dragon,’’ which is nothing more nor iess 
than a tape-worm, is washed in child’s urine, pulverized, and 
mixed with red dates, radish seeds, Rehmannia glutiuosa, 
lotus arrowroot, and Melia azedarach. ‘These are used for 
marasmus in children. 

Magnolia Decoction Pills; J& #> BE FL (Hou-pu-chien- 
wan). Decoct the bark of Magnolia hypoleuca with ginger 
and licorice to dryness. Mix the extract with dates and make 
into pills. These are carminative, stomachic, and astringent. 

Moistening the Passages Pills ; ff F 4, (Jun-hsia-wan). 
Ripe orange peel, licorice, and honey. ‘They dissolve phlegm 
and cool fever. 

Most Virtuous Pills ; % 32 F} (Chih-shéng-tan). Former- 
ly croton beans were used under this title, but they were found 
to be too drastic, especially in cases in which the patient’s 
physical strength was very much reduced. Latterly, the seeds 
of Sophora kronei have been substituted, and are considered to 
be equally efficacious and less dangerous. They are used in 
chronic dysentery and chronic intestinal discharges of all kinds. 
Diuretic properties are also ascribed to them. 

Myriad Diseases Pills ; B& HR FL (Wan-ping-wan). One 
has heard of nostrums regarded as panaceas for all ills, and 
here we have one of these. It is composed of the kernels of 


326 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


apricot seeds boiled in child’s urine until soft, mixed with 
honey, and again steamed in child’s urine until of a pill mass. 
This may be eaten ad “zbztum by those suffering from any 
disease. 

Myriad Harmonies Pills; BH WE J} (Wan-ying-tan). 
Human urine sediment, spirit leaven, white grapes, withered 
carrot root, lign aloes, and honey. Used for jaundice and all 
billious difficulties. 

Nine Dragons Pills, j. RE Ff} (Chiu-luug-tan). Lycium 
sinense, Rosa laevigata, flesh of Crateegus fruits, stone lotus, 
lotus stamens, Rehinannia glutinosa, Euryale ferox, Pachyma 
cocos, Cryptoteenia canadensis, and honey. For the treatment 
of venereal diseases and as an anaphrodisiac. 

Nine Fairies Life-saving Pills; fU i) % Fe FF (Chiu- 
hsien-t‘ao-ming-tan). Cinnabar, flowers of sulphur, olibanum, 
myrrh, Baroos camphor, dragon’s blood, sulphate of copper, 
copperas, musk, burnt alum, bear’s gall, yellow lead, ceuti- 
pedes, earth worms, silk worms, plum flowers, cow bezoar, 
toad spittle, white jade dust, borax, tree grubs, and snails. 
For the treatment of all sorts of infected sores and boils. 

One Grain of Gold Pills; — #% 4 J} (I-li-chin-tan). 
These are made of opium and glutinous rice, and are for the 
relief of pain and for the purpose of checking discharges. 
They are taken with a variety of teas and congees for various 
purposes. 

One Sort Pills ; — i, JU (I-p‘in-wan). Cyperus rotundus 
is boiled, dried, powdered, mixed with honey and made into 
pills. For the treatment of hemicrania and other headaches. 

Penetrating-bones Pills ; ¥ ¥y Ff} (V‘ou-ku-tan). Azalea 
sinensis, distilled spirit, child’s urine, olibanum, myrrh, musk, 
and dragon’s blood. Broken bones, rheumatic pains, diseases 
of bones, and the like, are treated with this remedy. 

Lepper-red Pills ; }q #0 Fy (Chiao-hung-wan). Zanthoxy- 
lum pods and Rehmannia glutinosa. Injuries to the viscera, 
eyes, and ears are treated with these. They enable one to 
do without sleep, and still preserve his health and strength. 

Physalis alkekengi Pills , i %& #@ RH (Suan-chiang-shih- 
wan). Fruits of Physalis alkekengi, of Amarantus blitum, 
Valeriana villosa, white elm bark, Buplureum faleatum, 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 329 


Seutellaria macrantha, ‘Tricosanthes multiloba, Euphorbia 
lathyris, and honey. As an antifebrile remedy, and in difficult 
labor. 

Plum-flower Pills; ff Ye Jf (Mei-t‘ao-tan). Plum flow- 
ers, peach kernels, cinnabar, licorice, and Luffa cylindrica 
pulp. ‘To bring out the eruption in smallpox. 

Plum-flower Lozenge Pills , tg 4 Bh FG FF (Mei-hua-tien- 
shé-tan). Olibanum, pearl bean flowers, womaun’s milk, and 
toad spittle. These are both swallowed and allowed to dissolve 
under the tongue, for all sorts of sores and abscesses, especially 
those in the mouth. 

Preserving Youth Pills, AV # F¥ (Pu-lao-tan). Atracty- 
lis chinensis, Zanthoxylum, Polygonum multiflorum, black 
beans, red dates, Lycium sinense, mulberries, and honey. 
Benefits the spleen and kidneys. Those taking these pills 
will retain their youthful appearance until seventy. 

Prophe?s Fruit Pills; FR Fl fF J (Vti-chih-tzit-wan). 
These are made of the kernels of an unknown plant called 
JA @I -, Pachyma cocos, Lycium sinense, Acorus calamus, 
kernels of Thuja orientalis, ginseng, Polygala sibirica, Dios- 
corea, Polygonatum multiflorum, and honey. They are used 
in nervous affections, insomnia, mania, physical debility, and 
the like. 

Protecting the True Pills ; 4 S& J (Pao-chén-wan). Rosa 
rugosa, Psoralea corylifolia, Atractylis ovata, Astragalus 
hoangtchy, Scutellaria macrantha, Cuscuta japonica, Coniose- 
linum univittatum, Cryptoteenia canadensis, Pzeonia albiflora, 
Rehmannia glutinosa, walnut kernels, Eucommia ulmoides, 
Allium odorum, and honey. These are a blood remedy, and 
are prescribed in all diseases of the blood vessels, hemorrhages, 
and the like. 

Protecting Pregnancy Pilis,; % fe JU (Pao-t‘ai-wan). 
Pachyma cocos, Atractylis ovata, Hibiscus rosa sinensis, 
myrrh, Cyperus rotundus, coriander, Leonurus sibiricus, and 
honey. These are to prevent threatened abortion and to render 
labor easy. 

Protecting Health Pills ; {& FG J} (Pao-viian-tan). Poly- 
gonatum miultiflorum, Lycium sinense, must, yellow spirits, 
decocted together. This decoction is to be drunk by the 


328 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


cupful, and pills made of the lees by adding walnut kernels, 
large black dates, and dried persimmons. For colds, seminal 
losses, gonorrhea, difficult labor, and failure of smallpox 
eruption to appear. 

Psoralea Pills ; MH FP WR WU (Pu-ku-chih-wan). Psoralea 
corylifolia, dodder seeds, walnut meats, olibanum, myrrh, lgn 
aloes, and honey. ‘Tonic, and healing to wounds and injuries. 

Purple Clavaria Pills; 3 fy (Vzi-chih-wan). Purple 
Clavaria, Dioscorea quinqueloba, Aconitum fischeri, kernels of 
Thuja orientalis, Polygala reinii, Pachyma cocos, Citrus fusca, 
Rehmannia glutinosa, Ophiopogon spicatus, Schizandra chi- 
nensis, Pinelia tuberifera, Aconitum variegatum, Pzeonia 
moutan, ginseng, Polygala sibirica, fruits of Polygonum 
hydropiper, Alisma plantago, kernels of melon seeds, and 
honey. ‘This remarkable array of drugs, all of which the 
Chinese regard as being tonic, and especially since the plant 
of felicity is included as the principal ingredient, can only be 
regarded as a most wonderful tonic and reconstructive remedy 


in all wasting diseases. 

Purple-gold-creeper Pills; 3% & YR (Tzu-chin-t‘eng- 
wan). ‘he principal ingredient in this pill is the bark of an 
unknown creeper called 3 4 ff and jl Hf Hi. The others 
are Polygala reinii, Boymia rutacarpa, galangal root, cinna- 
mon, salt, and paste. Its virtues are highly extolled as a 
strengthening remedy in ‘‘cold’’ uterus, menstrual difficulties, 
and deficiency in the vital and virile elements. 

Purple-gold Pill Mass, 3% 4: $ (Tzii-chin-ting). Ver- 
milion, Euphorbia lasiocaula, Sagittaria sagittifolia, F- 4 7%, 
powdered oyster shell, Paris polyphylla, pearls, amber, flowers 
of sulphur, Baroos camphor, best quality India ink, plum- 
flower stamens, ox gall, musk, and rice flour paste. This pill 
is for tuberculosis and tuberculous like sores. 

Reducing the Yang Pills; w ( FJ} (Shao-yang-tan), 
Atractylis ovata, Lycium chinense, mulberries, and honey. 
Taken according to directions for one year, grey hair or 
whiskers will turn black, and if taken for three years the 
countenance will become rubicund like that of a youth. 

Preventing Epidemics Pills ; BE 3 J} (Pi-wén-tan). Red 
dates, Artemisia capillaris, rhubarb, and benzoin. ‘This is 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 329 


beaten into a pill mass or confection, and eaten when epidem- 
ics threaten. 

Relieving the Centers Pills ; #& 4A FU (K‘uan-chung-wan). 
Orange peel, Atractylis ovata, spirits, and paste. Warming 
and carminative. 

Returning Youth Pills ; ¥ WY FJ} (Huan-shao-tan). Plan- 
tago major and Cyperus rotundus, prepared by a complicated 
process described in the /éztsao. Marvelous properties are 
ascribed to these. If the aged (80 years) use them, the hair 
and whiskers will again turn black, and the teeth, if they have 
fallen out, will be renewed. If the young use them, their 
strength and virility will be preserved to old age. 

Rhinoceros Pills ; 4 J JU (Niu-hsi-wan). Conioselinum 
univittatum soaked in millet congee for two days, dried, 
powdered, and mixed with the brain of the musk-ox and 
rhinoceros skin, and boiled in honey to the consistence to 
make pills. These are considered to be depurative and 
digestive. 

Rice Crust Pills; $§ f& FU (Kuo-chiao-wan). The rice 
that is baked on the pot in the process of cooking is called 
$4 #2. This is taken and mixed with cardamouns, chrysanthe- 
mums, the flesh of Crateegus fruits, lotus seeds, chicken skin, 
sugar, and ground rice, boiled together, and made into cakes. 
They are considered to be very good for children who are 
weakly or ill nourished. 

Rose-matoes Pills ; %&  % Hy (Su-ho-hsiang-wan). Rose 
maloes, benzoin, Atractylis ovata, Cyperus rotundus, Aristolo- 
chia recurvilabra, sandalwood, lign aloes, cloves, musk, Ficus 
religiosa, Terminalia chebula, rhinoceros horn, Baroos cam- 
phor, olibanum, and honey. An autispasmodic in all nervous 
affections, ague, cholera, and obstinate dysentery. 

Seven-precious Handsome-whiskers Pilis; % FE 3 3 FF 
(Ch ‘i-pao-mei-jan-tan). Polygonum multiflorum, black beans, 
Pachyma cocos, lign aloes, woman’s milk, Achryanthes biden- 
tata, Cryptoteenia canadensis, Lycium chinense seeds, Cuscuta 
chinensis, Psoralea corylifolia, black sesamum seeds, and honey. 
Tonic, constructive, preserving life and youthfulness, which 
last is marked by the flourishing state of the health and dark 
color of the whiskers and hair. 


330 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Stegsbeckia-Dryandra Pills ; F% Hi JU (Hsi-t‘ung-wan). 
These two substances are powdered and mixed with honey, 
made into pills, and used for rheumatic affections. 

Skimmia Pills » By 3 FU (Yin-yii-wan). Leaves of Skim- 
mia japonica, Coix lachryma, Prunus japonica kernels, Ipomeea 
triloba seeds, and honey. For colds and constipation. 

Strengthening the Vitality Pills ; A 3G Fe (Ku-yiian-tan). 
Atractylis sinensis, fennel, salt, Zanthoxylum, Psoralea coryli- 
folia, aconite, Melia azedarach, alcohol, vinegar, paste. For 
all sorts of wasting difficulties, especially those of sexual origin. 

Len-parts Perfect Pills; -- A Hy (Shih-ch‘tien-wan). 
Musk, Aplotaxis auriculata, dragon’s blood, flowers of sulphur, 
sesamum seeds, Strychnos nux vomica, maggots, centipedes, 
and honey. This is for the curing of wounds, of cancerous 
sores, and as a tonic. 

The Tartar General Resumes the Battle Pills ; } RE 
iy Jf (Chiang-chtin-fu-chan-tan). Soak wild sesamum seeds 
in child’s urine for four times and in distilled spirit for three 
times. Dry and add olibanum, myrrh, and dragon’s blood. 
This is for wounds and broken bones. 

Thousana-li-plum-flower Pills, F- Rg 7E FU (Ch“en-li- 
mei-hua-wan). Eriobotrya leaves, Pachyrhizus angulatus, 
black plum flesh, wax plum flowers, licorice, and honey. To 
be used by travellers, but for what is not stated. 

Three Flowers Pills; = %#% F¥ (San-hua-tan). Plum flow- 
ers, peach flowers, and pear flowers, made into a pill and 
coated with flowers of sulphur, is taken in a congee of Phaseo- 
lus and black Hispidia beans for smallpox. 

Three Tonic Pills; = #§ W, (San-pu-wan). Coptis teeta 
and Pterocarpus indicus, mixed with honey. ‘Tonic and 
febrifuge. 

Three Yellow Pills; = 7% FU (San-huang-wan). Scutel- 
laria macrantha, rhubarb, and Coptis teeta, mixed with honey. 
Tonic and corrective in men and women. 

Twenty Pearls Pilis ; 4 ¥ FL (Nien-chu-wan). Benzoin, 
seeds of Nephelium longana, and yellow wax. For hernia, 
orchitis, and the like. 

Two Aure Pills; = RHR (Erh-ch‘i-wan). An umbil- 
ical cord is said to represent the aura of the abyss, while 


ges». 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 331 


the plum flower represents that of nature. These two things are 
therefore combined in this pill, which is used as a prophylactic 
of smallpox. 

Uniting the Viscera Pills, Vy Hy (Tsang-lien-wan). 
Take Barkhausia repens and 3 ff. #4, place in a pig’s large 
intestine, cook, and put through the process described in the 
Péntsao. For hemorrhoids of all kinds, prolapse of the 
rectum, and the like. 

Universal Counterpotson Pills ; BS jig i SE FL (Wan-ping- 
chieh-tu-wan). Orithia edulis, Galla sinensis, two Euphorbia 
products, Potentilla cryptoteenia, and musk. Geomantic 
influences and auspicious days are observed in the preparation 
of this pill, and many details and conditions are regarded as 
necessary in its administration. 

Vegetable Resurrection Pills » i xe F- (Ts‘ao-huan-tan), 
Cornus officinalis, Psoralea corylifolia, Cryptoteenia canadensis, 
musk, and honey. ‘This acts on the foundations (3g) of health 
and life, and is tonic and restorative. 

Walnut Pills ; # Yk FU (Hu-t‘ao-wan). Walnut kernels, 
Psoralea corylifolia, Eucommia ulmoides, Dioscorea sativa, 
mixed and made into a pill mass. Tonic to the blood, liga- 
ments, bones, muscles, and preventive of fever. 


PIMPINELLA ANISUM.—j% # (Huai-hsiang), fy # 
(Huei-hsiang), 7\ A BR (Pa-yuieh-chu). The Chinese confound 
aniseed, fennel, and star-anise. But what is described in the 
Péntsao is an umbelliferous plant, and since fenuel is distinct- 
ly described in another place, andas the odor of this is said to 
be similar to that of star anise, it is entirely probable that 
aniseed is referred to under this title. The leaves and seeds 
are likened to coriander. The plant bears umbels of yellowish 
white flowers, followed by the fruits. It is cultivated in 
gardens for the seeds, which are used as a condiment. ‘The 
stalks and leaves are also eaten in Szechuan. The plant is 
said to grow wild in Kansu. ‘The seeds are considered to be 
warming and stimulant, being prescribed in choleraic affec- 
tions and flatulence. They are thought to be a stimulant to 
the kidneys and warming to the pubic region. Some anodyne 
properties are ascribed to them, and it is probable that in the 


332 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


description of their medicinal uses they are not discriminated 
from star aniseed. The stalks and leaves when eaten are 
considered to be chiefly carminative, relieving flatulence and 
griping in the bowels. 


PINELLIA TUBERIFERA.—4# § (Pan-hsia), 975. 
This aroid plant is found in the northern provinces, notably 
Shensi, Shantung, and Kiangsu. It is cultivated in Szechuan 
and Hupeh.. The plant has tripartite leaves of a light green 
color. In preparing for medicinal use, the tubers are soaked 
for seven days in warm water and dried. After slicing, 978, 
they are mixed with ginger juice and kept for use, or else 
powdered, 977, and mixed with ginger juice, dried, and 
repowdered. ‘This last is called 42  #} (Pan-hsia-fén). Or 
this is made into cakes, 42 3 fj (Pan-hsia-ping), or the powder 
mixed with ginger juice and alum, made into cakes, wrapped 
in paper mulberry leaves, and preserved in salt, is called 42 @ 
Hi (Pan-hsia-ch‘u), 976. There are a number of other 
methods of preparation, in which it is mixed with other sub- 
stances besides ginger, and these are more or less carefuly 
distinguished from each other as to their uses in medicine. 
The simple prepared drug is called j#: 42 8 (Fa-pan-hsia), 
978. ‘The drug, as met with in the market, consists of the 
tubers in the form of small spherical bodies, either flattened on 
one side, pyriform, or ovoid, which are from three-tenths to 
six-tenths of an inch in diameter. The surface is white, or 
yellowish-white, and for the greater part of the tuber is dotted 
over with little, dark pits, and these are more especially found 
around the umbilicated depression which marks the flat surface. 
The interior of the tubers is white, dense, and amylaceous. In 
the prepared state they have little smell or taste; but in the 
fresh state they are said to be bitter, acrid, and poisonous, pro- 
ducing vomiting and diaphoresis. The prepared drug is said 
to be antifebrile, tussic, counter-emetic, ecbolic, antimalarial, 
astringent, and slightly laxative. It is administered in fevers, 
influenza, jaundice, coughs, constipation, gonorrhoea, leucor- 
rhcea, and seminal losses. All diseases attended by ‘‘phlegm”’ 
(38) are particularly its therapeutic field. The number of 
difficulties for which it is recommended is very large, and 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 333 


includes a great variety of very dissimilar troubles. That the 
prepared drug is comparatively inoccuous is proven by the fact 
that in some mission hospitals it has been substituted for 
sulphate of potash in the preparation of Dover’s powder. The 
viscid sap of the stalk of the plant is said to restore fallen hair 
and whiskers. 


PINUS SINENSIS.—# (Sung). This character includes 
Pinus, Abtes, and Larix, but refers most specifically to this 
species, which is the same as Pinus massontana. Other species, 
some of which are mentioned in the Péztsao, are fy f (Pai- 
sung), Pinus bungeana,; 3 # (Hei-sung), Prvus thunbergiz ; 
jp HS (Ch‘ih-sung), Pemus densiflora; and fe HS (Hai-sung), 
Pinus koravensts. ‘This last bears large seeds, called jg HA + 
(Hai-sung-tzit), 1214, which are included among the edible nuts. 
They are also called #f £2 #4 F (Hsin-lo-sung-tzit), as they come 
from the country of Hsinlo (southern Korea), although they 
are also brought from Yunnan. ‘They are like the ordinary 
pine-nuts found in other countries, three-cornered, and contain- 
ing a rich, aromatic, meaty kernel. They are considered to 
be very nutritious, improving the flesh, prolonging life, curing 
constipation and coughs. Of the other species of Prxus a 
number of products are mentioned, the first of which is ff JP 
(Sung-chih), veszz, also called # 7 (Sung-kao), HA IR (Sung- 
fang), # JB (Sung-chiao), and most commonly # F (Sung- 
hsiang), 1211. This, if it lies in the ground for a thousand 
years, becomes changed into amber. It is administered inter- 
nally, and is said to be carminative and antifebrile. But it is 
used for the most part externally in various skin eruptions, 
old ulcers, and indolent wounds. It is considered to be bene- 
ficial to the tendons, eyes, and ears. It is administered in pill 
in leucorrhcea. The joints of pine twigs, called # ff (Sung- 
chieh), 1210, form another product used in medicine. They 
are prescribed principally in decoction, in colds, rheumatism, 
toothache, and vomiting. # 4 (Sung-i) is an extract prepared 
by roasting the twigs of the pine (turpentine ?). ‘There is no 
description of the process, and the product is employed in 
ulcers, itch, and the skin diseases of horses and cattle. The 
pine needles are also used in medicine ; decocted, or chopped 


BoA CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


fine and mixed with meal, they are administered in rheumat- 
ism, evil diseases, and intestinal parasites. The decoction is 
also used externally. The white bark of the root, 1213, is 
considered tonic, while the bark of the tree is healing to 
wounds, astringent, and parasiticide. The flowers, #7 (Sung- 
hua), 1212, also called #4 HH (Sung-huang), are considered to 
have especial action on the heart and lungs, and to be astrin- 
gent. ‘hey are distilled into a sort of ‘‘wine,’’ which is used 
in ‘‘fullness in the head’’ and post-partum fever. 


PIPER NIGRUM.—#g #g (Hu-chiao). This is said to 
have originally been brought from Magadha, where it was 
called if fi % (Wei-fu-chih), possibly the transliteration of 
an Indian name. It is now imported from the islands of the 
East Indian archipelago. Black and white pepper are both 
used as a condiment by the Chinese, but not so exclusively as 
in the west. Capsicum and Zanthoxylum are so plentiful and 
cheap that they are used rather than the more expensive 
pepper. It is said that some attempts have been made, though 
rather unsuccessfully, to domesticate the pepper vine, which 
grows indigenous on the island of Hainan. Prior to the 
coming of Europeans, the ground pepper was apparently not 
known in China; the pepper-corns being either used whole, or 
crushed as required. Carminative, warming, and eliminative 
properties are ascribed to the drug, and it is administered in 
cholera, dysentery, vomiting, summer diarrhoea, and dysuria. It 
is said to correct fish, flesh, shell-fish, and mushroom poisoning. 


PIPER LONGUM.—# # (Pi-po), 1008. See Chavica 


roxburghit. 


PISTACIA VERA.—}i Al ff  (O-ytieh-chiin-tzi), 9. 
ie f- (Hu-chén-tzit), #€ 4 $F (Wu-ming-tzii.) This is of foreign 
origin, and the first Chinese name is said to be in imitation 
of the Persian. There is no description of the tree, although 
it is said to grow in Lingnan. The kernels of the nuts are said 
to be good for dysentery, aud to be very nutritious, promoting 
the growth of flesh. The bark of the tree is said to be 
strengthening to the female principle, and is used in decoction 
in pruritus of the genitals. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 335 


PISUM SATIVUM. —iji @ (Wan-tou). 7% 7% (Jung-shu), 
7 J. @ (Ch‘ing-hsiao-tou). Peas are of foreign origin, but 
- are now extensively cultivated in China. ‘They are planted 
in the autumn, and the young stalks are used for food in the 
spring. The peas, both green and dry, are much relished, 
and they are also ground into flour and used in this way asa 
sort of gruel or porridge. Peas are thought to promote 
flatulence. They are considered cooling, and are recommended 
in feverish conditions, fluxes from the bowels, nausea, urinary 
difficulties, to promote the secretion of milk, and to increase 
the flesh. 


PLANTAGO MAJOR.—Hi jf (Ch‘é-ch‘ien), 34. This, 
the common Plantain, is as much of a pest in China as it is in 
other lands. It grows at the roadside and in dooryards, and is 
exceedingly prolific, springing from both seeds and roots and 
killing out all other grass. Formerly the plant and the seeds 
were eaten, and in rare cases this is still done. The seeds, 35, 
are mucilaginous, and have a sweetish, cooling taste. They 
are considered to be quieting, diuretic, antirheumatic, and tonic. 
The drug is good for wasting diseases in male and female, 
promotes the secretion of the semen, and therefore conduces 
to fertility. It nourishes the liver, assists in difficult labor, 
and cures summer diarrhcea. The plant and the root are used 
as astringents in wounds, nosebleed, hematuria, and other 
hemorrhages, as a diuretic, in seminal emissions, and in gravel. | 


PLASTERS.—The character # (Kao) is used for these, 
as it is also for medicinal extracts, ointments, fats, gelatinous 
and cereose substances. In order to distinguish plasters from 
these latter, medical missionaries use fh # (T‘ieh-kao) for the 
former. The Chinese do not have a very large number of . 
these preparations, but they use what they have in season and 
out. An adhesive plaster pure and simple is practically 
unknown, unless the common compound of resin and wood-oil 
can be called such. * Even this is not often used uncombined 
with other drugs. But all sorts of gaping wounds are often 
plastered over with some of the medicinal plasters. <A 
Universal Plaster Basts, called BY HE jh (Wan-ying-yu), is 


336 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


made in the following manner: Take of fragrant sesamum oil, 
sixteen ounces ; peach twigs, willow twigs, Sophora japonica 
twigs, mulberry twigs, cinnamon twigs, and Allium fistulosum, 
of each one ounce; male hair (?, 8 32), four ounces; Zan- 
thoxylum bungei, half an ounce; castor oil bean, two ounces; 
Strychnos nux vomica (? B% yy), four ounces ; Chavica rox- 
burghii, half an ounce; and Angelica anomala, two ounces. 
Soak the drugs in the oil in the winter seven days, in the 
summer three days, and in the spring or autumn five days. 
Then boil until the drugs are withered and dry, when the oil 
should be drained off and boiled until it is reduced to eight- 
tenths of its volume. It is then ready for use. 

Baroos Camphor Plaster; tk kr % 4% (Ping-p‘en-kao- 
yao). This is an expensive warm plaster, at present in much 
repute among the Chinese. Its composition is not given in 
the books. 

Dissolving Abscesses Plaster» #§ 3 # (Hsiao-chti-kao). 
This is made by crushing nine kernels of the castor oil bean, 
aud beatiug up with this three-tenths of an ounce each of pine 
resin, white lead, and finely powdered Luan tea leaves. If it 
is too dry, a little sesamum oil is added, and it is then spread 
on a piece of cloth, applied to the abscess and the whole covered 
with a layer of cotton paper. It is said to heal in seven days. 

Four Perfection Plaster or Ointment ; 3 F} (Sstt-shéng- 
tan). Incinerate forty-nine peas, three-hundredths of an ounce 
of hair, and fourteen real pearls. Beat up the ash with oily 
cosmetic to a paste. This is for vicious smallpox eruption in 
children, in those cases in which eight or nine out of ten die. 
Use a hair-pin and press out the bad blood ; and then apply a 
little of the paste to the sore, when it will turn red and healthy 
in appearance. 

Healing Ringworm Plaster; 3% ¥& B — @ FF (Chih- 
hsien-ti-i-ling-tan). Crush to a pulp three-hundred day lilies 
(Funkia subcordata), and add cloves, six ounces ; lign aloes, 
four ounces; Baroos camphor and musk, of each three-tenths 
of an ounce; pulverized city wall brick from Shansi, twelve 
ounces. Boil all in three and a half catties of sesamum oil. 
Mix with charcoal dust, and drop into water to form pellets. 
Place in a porcelain jar and seal with yellow wax, and then 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 237 


bury in the ground for twenty-one days. Take out and apply 
to the ringworm, and this will soon be cured. 

Flealing Abscess Plaster, j§ JE 3  (Chih-chung-tu- 
kao). Mix four ounces of Siamese gamboge with eight ounces 
of white wax. Boil thoroughly twelve ounces of sesamumi oil, 
and add the above mixture. Keep in a porcelain bottle with 
a little sesamui oil on top to preserve it. This is to be 
applied to any sort of abscess or sore. 

The Chin Family Plaster; 4> Sq te i # (Chin-shih-li- 
tung-kao). To five ounces of Universal Plaster Basis add of 
Siamese gamboge, one and a half ounces; yellow wax, two 
ounces. Boil to a dark brown color, spread on cloth and 
apply. Said to be a sure cure for varicose ulcer. 


PLATYCARIA STROBILACEA.—## # (Huai-hsiang), 
HH Ht Ye | (Tou-lo-p‘o-hsiang). This is described as a small 
tree, growing in the mountains of mid-China and used for fuel. 
It has long, pinnate, green, fragrant leaves, serrated, and 
resembling thistle leaves. The root resembles that of Lyceum, 
but is larger and is very fragrant when burnt. It is used in 
the bath to give fragrance to the body. The root is used 
medicinally only in the preparation of an ointment to be 
applied to sores on the scalp. #€ (K‘ao) is also suggested for 
Platycarza, but it is also used for Wangrove bark. 


PLATYCODON GRANDIFLORUM.—#§ §f (Chieh- 
kéng), 89, 94. This is often confounded with Adenophora, and 
the latter is sometimes called j4 #§ fi (K‘u-chieh-kéng). ‘The 
young plant is eaten as a pot-herb, and is considered to have 
vermicidal properties. The root is of a yellowish-white color, 
and is about as thick as a little finger. It is one of several roots 
that are fraudently substituted for true ginseng. Its medicinal 
properties are given in the article on Adenophora. The stem 
and the leaves, jf §A (Lu-t‘ou), are also used in ‘medicine, and 
are prescribed in decoction in dyspeptic vomiting of mucus. 


PODOCARPUS MACROPHYLLA.—# ¥ 7% (Lo-han- 
mu),  ¥ # (Lo-han-sung). The fruit of this tree, which 
is said to resemble the pine, is given in the Customs Lists 


338 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


under the term of ## ya 9% (Lo-han-kuo), 749. But there has 
been no description of the plant, or of its medicinal properties 
and uses, found in the Chinese books. 


PODOPHYLLUM VERSIPELLE.— JH jf (Tu-chio- 
lien). According to Ford and Crow, this is the identification at 
Canton. ‘This Chinese name, however, is used for different 
plants in different parts of China. For description and medicin- 
al action and uses, see the article on Dzphylleza. 


POGONIA OPHIOGLOSSOIDES.— | (Chu-lan). 
This is not distinguished from Chloranthus and other orchida- 
ceous plants. 


POLLIA JAPONICA.—#- 4 (Tu-jo). Another term 
given for this is #£ @ (Tu-héng), but this properly is Asarum 
Sorbesit (which see). It is also much confounded with A/pznza 
officinarum, and the descriptions of the plant given in the. 
Péntsao are almost inextricably confused with Alpinia and 
other zingiberaceous plants. The root is the part used in 
medicine, and is considered to be carminative, sedative, stim- 
ulant, and tonic. Taken for some time, it benefits the animal 
spirits, brightens the eye, and strengthens the memory. It is 
administered as a warming remedy in colds and fluxes, in 
dizziness, and as an aromatic in foul breath. 


POLYGALA REINII—F & KH (Pa-chi-t‘en), 926. 
This is a polygalaceous wzxtergreen, and is therefore also 
called A i] Hi (Pu-tiao-ts‘ao), and was by Loureiro called 
Septas repens, and by Bentham Herfestzs monniera. The 
description in the Pézésao is not clear. The root is used in 
wiedicine, and is considered to be warming and tonic. It 
strengthens the bones and sinews, quiets the five viscera, is 
tonic to the centers, increases the will power, and benefits the 
breath. It is specially beneficial to males, preventing seminal 
losses and nocturnal pollutions. 


POLYGALA SIBIRICA, VPolygala tenuztfolia.—ig 5B 
(Yiian-chih), 1557. A classical name is 3% ## (Yao-jao), and 
a common name is sJv Hf (Hsiao-ts‘ao). ‘There are two kinds, 


a eri ai 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 339 


a large leaved and a small leaved, as indicated by the botanical 
names given above. There is not much description of the 
plant ; but the drug, which consists of the root, and is called 
i GB WY (Yiian-chih-jou), is brought from the northern prov- 
inces, especially from Shensi and Honan, and is found in 
contorted, quilled pieces, larger than a lead-pencil, marked 
transversely, and of a brownish-yellow color. It is sometimes 
quite tubular, the central vascular portion of the root having 
been removed. ‘The taste is sweetish and somewhat acrid. 
It is supposed to have special effect upon the will and mental 
powers, giving strength of character, improving the under- 
standing, strengthening the memory, and increasing the phys- 
ical powers. It is prescribed in cough, jaundice, hysteria in 
females, infantile convulsions, mammary abscess, and gon- 
orrhcea. The leaves are also recommended for spermator- 
rhoea. 


POLYGONATUM CANALICULATUM.—¥# # (Huang- 
ching), 514. This Chinese term is applied in different parts 
of the empire to Polygonatum macropodum, Polygonatum 
chinense, Polygonatum giganteum, and Polygonatum muttt- 
forum. Tatarinov erroneously identifies it as Caragana 
flava ; but the plant is liliaceous, not leguminous. The plant 
grows in the mountains, and its leaves so much resemble those 
of the bamboo that it is sometimes called ‘‘hare bamboo,’? or 
‘deer bamboo.’’? ‘The leaves also resemble those of the Rhus 
radicans, and the plants are sometimes confounded, disastrous- 
ly if the Aus is substituted for this. The root, leaves, flowers, 
and fruit are all eaten. For medicinal use, the root is steeped 
in wine, or administered in powder. ‘The Taoists make much 
of this plant, and call it the food of the immortals. The 
following legend is found in the Powuchz (III Century): ‘The 
Emperor Huangti once asked one of his councilors if he knew 
of a plant which, when eaten, would confer immortality. The 
reply was that the plant of the great male principle (4 PB, the 
sun) which is called Hwang-ching, when eaten, would prolong 
life. On the other hand the plant of the great female principle 
(qe (, the moon) which is called & YW (Rhus), when it even 
enters the mouth produces death. ‘The root of the Auang- 


340 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


ching is prepared tor food by steaming aud drying. In this 
condition it may be used as a substitute for grains, and is 
called 3 fff (Mi-pu). The root is the part used medicinally, 
and is inet with in the shops in flat pieces, from one to two and 
a quarter inches long, having a greenish-yellow color, with a 
varying degree of translucency and flexibility. The outer 
surface is marked with small circular cicatrices, tubercles, or 
transverse lines. The inner surface is paler, and shows signs 
of having been attached to the stalk. The taste is sweetish 
and mucilaginous. The drug is regarded as chiefly tonic and 
constructive in its properties; but it is also regarded as 
demulcent, arthritic, lenitive, and prophylactic. It is also 
administered in confirmed leprosy. 


POLYGONATUM OFFICINALE.—Ze # (Wei-jui), 3 
ff (Yii-chu), 1547. The first character is also written 3%. The 
leaves resemble bamboo leaves; hence the second name (jade 
bamboo). ‘The leaves and root are edible. It is a common 
plant in the mountains of northern China. The drug as found 
in the shops consists of pale yellow or brown, brittle, semi- 
translucent, twisted pieces, pretty evenly jointed, and varying 
a good deal in size, length, and hygrometric state. The taste 
is sweet and mucilaginous, and the odor something like that 
of newly baked bread. It is very liable to become mouldy. 
When macerated in water the roots swell up again to their 
original dimensions, and are three or four times as thick as in 
the dry state. Cooling, demulcent, sedative, tonic, antiperiod- 
ic, and arthritic qualities are attributed to the rhizome, and 
it is prescribed as a wash in ophthalmia, to be taken with 
peppermint, ginger, and honey in muscz volitantes, in other 
combinations for gravel, the fevers of influenza and caked 
breast, and in the anzemias of epileptic children. 


POLYGONUM AMPHIBIUM.— 8 (T‘ien-liao). This 
is given in the Péztsao in a note to the article on Polygonum 
orientale, and the plant is not clearly distinguished from this 
latter. The root and stalk are bruised, and the juice taken 
and employed in the treatment of foul sores and rheumat- 


ism. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 341 


POLYGONUM AVICULARE.—}i ¥% (Pien-hsii). This 
is the ordinary £uot-grass, or goose-grass, growing by the 
road-side and spreading out so as to cover the ground. ‘The 
stem is covered with a white powder, and on this account the 
plant is called #} @j HL (Fén-chieh-ts‘ao). The whole plant 
is used in medicine and its juice is prescribed in itching affec- 
tions of the skin, venereal sores, especially in women, and asa 
diuretic and anthelmintic remedy. Piles is one of the diffi- 
culties for which it is specially recommended. 


POLYGONUM BISTORTA.—3& #& (Tzi-shén), 8B # 
(Ch’tian-shén), 4 3 (Mou-méng). ‘These are not identified 
with each other in the Péztsao. Neither is described in any 
detail, and all furnish a dark purple or black root. ‘That from 
the first is considered to be antifebrile, diuretic, and laxative. 
It is prescribed in hemorrhages, wounds, tumors, anemorrhcea, 
ague, and fluxes. It stirs up the dual principles. The second 
is used in dropsy. 


POLYGONUM BLUMEI.— 3% (Ma-liao). This is 
also called Fe BE (Ta-liao). The second character is generic 
for Polygonum. ‘The plant grows to the height of four or five 
feet, and the leaves are marked by a black splotch in the 
center. It is the same as Polygonum Persicaria. ‘The stalk 
and leaves are used in medicine as a vermicide. 


POLYGONUM CHINENSE, Poly ie cymosuUum.—Fr 
$F) (Ch‘ih-ti-li). This is the - AW 4 BE (Shan-ch ‘iao-mai), 
r ‘‘hill-buckwheat.’’ It grows in mountain valleys, has a 
red stem, green leaves, and bears a white flower, followed by 
greenish seeds: The root resembles that of .Syzzlax, has a 
purplish-red skin and a yellowish-red interior. It is adminis- 
tered in all sorts of fluxes, as an anthelmintic, in insect and 
scorpion poisoning, for this last both internally and the bruised 
plant is applied locally. 


POLYGONUM CUSPIDATUM.—} ft (Hu-chang). 
The stem of this is covered with spots, and for this reason 
it is also called HE f{ (Pan-chang). The plant is some- 


342 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


what prickly, and its leaves resemble those of the apricot. 
It grows plentifully in waste places. The root is the part 
used in medicine. It is recommended in menstrual difficulties, 
as an antifebrile and diuretic remedy, in post-partum troubles, 
and to scatter swellings and ecchymoses. It is also used as a 
prophylactic in epidemics. 


POLYGONUM FILIFORME.—4 & #8 (Chin-ssti-ts‘ao), 
A> $% 8 (Chin-hsien-ts‘ao). This is confounded with Cuscuta 
and Hypersicum. It grows in mountain valleys, and the whole 
plant is used in hemorrhages and fluxes. 


POLYGONUM FLACCIDUM.— 3K 2 (Shui-liao). This 
is also known as [— 3% (Yti-liao) and j 43% (Tsé-liao), ‘‘marsh, 
or water, smartweed.” It is probably the same as Polygonum 
hydropiper. It grows on the margin of ponds and in other 
damp places, and has a red stem. Que variety is cultivated, 
and is called # 3% (Chia-liao). It is used in the preparation 
of one sort of leaven (lI). Medicinally, it is used in snake 
bites, bruised and applied locally ; and also 1n blistered and 
swollen feet. 


POLYGONUM JAPONICUM.—®@ #§ # (T's‘an-chien- 
ts‘ao). This is Faber’s identification; but the species is not 
mentioned in any other works consulted. It grows in wet 
ground, and has a red stem and white flower. It is bruised 
and applied to caterpillar stings and to ulcers. 


POLYGONUM LAPATHIFOLIUM.— 3 (Mao-liao). 
This is a hairy-leaved Polygonum growing in mountain valleys. 
The plant is applied to tumors and foul sores, and is considered 
to be antiseptic and healing. A decoction is also used to 
wash sore feet. 


POLYGONUM MULTIFLORUM.—(q 7% & (Ho-shou- 
wu), 376. The /éztsao describes this plant as being dicecious. 
It grows principally in the Lingnan region. The root, when 
old, is said to have mysterious properties. At fifty years it is 
as large as a fist, and is designated ‘‘ mountain slave’ ([lf 4), 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 343 


and if taken for a year will preserve the black color of the 
hair and moustache; that at a hundred years is as large as 
a bowl, is called “hill-brother’’ (j[f #F), aud if taken for one 
year, a rubicund and cheerful countenance will be preserved ; 
that at a hundred and fifty years is as large as a basin, is 
called ‘‘hill uncle’’ ({lj f@), and if taken for cne year the 
teeth will fall out and come afresh ; that at two hundred years 
is the size of a one peck ozier basket, is called ‘‘ hill father’’ 
(lj #), and if taken for a year the countenance will become 
like that of a youth, and the gait will equal that of a running 
horse ; and that at three hundred years is the size of a three 
peck ozier basket, is called ‘‘mountain spirit’? ({l] #7), bas a 
pure ethereal substance, and if taken for some time, one be- 
comes an earthly immortal (f§ {jl]). Therefore, wonderful 
restorative and reviving powers are ascribed to the ordinary 
root, and it is also prescribed in tumors, piles, post-partum 
and menstrual difficulties, colds, and diarrhceas. Its use is 
also said to promote fertility. It is commonly sold in flat, 
oblong or round pieces, often of a very irregular shape and 
thickness, their outline being for the most part crenated, 
showing a tendency to the distribution of the vascular tissue 
into five concentric portions around the central mass. The 


‘cuticle is shrivelled, and of a dark, reddish-brown color, and 


the interior woody structure is of a rufous tint. The taste is 
rough and bitterish. The stalk and leaves are used in decoc- 
tion in scabious and itching skin diseases. 

Faber also identifies #8 gg Bi (Shé-chien-ts‘ao) as Poly- 
gonum multiflorum, but this cannot be confirmed from other 
observers. It is described in a different volume of the Péztsao 
from the last, is said to have leaves like the Colocasza, and red- 
jointed stems. Snakes are said to avoid the plant. The root 
and leaves are bruised and applied to snake and scorpion bites. 
If they are proving efficacious, the wound will discharge a 
yellow serum. 


POLYGONUM ORIENTALE.—#r #i (Hung-ts‘ao). 
There are said to be two kinds of this plant, that growing on 
dry ground and that growing in water ; the latter being called 
K # (Tien-liao). But this is Polygonum amphibium. ‘The 


344 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


leaves are large, pinkish in color, and the plant grows to the 
height of several feet. The stalk is as thick as a thumb and 
hairy. ‘The plant bears reddish-black seeds with white kernels, 
which when steamed or roasted can be eaten. They are said 
to relieve thirst and fever, brighten the eye, and benefit the 
breath. ‘They are prescribed in tuberculous swellings and 
flatulence. The flowers are said to thin the blood, remove 
obstructions, and ease pain. 


POLYGONUM Sp.—% (Liao). In addition to those 
already given, the /éztsao speaks of others under this title. 
It is probable that the term more particularly refers to Poly- 
gonum hydropiper, Polygonum persicaria, and Polygonum 
bistorta ; but there are others mentioned, such as $f 3% (Ch ‘ing- 
liao), @ 3% (Hsiang-liao), and jf Bf (Ch‘ih-liao), including 
Polygonum barbatum and other edible species. They are 
somewhat pungent in taste, but used for food. ‘The seeds are 
considered to be stimulant, carminative, and diuretic. They 
are also used in scalp eruptions in children. The shoots and 
leaves are carminative, warming, and anthelmintic. They 
are prescribed in the cramps of liver diseases and cholera, in 
dysentery in children, and for mad-dog bite. 


POLYGONUM TINCTORIUM.—# & (Liao-lan). This 
is mentioned in the /éz¢sao under the article on /udigofera Sp. 
(see that article). No medicinal properties are therefore dis- 
tinguished from those belonging to the latter. 

Another tinctorial plant is mentioned in the Péztsao under 
the name # Fi (Chin-ts‘ao). An identification of Phalares 
arundinacea has been suggested for it, but the plant described 
in the Péntsao is not Phalaris. ‘The description corresponds 
more to that of the Polygonaceze. Its common names are Fe Be 
(Lii-ju) and ¥# / (Lii-chu), and it is used for making a 
greenish-yellow dye for cloth. It is used medicinally in old 
coughs, asthma, tremor, itch, tinea, as an insecticide, in fevers 
of children, and as a wash for foul sores. 


POLYPODIUM BAROMETZ.—%y # (Kou-chi), 606. 
This is Loureiro’s term, and is the same as Cvbotium barometz 
of J. Smith. The plant is found extensively in eastern Asia, 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 345 


including the whole of China, Annam, Cochin-China, the 
Philippines, and the islands of the Malaysian Archipelago. 
The Chinese name, ‘‘dog’s spine,’’ refers to the form of the 
root, which suggests the appearance of a cadaverous dog with 
its spine showing, and especially the kind covered witn yel- 
lowish root filaments suggesting the ordinary, nearly starved 
Chinese wouk, with its bristly hair. There is some confusion 
of this with other kinds of ferns ; but not so much as is usually 
the case. The drug, as it has appeared in the European 
markets, consists of the stipes of the fern so thickly covered 
with golden-brown hairs as to suggest the skin of some animal. 
The native names under which this appeared were Jenghawar 
djambt and pakoé kidang. According to the authors of the 
Dutch Pharmacopeeia, this plant is identical with the so-called 
Agnus Scythicus, or Scythian lamb, which in the sixteenth 
and seventeenth centuries was regarded as a sort of plant- 
animal, springing from a seed, attached to the earth by a root 
like a plant, while it had flesh and blood like an animal, and 
fed upon the herbs which surrounded it until they were all 
gone, after which it starved to death, because it could not move 
from its place. Adam and Eve were said to have been aston- 
ished on seeing this vegetable lamb in the Garden of Eden. 

In Chinese medicine the drug is considered strengthening 
to the spine, antirheumatic, stimulating to the liver, kidneys, 
and male generative organs, and is recommended as an old 
man’s remedy. Gencral tonic properties are also ascribed to it. 
In Europe the hairy filaments from the stipes were recommended 
as a hesmostatic in wounds, and this use is also mentioned in 
the Appendix to the Péxztsao. ‘Their action seems to be purely 
mechanical. 


POLYPODIUM FORTUNEI.— > #& # (Ku-sui-pu), 624. 
The name of this was originally #¢ #£ (Hou-chiang), but the 
Emperor Kaiyuen (713 A.D.), because he considered it capable 
of mending broken bones, commanded that the former name 
should be given to it. It grows in the shade of trees, about 
the roots and on stony ground. ‘The rhizome, 1125, is said to 
somewhat resemble ginger, and is filamentous. Its taste is bit- 
ter and cooling, and it checks hemmorrhage and heals wounds. 


346 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


It is prescribed in wasting diseases, ulcerations, gangrene, 
toothache, failing of the hair after sickness, and ear difficulties. 


POLYPODUM LINGUA.—4 # (Shih-wei), 1161, & # 
¥§ (Chin-lsing-tsao), The second name applies when the 
plant is sporulating. It is also called 7 i (Shib-p‘i), on 
account of its habit of growing on rocks and its leathery leaves. 
One kind which grows on old brick walls is callec 7E Ht (Wa- 
wei). This is Polypodium lineare. It is useful in the treat- 
ment of urinary calculus. The leaves of the .Shzhk-wez are 
gathered in the second moon and dried in the shade. ‘The 
best kind is that which grows in places where neither the noise 
of water nor the human voice is heard.’’ he drug is consid- 
ered to be diuretic and tonic, and it is prescribed in gravel, 
urinary difficulties, menorrhagia, hematuria, wounds, and 
carbuncle. 

The Chin-hsing-ts‘ao, or sporulating plant, shows fronds 
two or three feet long, with star-shaped spore cases on the 
back arranged in pairs. The fronds and root are both used 
medicinally in carbuncle, carcinomatous ulcers, scrofulous 
glands, brimstone poisoning, and digested in oil as an applica- 
tion to make the hair grow. It cools the blood and promotes 
the excretion of water. 


POPULUS ALBA.—fq #% (Pai-yang). This Chinese 
name refers to both the poplar and aspen, the name of the 
latter being more specifically 4% #8 (I-yang). ‘There is little 
discrimination between Populus alba, Populus tremula, and 
Populus suaveolens. The last has a smaller, green leaf, and is 
called #f #% (Ch‘ing-yang). A name common for this and 
other species of Populus, refering to their moving leaves, is 3% 
# (Tu-yao), ‘‘self-moving.’? The bark of the tree is con- 
sidered to be antiseptic and astringent, and is prescribed in colds, 
hemorrhage, fluxes, the bloody stools of preguant women, and 
as a local application in goiter. The decoction in water, wine, 
or vinegar is the preparation usualy exhibited. The twigs are 
used in colic, herpes labialis, enlarged spleen, and to clear the 
complexion. A decoction of the leaves is used in decayed 
teeth and necrosis of bone where there is a sinus. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 347 


POPULUS BALSAMIFERA.—j} fj (Hai-t‘ung). Also 
called ji # (Tz‘t-t‘ung). This is Faber’s identification, but 
the description in the Péxtsao would rather indicate dAcantho- 
panax (see p. 4). It grows in the south near the sea, has 
leaves as large as a hand arranged ternately, a firm white 
bark which can be made into ropes that do not rot in water, 
and bears a red flower. It is possible that two or more genera 
are confounded under this name. ‘The bark is used as an 
astringent in cholera, chronic diarrhoea and dysentery, dis- 
charging skin diseases, decayed teeth, infamed eyes, and as an 
anthelmintic and parasiticide. The flowers are used as a 
styptic in wounds. 


POPULUS TREMULA.—#% }§ (I-yang). This is de- 
scribed in the /éxtsao under the term #& #% (Fu-i), and the 
name fe ff (T‘ang-ti), or more properly fF # (Ch‘ang-ti), is 
given as a synonym. In Japan g #$ (Fu-i) is the Chinese 
term for Arvonza astatica, a small tree of the order Rosacez, 
with white flowers in racemes, and bearing a fruit like the 
Prunus japonica. ‘There seems therefore to be some confound- 
ing of names in the /éxtsao, but the description given evidently 
refers to a Populus. The bark is bitter and considered to be 
slightly deleterious. It is used for affections of the feet, one 
of which answers pretty well to the description of gout. It 
also is regarded as anthelmintic and is highly esteemed in 
profuse leucorrheea. 


PORPHYRA COCCINEA.—2§ 3% (Tzii-ts‘ai). This algal 
plant is a sort of Javer, which is green when in the fresh state 
and purple when dry. It grows on the sea shore of south 
China, and the Fukienese gather it and press it into cakes. It 
is not poisonous, but when taken in excess produces colicky 
pains, flatulence, and eructation of mucus. It is recommended 
in diseases of the throat, especially goitre. 


PORTULACCA OLERACEA.—&  W (Ma-ch‘ih- 
hsien). The furslanes and amaranths are confounded in 
China, and very naturaily so, since the plants resembie each 
other in general appearance and habits. §% (Hsien) refers fer 


348 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


the most part to Amarantus, but in this case it seems to be 
applied to the common purslane. There is a fairly good 
description in the /éztsao. The plant is said to contain 
mercury. It is eaten as a cheap, cooling, spring vegetable by 
the Chinese of all classes. Cooling, lenitive, antiscorbutic, 
alterative, vulnerary, and discutient properties are ascribed to 
it, and the plant or its juice is recommended to be used in 
ulcers, tumors, indigestion, leucorrhcea, nausea, gravel, wounds, 
herpes, anthrax, eczema, colds, dysentery, colic, intestinal 


worms, and pruritis of the genitals. The seeds are considered 


to be tonic and constructive, and are prescribed in opacities of 
the cornea and to benefit the intestines. 


POTAMOGETON.—#§ (Yu). This spadiceous endogen 
is well described in the /énz¢sao. Horses and goats are 
exceedingly fond of it, and it therefore has names referring to 
this fact. It has a very foul odor, and the name above given 
is said to indicate the fact. ‘The 7sochuan says: ‘‘ There is a 
fragrant herb and a stinking one, and for ten years the stench 
will remain’? (— ie — 7 -++ 4E 9 FR OA OSL). The root is used 
in medicine. It is considered to be tonic, giving brightness 
to the eye and acuteness to the hearing. It is also considered 
to be antifebrile and diuretic. Faber gives i $= 3€ (Yén-tzt- 
ts‘ai) as a term for Potamogeton polygonifolius, but this has not 
been found mentioned in the Chinese works consulted. FE # 
(Ma-tsao) is usually considered to be Potamogeton oxyphyllus, 
but this is not distinguished in the Péxtsao from Myrzophyllum 
spicatum. See Digitaria sanguinalis. . 


POTENTILLA CRYPTOTANIA.—j— 3F (Lang-ya). 
The plant grows in the provinces north of the Yangtse, and 
the root, which is officinal, is said to resemble the tooth of an 
animal ; hence the name, “wolf’s-tooth.” It is very poisonous, 
and is prescribed in some of the Jml (Féng) diseases, foul sores, 
and intestinal worms. Venereal and rodent sores, arrow wounds, 
and snakebites are also treated with it. 


POTENTILLA DISCOLOR.—% & #i (Fan-pai-ts‘ao). 
This grows to the height of seven or eight inches, has a firm, 
thick, serrate leaf, light colored on the back, rather small, and 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 349 


lanceolate. It bears a yellow flower, and the root is about the 
size of a finger, with a red skin and white flesh. ‘The seed is 
shaped like that of coriander. The root is eaten both raw and 
cooked, children preferring it in the former condition. Its me- 
dicinal properties are those of an astringent, and it is prescribed in 
. hematemesis, hematuria, menorrhagia, malaria, and carbuncle. 


POTENTILLA WALLICHIANA.—B @& (Shé-han). 
See Geum dryadotdes. 


POTERIUM OFFICINALE.— th ig} (Ti-yii). This is 
the same as Potertum sanguisorba, the common dburnet. Its 
leaves slightly resemble those of the elm and spread over the 
ground, and these facts give rise to the Chinese name, ‘‘ground 
elm.’’ The root is long, tough, wrinkled, and fibrous, brown 
externally, and of a pink or yellowish color internally. It is 
astringent and slightly bitter to the taste, and is used as a 
styptic, astringent, vulnerary, and anodyne remedy. It is 
prescribed in post-partum difficulties, wounds, ulcers, dysentery, 
hemorrhages, snake and insect bites, and skin diseases. 
The leaves are used as a substitute for tea, and are considered 
to be cooling in fevers. 


POWDERS.—The Chinese use a number of these; some for 
internal medication, some for external use, and one for insuf- 
flation into the throat. They nearly all go by the name of # 
(San), and consist of one or more drugs specially prepared, 
dried, and thoroughly powdered. ‘The following are a few of 
the more popular. 

Amber Powder; 38 34 # (Hu-p‘o-san), It is made as 
follows: Take of amber, one ounce; turtle shell, one ounce; 
Cyperus rotundus, one ounce ; Corydalis ambigua, one-half 
ounce; myrrh, one-half ounce; rhubarb, one-fourth ounce. 
These are to be all heated together and beaten into a powder. 
The drug is considered to be styptic and tonic, and it is used 
after labor with a view to restoring the normal circulation of 
the blood, in which case the rhubarb is left out. 

Atractylis Powder ; % jt #e (Tsang-shu-san). Atractylis 
ovata is dried and prepared by a complicated process, the value 


35° CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


of which is not very apparent. The powder is administered 
in rheumatic difficulties. 

Brassica Powder ; 4 ™& i (Yin-t‘ai-san). Use seeds of 
Brassica juncea, Cryptotzenia canadensis, cinnamon heart, and 
Peeonia albiflora in equal quantities, and beat into a powder. 


It is used in indigestion, vicious lochia, and all post-partum. 


difficulties. It is said that the first three days after labor can 
not safely be passed without using this remedy. 

Five Yellows Powder; Fi % te (Wu-huang-san). Take 
of rhubarb, brimstone, flowers of sulphur, turmeric, and gam- 
boge equal parts; powder finely and mix with rape seed oil, to 
be applied to scaly skin diseases. .This is really an ointment, 
but has the name of being a powder. 

Four-compound Fairy Atractylis Powder ; (Q HS fi) ot 
(Ssii-chih-hsien-shu-san). Use Chekiang Atractylis sinensis, 
four ounces ; divide into four parts, and decoct one part to- 
gether with Astragalus hoangtchy ; combine one part with 
hornet’s stings(?) and roast dry ; bake one part in bran until 
dry, and combine one part with Dendrobium. Mix these four 
portions together and powder. This is valued in the treatment 
of profuse perspiration. 

Fungus Powder; Fe py Be FH (Mu-chan-ssu-san). This 
contains a substance called 7e fy Hf (Mu-chan-ssit), which 
is described as a fungous growth on the camphor tree. Equal 
quantities of this, of licorice, Magnolia hypoleuca, Asarum 
sieboldi, Tricosanthes multiloba, Siler divaricatum, ginger, 
ginseng, Platycodon grandiflorum, and Patrinia villosa are 
powdered together. It is useful in carbuncles and in all sorts 
of carcinomatous and infected sores. 

Glycine-malt Powder, Fe BBE HK (Ta-tou-nieh-san). This is 
made of malted hyspidia beans, roasted and powdered. It is used 
in marasmus and like difficulties, and is considered to benefit 
the five viscera, increasing secretion and making pliant the skin. 

Gourd Peduncle Powder; JN #% 7 (Kua-ti-san). Take 
gourd peduncles browned to a yellow color, and Phaseolus 
radiatus, equal parts, and powder. ‘This is used for the same 
purposes for which melon peduncles are recommended. 

Green Plum Powder; 7 ge #{ (Ch‘ing-mei-san). Use 
the kernels of green Canarium seed, seven in number, dry and 


i, 
,. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 351 


powder fine without either roasting in fire or washing in water. 
Also take twenty-one of the jade-butterfly plum flowers, ex- 
cluding the peduncles. Mix the powdered kernels and the 
flowers with two teaspoonfuls of white honey into a contfec- 
tion. ‘This given toa child will prevent smallpox, or if already 
infected there will not come out more than two or three small 
spots of eruption. 

Headache Powder, §R ja JE Be (T‘ou-f€ng-mo-san). 
This is for external application, and consists of aconite root, 
pulverized, mixed with salt, and finely powdered. It is either 
rubbed directly into the temples, or mixed with oil and made 
into a pomade for the same purpose. 

Insuffiation Powder; WR '& i (Ch‘ui-hou-san). Take 
large black dates, remove the pits, and put inside a Chinese 
nutgall, after having removed the worms from the latter. 
Add Fritillaria bulb, removing the heart, and wrap in a layer 
of mud, baking until dry. Then powder finely and use as an 
insufflation powder for all diseases of the throat. 

- Jade Dragon Powder; FE % (Vi-lung-san). Use 
Funkia subcordata flowers and snake skin, of each one-fifth 
ounce ; cloves, one-tenth ounce, and powder. ‘This is used in 
suppression of urine. 

Nux vomica Powder; & Wi #% (Ma-ch‘ien-san). Take 
half an ounce of Nux vomica seeds, place in an iron vessel and 
roast in a sand bath until yellow ; then beat up in a mortar, 
and sift out all coarse particles. Also of wild sesamum seeds, 
removing the husks, a half ounce; olibanum and bamboo 
leaves roasted dry, a half ounce ; powder all finely together. 
This is for cancerous sores and abscesses, and for the relief of 
pain. ‘The dose is, of course, very limited in quantity, on 
account of the poisonous character of the Nux vomica seeds. 

Permeating the Spirit Powder ; 3% wh Be (T‘ung-shén- 
san). Use Phaseolus mungo husks, white chrysanthemum 
flowers, and Eriocaulon australe, of each equal parts. This is 
to be powdered and boiled together with dried persimmons and 
millet, and used in the treatment of eye diseases. 

Protecting the Heart Powder, && X % (Hu-hsin-san). 
Use Phaseolus mungo meal, one ounce ; olibanum, one-half 
ounce ; mix together and powder. This is to be taken with a 


352 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


decoction of licorice in cases of abscess and wasting due to 
discharging sores. 

Rubbing Bright Powder ;  ¥, He (Mo-kuang-san).  Pre- 
pare a powder of the wild water chestnut by a process similar 
to that used for preparing arrowroot powder. Also take equal 
parts of Coptis teeta, Pterocarpus indicus, Scutellaria mac- 
rantha, sweet chrysanthemum flowers, and peppermint. First 
steep in water and evaporate the decoction, and then 
steep in child’s urine and evaporate in the same way and 
mix the two powders; also take a pearl and enclose it ina 
piece of bean curd and boil, after which powder finely. Take 
one ounce of the water chestnut powder, one-half ounce of the 
second preparatiou, aud three-tenths ounce of the pearl powder ; 
mix, powder finely, and put into a porcelain bottle and cork 
tightly. When about to use, add a little Baroos camphor and 
drop the powder into the eye. This is considered to be a 
remarkably efficacious remedy in all forms of opacity of the 
cornea. 

Salvia Powder, Fy 8 FH (Tan-shén-san). This is simply 
Salvia plebia washed clean, cut in slices, dried, and powdered. 
The dose is a fifth of an ounce to be taken in warm wine for 
all menstrual difficulties, whether early or late, too much or 
too little, or in pregnancy to quiet irritation in the last weeks, 
or to correct the discharges after delivery. It is also good for 
all forms of backache and pains in the bones and joints. 

Seven Candarin Powder; % F& ft (Ch‘i-li-san). Use 
dragon bone (ff 7), borax, dragon’s blood, catechu, Cannabis 
indica, and Forsythia suspensa, of each equal parts ; powder 
finely. ‘The dose is seven candarins, and is used in the treat- 
ment of wounds as an anodyne. 

Seven Fairies Powder; ‘I Ff (Ch‘i-hsien-tan).  As- 
tragalus hoangtchy two ounces ; ginseng, one ounce; licorice, 
one-half ounce; Paris polyphylla, one ounce ; plum flowers, 
one and a half ounces; Monochasma savatieri, one ounce ; 
human skull bone (J ## #%), one piece ; all powdered together. 
This is a remedy for preventing smallpox and for modifying 
the eruption. 

Seven Precious Powder, & #&  (Ch4-pao-san). Use 


dragon bone, elephant’s skin, dragon’s blood, ginseng, Gynura 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 353 


pinnatifida, olibanum, myrrh, and laka wood, all powdered te- 
gether. This is thought to promote healing in wounds, and 
is a military men’s remedy. : 

Two Flowers Powders = eE Pe (Erh-hua-san). Take 
yellow plum flowers in any quantity and peach blossoms dried 
in the shade; Crategus fruits, remove the seeds, roast, and 
powder; a small Luffa cylindrica, dried in the shade and 
powdered ; orange peel, ginseng, Astragulus hoangtchy, lico- 
rice, vermilion, Paris polyphylla, Monochasma_ savatiera, 
scaly ant eater, a human tooth, piece of skull, all powdered 
together. ‘This is one of the many remedies used in the 
treatment of smallpox. 


PREMNA JAPONICA.—(§ i (Fu-pei). This term, 
‘worthless slave-girl,’’ is applied to the flower of Phaseolus 
mungo, that of Pachyrizus thunbergtanus, and to a small tree 
which grows near the sea-shore. ‘This last has a crooked stem, 
bears a yellow flower, and has a fetid smell. It is not quite 
certain which of these three is the drug mentioned in the 
Péntsao. Flowers are evideutly referred to in the discussion of 
medicinal uses. Ague, fever, fluxes, alcoholism, and hemor- 
rhoids are treated with it. 


PRUNELLA VULGARIS,—B #4 Wf (Hsia-ku-ts‘ao). 


See Brunella vulgaris. 


PRUNUS ARMENIACA.—4%; (Hsing), ff #g (T ‘ien-mei. ) 
The apricot is said to have been indigenous in Shansi. It is 
now cultivated in many parts of the country. There are 
several varieties, as 4 #F (Chin-hsing), AC ZF (Mu-hsing), ly F 
(Shan-hsing), Fy AF (Pai-hsing), W ZF (Sha-hsing), #g Az (Mei- 
hsing), 2 ap (Lai-hsing), and f¥ # (Jou-hsing). These are 
all distinguished from each other in the Péxztsao. ‘The fruit 
is regarded as being somewhat deleterious, and if eaten in 
excess is thought to harm the bones and sinews, to promote 
blindness and falling of the hair, including that on the eye- 
brows and the eye-lashes, to benumb the mental faculties, and 
to injure parturient women. It is considered to pertain to the 
heart, and therefore should be used in cases of heart disease. 
Dried and eaten, it is thirst-relieving and antifebrile. The 


354 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


kernel of the seed, 466, has been mistaken for the almond. 
But the fact is that the kernels of the apricot and of the peach 
are used in China instead of the almond, which is more or 
less rare. ‘She kernel is considered to be somewhat deleterious, 
and it is said that a double kernel will kill a man, and may be 
used to poison a dog. Ordinarily, the calyx of the apricot 
flower is five-parted, but if a six-parted one is found, the seed 
will contain a double kernel. Sedative, tussic, antispasmodic, 
demulcent, pectoral, vulnerary, aud anthelmintic properties are 
ascribed to these kernels, and a number of nostrums are 
prepared with them, and they are prescribed ina great variety of 
difficulties. A kind of fatty confection, called 4¢ Rf (Hsing-su), 
is made from the kernels, and they are also used together with 
peach and other kernels in producing a kind of bland oil, called 
As {= if) (Hsing-jén-yu). One form of the confection, in which 
ginger and licorice are combined with the kernels, is used 
as a tussic and expectorant remedy, while the other, which 
is prepared by a process of fermentation, 1s more especially 
used as a prophylactic and tonic. <A decoction, called AF fe 
(Hsing-jén-t‘ang), is made by crushing the blanched kernels in 
boiling water, with the addition of other drugs and flavoring 
ingredients. This is sold in the streets of some Chinese towns, 
much as sassafras tea is in European cities, as a kind of ptisan. 
It is given in coughs, asthma, and catarrhal affections. The 
juice of apricot kernels is added to rice-congee, and given in 
hemorrhages, the kernels being sometimes parched beforehand. 
They are also crushed and made into a paste, which is applied 
to the eye in inflammations of that organ. Apricot flowers are 
considered to be tonic and are a woman’s remedy, promoting 
fecundity. They are also used in cosmetic preparations. ‘The 
leaves are recommended in decoction for plethora, the branches 
in injuries, and the root is said to be antidoral to the poison of 
the kernels. This latter illustrates a popular belief of the 
Chinese doctors, who regard the root of a plant as the polar 
antagonist of the stem and all that is borne upon it, so that if 
one is poisonous, the other will furnish the antidote. 


PRUNUS COMMUNIS, Amygdala communts.-—B, A FF 
(Pa-tan-hsing). This is brought from Mohammedan countries, 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 355 


but is said now to be grown in Kansu and Mongolia. The 
tree and fruit is fairly well described in the FPénztsao. The 
kernel is used in coughs, flatulence, and heartburn. 


PRUNUS JAPONICA.—#f 2 (Yu-li), 1551, 3 dé 
(T‘ang-ti), 72 ff (Ch‘iao-mei). The second name is also 
written fe 4 (I'‘ang-ti) and # Ht (Ch‘ang-ti). ‘his is a 
small tree, six or seven feet in height, growing in the mountain 
valleys of Kiangsu, bearing a small, red fruit, like a cherry, 
having a rather harsh, sour taste and edible, but not much 
used. It is sometimes made into sweetmeats, and for that 
reason, and for the kernels of the seeds, the tree is cultivated 
in some parts of China. The kernels are either dried, or put 
up in a sort of confection with honey, and used in medicine. 
They have a bitterish-sour- taste, and demulcent, diuretic, 
lenitive, and deobstruent properties are ascribed tothem. They 
are given in dropsy, rheumatisin, fevers, cardialgia, indiges- 
tion, constipation, and mixed with Baroos camphor are used in 
ophthalmia. The root of the tree is used in affections of the 
teeth, constipation, fevers of children, and to destroy pin worms. 


PRUNUS MUME.—# (Mei). This is said to have been 
indigenous to Shensi, but is now found in many of the prov- 
inces. There are a great many varieties, both wild and 
cultivated. There are also several kinds of the prepared 
fruits. If plums are gathered half ripe and smoked, they 
constitute what is called & fg (Wu-mei), ‘‘black-plumns ;” if 
the green ones are pickled in brine and then dried, they are 
called ~y #g (Pai-mei); they are also made into a confection. 
The ripe plums are put ina press and the juice expressed, to be 
used as an addition to water for a cooling summer drink. 
Plums, if taken freely, are not considered to be entirely free 
from deleterious effects. They are said to injure the teeth, 
harm the tendons, corrode the spleen and stomach, and inflame 
the diaphragm. The ‘‘black plums’’ mentioned above are 
considered to be carminative, antifebrile, and antispasmodic, 
and they are recommended in fluxes, malaria, choleraic 
difficulties, nausea, intestinal worms, fish and sulphur poison- 
ing, and poisoning from the bite of a horse. They are soaked 


350 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


in water and the infusion given in typhoid fever to relieve 
thirst. he ‘‘white plums,’’ also known as ‘‘salted plums,’’ 
are much relished as a savory pickle, and will be found at most 
Chinese feasts, under the name of 4f #7 (Ch‘ing-mei). They 
are crushed and applied locally as a styptic in incised wounds, 
i cancer of the breast, and are taken internally in epilepsy, 
fluxes, and choleraic affecitons, menorrhagia, and the like. 
The kernels of the seeds are considered strengthening and 
cooling, and are crushed, mixed with vinegar, and applied 
to a felon on the finger. The flowers are added to various 
eongees and other preparations, and are thought to improve 
the strength-giving qualities of these. The leaves are nsed in 
fluxes and menorrhagia. ‘The root is prescribed for colds and 
fluxes, and it is taken, together with that of the peach and of 
the domestic plum, and decocted in water for a bath for a new 
born infant, with the result that the infant will remain free 
from prickly heat and boils. 


PRUNUS PERSICA.—#k (T‘a0). The peach is indigen- 
ous to China, which is also shown by the character represent- 
ing it being one of the few ancient, unchanged characters. 
The wood of the tree is used in fortune telling, and this is 
indicated by the composition of the character ; the right hand 
part meaning ‘‘omen’’ and the left meaning ‘‘ wood.” It is 
also suggested that the right side of the character means a 
million, and that this refers to the prolific character of the tree 
as to leaves, flowers, and fruit. The varieties of peaches in 
China are very numerous, and marvelous stories are told in 
regard to the size of some of the fruits. Also, there is an account 
of having grafted the peach upon persimmon and plum trees, 
and producing a modified fruit. In the former case it is called 
4: bk (Chin-t‘ao), and in the latter 4¢ Yk (Li-t‘ao) or #¥ HE (Mei- 
t‘ao). It is said that the fruit is heating and produces fever 
if taken in excess. It improves the complexion, and as a fruit, 
belongs to the lungs and should be freely used in diseases 
of that organ. ‘The late variety, known as & #§ (Tung-t‘ao), 
is recommended for the feverishness of work or anxiety. The 
kernel of the seed, 1257, is often combined with, or substituted 
for, the kernels of the apricot seed, and it is these which have 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 357 


been mistaken for almonds. They are recommended for 
coughs, blood-diseases, rheumatism, amenorrhcea, ague, post- 
partum hemorrhage, and worms. Crushed and mixed with 
honey, they make an application for keeping the hands smooth, 
if applied at night. ‘The hairy pellicle of the skin of the fruit 
is used in hemorrhages and evil effluvia. The fruit which 
hangs on the tree all winter and is gathered in the early 
spring, is called Hk 4 (T‘ao-hsiao), HE A (T‘ao-nu), and ih BE 
(Shén-t‘ao). Another name means ‘‘demon’s skull.’? These 
are regarded as slightly deleterious, and have the power of 
overcoming every kind. of demoniac influence and of relieving 
many sorts of neuralgic and rheumatic pains. Profuse sweat- 
ing in children, hemorrhage in pregnant women, ague, scald- 
head, and sickness from the over-ingestion of peaches are all 
treated with these. The flowers of the peach tree are supposed 
to have some supernatural power in driving away the demon 
of ill health, giving a good color to the complexion, and rejoic- 
ing the countenance. ‘They are regarded as diuretic, vermi- 
fuge, and quieting, and they are applied locally in favus and 
acne, and as a cosmetic. The leayes, 1259, are regarded as 
parasiticide, antifebrile, and astringent, and are prescribed in 
typhoid and other fevers as a diuretic and corrective remedy, 
and in cholera. ‘The bark of the tree and root, 1258, are both 
used, but preference is given to the latter, and especially to 
the bark of that root extending toward the east. Only the 
white inner bark is employed. It is considered to be pro- 
phylactic, parasiticide, and quieting. Extreme jaundice, 
epidemics, and dropsy are special indications for its use. The 
peach gum (Pk J%, T‘ao-chiao) is also used as a sedative, 
alterative, astringent, and demulcent remedy. Peach-wood 
slips, Hk #F (T‘ao-fu), are used as charms against evil spirits. 
These are sometimes affixed to the lintels of the door, or the 
lintel is made of peach wood. Posts of peach-wood, called 
Pk Hi (T‘ao-chtieh), are also set out about the house for the 
saine purpose. ‘lhe epiphyte growing on the peach tree, Pk 
HE (T‘ao-chi-shéug), is said to partake of the medicinal prop- 
erties of the tree, as do also the grubs, pk # (T‘ao-tu), which 
infest the wood. The # $& (Yu-t‘ao) is the nectarine, and 
fi PE (Ping-t‘ao) and @ PE (Ho-t‘ao) are the names of a flat 


358 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


variety, of excellent flavor and of foreign origin. The peaches 
of Honan province are especially of fine quality and favor. 
The difficulty is that the Chinese almost never allow the fruit 
to ripen on the tree, but pluck and eat it quite green. Former- 
ly a sort of vinegar was made from the pulp of ripe peaches. 


PRUNUS PSEUDO-CERASUS.—# #k& (Ying-t‘ao). 
This, the Chinese or bastard-cherry, is very similar to the 
European kind, but differs from it in having its lowers grow 
in racemes, instead of in fascicles, and in the stems being 
hairy. The classical name is @& #k (Han-t‘ao). The large, 
sweet cherries are called @ % (Yai-ini). The fruit is said to 
harmonize the centers, to benefit the disposition, and to give 
a good complexion anda hopeful will. It prevents the loss of 
virility and checks fluxes. ‘The leaves of the tree are bruised 
and applied in snake bite. The root on the east side of the 
tree is good in pin worms. The twigs are rubbed together 
with Salvinza natans, Gleditschia officinalis, and pickled plums 
(4 fg), and used as an application for freckles. The flowers 
are also used as a cosmetic. The fruit of the cherry is often 
preserved with honey and used as a sweet-meat. 


PRUNUS SPINULOSA.—## Ze (Lin-mu). This is an 
identification of Faber’s; but upon what authority he does not 
state. The Péz/fsao gives little description of the tree, except to 
say that it is a large tree growing in the mountainous districts 
of Central China, that it bears a white flower, and that its wood 
is used in dyeing brown, and the leaves are sometimes distilled 
with spirits. Rice is cooked with the lye from the ashes of 
this tree, and eaten to cure dyspepsia and intestinal worms. 


PRUNUS TOMENTOSA.—|l] # #k (Shan-ying-t‘ao), 
Pk (Chu-t‘ao), 4s pk (Li-t‘ao), ge Pe (Mei-t‘ao). This cherry 
does not have a good taste, so it is not much eaten. It has 
the same qualities and medicinal uses as the ordinary cherry. 


PRUNUS TRIFLORA, Prunus domestica.—Zs (Li), % & 
F (Chia-ch‘ing-tzu). Although the character for this pluim is 
very old, the tree is not mentioned as being indigenous to 
China ; but on the other hand the equivalent Sanscrit name of 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 359 


KE 6& Ym (Chit-ling-chia) is given, indicating that it may have 
been introduced from India or Persia. ‘There are very many 
varieties of these plums in China (Li Shih-chén says nearly a 
hundred) varying in size, color, shape, and flavor. Most of 
the finest varieties are found in the northern provinces. Those 
plums which do not sink in water are considered deleterious, 
and should not be eaten. If eaten in excess, they are thought 
to cause dropsical swelling. ‘There is also some suggestion of 
them causing choleraic difficulties. When eaten dried, they 
are thought to drive away chronic disease and harmonise the 
centers. ‘hey pertain to the liver, and should be eaten in 
diseases of that organ. ‘The kernels of the seeds are used in 
sprains, bruises, injuries to bones, in hysterical phantom tumor, 
and in dark spots on the face (#F). ‘Their ingestion is said to 
improve the complexion. ‘The white bark of the root is 
considered to be very cooling, and is therefore used 1n thirst 
aud febrile difficulties. In decoction it is also used in ulcers, 
toothache, fluxes, menorrhagia, leucorrhcea, and fevers of 
children. ‘Ihe flowers are added to cosmetic preparations. The 
leaves are used in intermittent fever and epileptoid affections 
of children. The gum of the tree is recommended in pannus, 
to stop pain and relieve swelling. 


PSORALEA CORYLIFOLIA.—j # J (Pu-ku-chih). 
Bi & WE (P‘o-ku-chih), roq2, HR (P‘o-ku-chih). This 
drug is said to come from Persia, and the above names are prob- 
ably transliterations. ‘The plant is now found in Lingnan 
and Szechuan. The flat, oval or slightly reniform, black one- 
seeded leguines are about two or three lines long, and often 
retain the persistent, five-lobed calyx. ‘They have an aromatic 
odor, and a bitter, aromatic flavor. They are regarded as 
highly aphrodisiac and tonic to the genital organs, and are 
prescribed in all forms of sexual incompetevcy. ‘Threatened 
abortion, the discomforts of pregnancy, insufficient erections, 
polyuria, and incontinence of urine in children, are difficulties 
for which the drug is administered. 


PTERIS AQUALINA.—jR (Chiieh). The different 


kinds of ferns are not clearly distinguished from each other. 


360 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


But the description given in the é¢sao answers well enough 
to Fteris. There is some confounding of the genus with 
Osmunda, The thallus and root-stock are both eaten and used 
medicinally, and they are sweet, mucilaginous, and cooling. 
They expel fever, benefit the water passages, and promote 
sleep. Tonic properties are also ascribed to them. JF 
i WH (Ching-k‘ou-pien-ts‘ao), J & BE (Féng-wei-tsao), #¢ #€ 
¥i (Hung-mao-ts‘ao), and ie WA Ei (Wu-kung-ts‘ao), 1461, are 
other names for Perzs, but are not distinguished in the Péxz/sao. 
ak wR (Shui-chiieh) is Ceratopterts thalictroides, and is much 
esteemed as a food. ‘The root-stock has a slightly bitter taste, 
and it is regarded as eliminative and is used in constipation. 


PTEROCARPUS SANTALINUS.—3& ff (Tzi-t‘an). 
This is described in the Féz¢sao under the article on Sasztalum 
album. 'The Chinese do not distinguish clearly between this 
red saunders and sandal-wood. It is not grown in China, but 
comes from the region of the Kunlun mountains, and is not 
fragrant like the sandal wood. Mr. Eitel (Handbook of 
Chinese Buddhism) gives ¢adlaparne or rakta tchandana as 
Sanscrit names of this wood. He also speaks of a kind of 
copper-brown sandal-wood under the Samscrit name of goszrcha 
tchandana, which is rendered into Chinese as 4F ff fff ## (Niu- 
shou-chan-t‘an). The saunders wood being of a red>color is 
considered a blood remedy; therefore it is used in wounds, 
ulcers, and the like, to check hemorrhage and suppuration. 


It is not used for anything else. 


PTEROCARYA STENOPTERA.—{# (Chi), 7% # 
(Chii-liu). Henry thus identifies this tree as it grows in 
Hupeh. In other parts of China and in Japan the first name 
is applied to an elm-like tree, the wood of which is highly 
valued for making boxes and tables. In the latter country 
this is identified as Ulmus keaki or Zelkowa keaki. ‘The seed 
vessels of this look like small coins, and the country people 
use the leaves as a substitute for tea. The description in the 
Péntsao is very faulty, and does not distinguish between these ; 
so the identification of Henry is here adopted. The bark of 
the tree is used in medicine, and it is directed that it shall be 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 361 


taken from the west half of a tree over twenty years old. Its 
action is said to be antifebrile and astringent, and is prescribed 
in dysentery, anasarca, and conjunctivitis. ‘Ihe leaves are 
used locally in eroding ulcers. 


PUERARIA.—% (Ko). See Pachyrhizus thunbergianus. 
PULSATILLA.—See Anemone cernua. 


PUNICA GRANATUM.— 4 #§ (An-shih-liu). ‘The 
pomegranate is not indigenous to China, but was introduced by 
the famous general Chang Chien (circa B.C. 120), from Kabul 
or Parthia, as indicated by the first two characters. The last 
character is explained by #4, a tumor or wen, and refers to the 
appearance of the fruit when burst open. ‘Three kinds are 
spoken of in the /éntsao, a red-flowered, a yellow-flowered, 
aud a white-flowered, bearing sweet, sour, and bitter fruits 
respectively. The last is called [J 4 #§ (Shan-shih-liu), 
which name is also referred to under the article on Rhododen- 
dron tndicum, and may refer to that shrub. Several varieties 
are also mentioned, and the plant is much cultivated by 
Chinese gardeners for its flowers; some very. beautiful ones 
being produced, among which is one bearing large white 
flowers. The red fruit, bursting open and revealing its 
numerous seeds, is compared to a grinning mouth showing the 
teeth. The fruit is much relished by the Chinese, who 
always seem to have spare time enough to devote to the 
ingestion of pomegranates and melon seeds. The sweet 
pomegranate, if eaten in excess, is said to injure the lungs. 
It is thirst-relieving, and is prescribed in caked-breast and 
worms. The fruit of the sour kind is used in fluxes from the 
bowels, colic, menorrhagia, and leucorrhcea. The peel, 1155, 
is astringent, and is used in dysentery, seminal losses, paralyses, 
incodrdination in the muscles, intestinal worms, prolapse of 
the rectum, and fluxes of all kinds. The eastward-extending 
root is anthelmintic and astringent. It is used in diseases of 
the mouth or gums, in the diseases for which the peel is used, 
and in dyes for the hair or whiskers. The flowers, 1154, if 
dried, pulverized, mixed with iron, and taken for a year, cause 
the hair to turn white. They are also styptic and astringent. 


362 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


PYCNOSTELMA CHINENSIS.—§ £& Jj (Hsii-ch ‘ane- 
ch‘ing). This is confounded in the /énz¢sao with Macroclint- 
dium verticillatum ; but the latter is a composite plant, while 
this is an asclepiadaceous one. The name of the plant is 
properly the name of a man, a famous physician for whom the 
plant was named. The description is not very character- 
istic. The root is said to resemble that of Asaraum szeboldz. 
The taste of the drug is acrid and it is somewhat deleterious. 
It is used in driving away evil effluvia, in the treatment of 
marasmus, and for the purpose of quieting nervous affections, 
and is also recommended in car and ship sickness (vertigo). 


PYROLA ROTUNDIFOLIA, Pyrola media.—fi ti; 
(Lu-ti-ts‘ao), 764. This wetergreen is found in similar 
localities in China to those occupied by it in America. ‘There 
is not much description of it. The plant is bruised and 
applied to wounds to staunch hemorrhage, and it is also 
applied to serpent, dog, and insect bites. 

PYRUS BACCATA.—z @ (T‘ang-li). Also called 
Pyrus betulefolia. This is a small coarse pear, originally 
growing wild in mountainous districts. It is nct fit to eat 
until after heavy frost. There are two varieties, a sweet and 
a sour, bearing white and red flowers respectively. The wood 
of the red variety is also red, and is good for making bows. 
The leaves of this tree are sometimes pickled and eaten, or 
used as a substitute for tea. The flowers also can be roasted 
and eaten, or ground up and made into cakes. These are 
said to benefit the muscles. The fruits, if baked, are said to 
cure mucous diarrhoea. The twigs and leaves are prescribed 
in cholera and choleraic difficulties, including cramps and 
colic, and in vomiting. 


PYRUS CATHAYENSIS.— ZR JK (Mu-kua), 866. This 
is the samme as Cydonza sinensis. ‘The Chinese term is used in 
the south for Carzca papaya. But in the north the name is ap- 
plied to the gzzzce, and the description in the /éz¢sao evidently 
refers to this fruit, although some of the varieties mentioned 
may refer to Carica. An ancient name for the quince is 


Ee 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 363 


if{ (Mou). The tree is found in Persia, Nepal, the Himalayas, 
and North India. In China it is found chiefly in the Yangtse 
provinces, especially Anhui, where it is largely cultivated ; 
that from Hsttanchen, in Ningkuo prefecture, being considered 
the best. ‘The sour fruit is well described in the Péztsao, and 
it is sliced and dried, 868, and used in medicine. It is pre- 
scribed as an astringent in choleraic affections, and is thought 
to quiet spasm. Digestive, thirst-relieving, and diuretic prop- 
erties are also ascribed to it. ‘he seeds are prescribed in 
choleraic troubles, along with warm water, probably for their 
demulcent properties. The twigs, leaves, bark, and root are 
used in similar difficulties, presumably as astringents. The 
flowers are used in cosmetic preparations. 

Another kind of small quince is described under the name 
of #2 -F (Cha-tzu) or AR PE (Mu-t‘ao). The first character 
refers to Crat@gus: but in Japan, and probably in China, 
these terms are applied to Pyras japonica, var. pygmea 
(Cydonia japonica). They are specially grown in Méngchou, 
Honan. ‘The color is yellowish, the taste sour, and the fruit 
is smaller than the ordinary quince. It has a coarse peduncle 
and core, and the seeds are round. If eaten in excess these 
fruits are said to injure the teeth and tendons. They are 
recommended in dysentery, pyrosis, and choleraic affections. 

A third kind is described under the terms #% #§ (Ming- 
cha), FR 4s (Mu-li), and AE Ft (Mu-li). This is known in 
Japan as Pyrus chinenses or Cydonia vulgares. It is a very 
large quince of a yellow color. ‘The Taoists take the expressed 
juice of the green fruit and mix it with powdered spikenard 
and Scrophularia root, and make an incense which is said to be 
very agreeable to the gods. The action of the fruit is considered 
to be antivinous, resolvent, antacid, and astringent. Soaked in 
oil and used as a bandoline, it ‘‘cures’’ grey or red hair. 

A fourth kind is called 49 4 (Wé€n-po). ‘This is a very 
small variety, and the fruit is often mistaken for that of 
Crate@gus. ‘The tree resembles that of Pyrus malus, and bears 
a greenish white flower. Faber calls it Pyzas cydonza, as it is 
also called in Japan. ‘The taste is between sweet and sour, and 
is cooling. It is peptic, carminative, astringent, and antivinous. 
The bark of the tree is used in ulcers, probably as an astringent. 


364 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


PYRUS MALUS.—#f ## (Lin-ch‘in), Z© (Nai), 3 4@ 
(Lai-ch‘in), #@ #£ (Hua-hung). ‘This is discussed in the Péztsao 
under two articles, to which are attached the first and second 
terms respectively. The Zzz-ch‘7x is also called 4 $f BK 
(Wén-lin-lang-kuo), because it is said that a man named Wén 
Lin-lang found a tree floating in the river, and took it up and 
planted it, producing this fruit. In the south it is con- 
founded with the }# s@(Weé€n-po). There are two varieties, 
a sweet, ripening early, and a sour, ripening later. There 
are also several varieties distinguished by the color of the 
fruit. The ripe apples are crushed, dried, pulverised, and 
made into a decoction called $f #@ #¢ (Lin-ch‘in-ch‘ao), which 
is used by Buddhist priests. These fruits are also sometimes 
confounded with Crategus. If eaten in excess, the fruits are 
said to depress the circulation. Medicinally, they are said to 
dispel gas, dissolve mucus, and cure fluxes. The root is con- 
sidered anthelmintic, thirst-relieving, and sleep promoting. 

The Vaz is also called #4 32 (P‘in-p‘o), which seems to 
represent a Sanscrit name, but is also said to be used in the 
north. The fruit is found principally in the northern provinces, 
is larger than the Zzz-ch‘cx and is found in white, red, and 
green varieties, and also a winter variety, which is pearl colored. 
The fruit is considered to be slightly deleterious, producing 
flatulence and consumption, and if eaten by the sick increases 
the difficulty. Tonic, antifebrile, and constructive properties 
are attributed to this fruit. Pyrus tomentosa is included 
among these. /%zxz-f‘o is also applied to Sterculia lanceolata, 
and #{ 48 (P‘in-kuo) is a term applied to the large, green, 
cultivated apple. 


PYRUS SINENSIS.—#4 (Li). This is the common 
Chinese pear, which is very similar to our Pyrus communts. 
There are many varieties, of which the best is the fy 4 (Pai- 
li) or white pear. The fruit is small, globular, yellowish- 
white, and has the appearance of an apple. It is very savory. 
A large white pear, the size of a fist, is called ( @ (Yii-li), 
‘‘TImperial pear,’’ has a crisp flesh, is very juicy, and is of 
fine flavor. The # 42 (Sha-li) is a coarser kind, but in much 
favor with the Chinese in all parts of the empire. It bakes 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 365 


well, but is scarcely fit to eat in the raw state. The pear has 
been known in China from very ancient times, and is probably 
indigenous. It was introduced into India and Japan from 
China, and may have been carried to other parts of the world. 
The characters #4 (Li) and 3 (Tang) are generic, and the 
former is very ancient. The eating of the fruit in the cool 
weather is thought to produce weakness ; and those suffering 
from wounds, nursing women, and the anemic should not eat 
it. It is considered to be antifebrile, peptic, quieting to the 
nerves, and lubricating to the lungs. The flowers are used 
in cosmetic preparations, the leaves are astringent, and the 
bark is antiseptic. 

A kind of wild pear is called fF 4% (Lu-li), fl # (Shu- -li), 
and lj 4 (Shan-li). The fruit is as large as an apricot, the 
leaf looks like a tea-leaf, and the root is about the size of a 
thumb. The fruit is used in dysentery, and the bark of the 
root is used as an astringent in wounds and itch. 

Another kind is called # 3% FR (Sha-t‘ang-kuo). It grows 
in Lingnan, bears a yellow flower and red fruit, which tastes 
like a plum, but has no pit. The fruit is recommended for 
‘‘water’’ diseases. Still another is called #F -- (Shan-tzit), 
and it grows in Kiangnan. ‘The fruit does not ripen until 
winter, has a sour taste, and the seeds are quite hard. If eaten 
raw, it cures diarrhoea, and when ripe cures cough. 


PYRUS SPECTABILIS.—jf # (Hai-t‘ang), #¢ #2 (Hai- 
hung). This fruit is said to come originally from Hsinlo 
(Korea). Szechuan furnishes large quantities; but the best 
kinds come from Kiangnan. It is a long stemmed crab-apple, 
red and sour. It bears a beautiful red flower. Its medicinal 
uses are limited to being recommended in fluxes. 


366 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


©). 

QUERCUS.—More than forty species of Quercus have 
been found in China, but identifications of the Chinese names 
are exceedingly unsatisfactory. #£ (Tso), # (Li), 1} (Hu), ## 
(Chu), and #% (Hsiang) are all characters specifically applied to 
this genus; but they are often used in combination with each 
other, and with other characters in different parts of the empire, 
to indicate different species. The first character is generic, 
but not common. The second is referred to Quercus serrata ,; 
the third to Quercus dentata ; the fourth to Quercus sclerophylla 
and Quercus glanca, the fifth 1s Quercus sinensis, but is 
also applied to the acorns of the ## (Li). Other characters 
applied to this genus are fa (Yt), ## (P‘o), #4 (Hsti), dp (Chu), 
PE (Chiu), Bx (Su), # (Chiang), #§ (Yu), fl] (Chou), f@ (Fou), 
aud fq (Ko). This array of characters indicates a wide range 
of terminology, if only they were specifically assigned to 
definite species. Since identifications are so difficult, it will 
only be possible to follow the /éz¢sao in its various accounts of 
the trees of this genus and their products. 

& - (Chu-tzii). This is an evergreen oak, smaller than 
the #% (Hsiang). There are two kinds, the bitter and the 
sweet, and the latter is edible. The leaves are like those 
of the chestnut, pointed, thick, and shining, with deep serra- 
tions. ‘The sweet acorns are smaller than the bitter, and 
the grain of the wood is fine and the wood white. The 
acorns are called #f ff (Mien-chu), Quercus glanca (?). In the 
case of the bitter variety, the grain of the wood is coarse and 
red, giving the name ff, # (Hsiieh-chu), Quercus acuta (?); 
or black, when it is called $& # (T‘ieh-chu). The wood 
is used for making pillars for houses and coffins, because 
it does not easily decay. The ingestion of the acorns is con- 
sidered to be highly beneficial, being nourishing, relieving 
thirst, and checking diarrhoea. A decoction of the bark and 
leaves is used to check hemorrhage in puerperal women, 
and tender, young leaves are applied to chronic ulcers. The 


sweet acorns are also called #J 32 (Kou-li) and & fy F (Ch ‘ao- 
kou-tzu). 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 367 


# '# (Hsiang-shih) are said to be the fruits of the f# (Li), 
which is made to be identical with the #f (Tso). The fruit is 
also called ™ =} (Tsao-tou), because of the shape of the 
cupules and the fact that they are used to dye black. There 
are two kinds of the Zz, one which does not bear fruits (sterile 
flowered), which is called fa (Yi), and which has a red heart 
wood ; the other bears fruits (fertile fowered), called #4 (Hsit), 
which bears the acorns referred to in this paragraph. The 
people in the mountainous districts where these acorns grow 
eat them cooked whole or ground into meal; when they are 
very plentiful they are fed to pigs to fatten them. The young 
leaves are sometimes ttsed as a substitute for tea. The acorns 
are recommended in fluxes and as a nourishing food. ‘The 
cupules, powdered and decocted, are used as an astringent in 
fluxes, menorrhagia, and prolapse of the rectum. As a black 
dye, they are sometimes used to color the whiskers and hair. 
The bark of the wood and of the root is used as an astringent 
and cleansing dressing in foul sores, in fluxes, and as an appli- 
cation to promote absorption of tuberculous nodules. The 
cupules of the acorn are called A fi -f (Hsiang-wan-tzi). 

iit #{F (Hu-shih). The //w is a common tree in the 
mountains. It resembles the Zz, and is therefore called - 3 
##% (Ta-yeh-li), Quercus atiena (?). Other names are fi} Bk 
(Hu-su) and # #i{ (P‘o-su). The acorns of this species are 
small, the wood is also inferior, and is not used by mechanics, but 
is employed for fuel and for charring. As known in the north, 
this tree has obovate, sinuate leaves, with a very short petiole, 
and on young trees they attain to enormous size, being often 
as much as two feet long and correspondingly broad. ‘The 
acorns of this tree have the same medicinal properties as those 
of the #i (Hsiang). The leaves, called {ff #7 (Hu-jo), are 
astringent in hemorrhoids, dysentery, and hemorrhages, and 
are considered thirst-relieving and diuretic. They are also 
applied to the face, in decoction, to relieve congestion and 
erythema. ‘The bark of the wood is said to be anthelmintic, 
and is used in decoction as an astringent in excessive dis- 
charges, foul sores, enlarged glands, and dysenteries. 

fi] Kt (Ko-shu) is identified as Quercus cuspidata. It is 
said to grow in the mountainous districts of the Kuang (f§) 


368 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


provinces, and its wood was said to have been used by the 
Persians for making ships. The bark is used medicinally, and 
is considered to be slightly deleterious. It is regarded as a 
drastic, aud is used in ascites. 


QUISQUALIS INDICA.—fi # F (Shih-chtin-tzi), 1145. 
It is said that a famous physician named 3f {fi @ (Kuo Shih- 
chtin) made a specialty of treating children’s diseases, and 
extensively used this drug for the purpose; therefore it was 
given his name. It is a combretaceous plant which originally 
came from the south, but is now grown in Fukien. It is not 
difficult of cultivation, is a climbing vine growing upon trees 
or poles, and has green leaves resembling those of Acaztho- 
panax. In the fifth month it bears a bunch of fifteen or twenty 
red flowers. The fruits are about an inch or an inch and a half 
long, oblong, pointed at both ends, with a slight obliquity, and 
sharply pentagonal. The pericarp is smooth, hard, thin be- 
tween the ridges, of a dark brown or black color, and enclos- 
ing an oily seed with two cotyledons, which should be of a 
yellow color. The taste is by no means unpleasant. Fruits 
showing any signs of dehiscence, or at all worm eaten, should 
be rejected. The principal property of the drug is that of a safe 
and efficient vermifuge. It is said to cure the hundred diseases 
of children, of which it is safe to say that in China from seventy 
to ninety are due to animal parasites. The #f (Kam) disease 
(marasmus), and the fF Hg (P‘i-k‘uai), enlarged abdomen in 
children, both of which are due to intestinal worms, are 
successfully treated with it. It is also given in the diarrhoeas 
and leucorrhceal discharges of children, which likewise are 
frequently due to nematode infection. Macerated in oil, it 
is applied to parasitic skin diseases. Four or five seeds, 
roasted and eaten on the first morning of the month before 
taking food, is the usual method of administering the drug to 
Chinese children, and this seldom fails to expel worms. Few 
children are brought to the mission hospitals for simple worm 
infectious. There are two reasons why this is so: namely, 
that the Chinese have such an excellent vermifuge in these 
Quisquadis fruits, and because they believe that worms are 
necessary in the process of digestion, especially to voracious 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 369 


and omnivorous children. ‘The creeper is the axe vermiuge 
of the Mauritius, where the drug has caused spasms and 
other ill effects when given in quantities of more than four or 
five fruits. According to Dr. Waring’s account in the Indian 
Pharmacopeeia, in the Moluccas the drug has long enjoyed a 
high repute as an anthelmintic. He says that the scandent 
shrub is met with in Burma, the Malayan archipelago, and in 
gardens in India, where it is called the Rangoon creeper. He 
recommends that four or five of the seeds be bruised and given 
with honey or jam, as an electuary, which suffices to expel 
the worms of children, especially lumbrici. The drug is cheap 
in China; but will scarcely supplant the more convenient and 
equally effective santonin in hospital practice. 


OO OOOO 


370 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


R. 


RANUNCULUS ACRIS.—Z% # (Mao-kén). It is also 
called 3% BY (Mao-chin), because it resembles aconite or Zx- 
anthe, but is hairy. This grows by water courses and is 
said to be eaten by crabs. If men eat it by mistake, it pro- 
duces a sort of maniacal delirium. The leaves and seeds are 
used externally as blisters and counter-irritants, in foul sores, 
cancer, and as a derivative in inflammation. It is applied as an 
epispastic to the back in ague, in men to the left of the spine 
and in women to the right, as the ‘‘door of life’? (qf PY) is 
supposed to vary in this way in the sexes. It is bruised with 
ginger root, and the juice applied to the abdomen in colic. 
It does not seem to be used internally. 


RANUNCULUS SCLERATUS.—q je ¥ (Shih-lung- 
jui). Also called 7 BF (K‘u-chin), ‘bitter aconite.’’ It grows 
in hilly country to the height of about one foot, is usually 
found by water courses, has ternate, dissected, glabrous leaves, 
and bears small yellow flowers. The fruit is green, as large 
as a bean, and resembles an unripe mulberry. For this reason 
it is called #4 HE (Ti-shén), ‘‘ ground mulberry.’? The young 
leaves of the plant are sometimes eaten as a vegetable. The 
seeds are used in medicine, and are considered to be tonic. 
They are prescribed in colds, rheumatism, spermatorrhcea, and 
general debility. 


RANUNCULUS Sp.—p Jf 3€ (Yeh-ch‘in-ts‘ai), J F# 
(Lang-tu). Different genera of ranunculaceous plants are often 
confounded by the Chinese, and we see these terms applied to 
Aconitum, Actea, Heleborus, and Ranunculus, as well as to 
solonaceous plants, Apzwm, and Cicuta. ‘The first is also iden- 
tified as Cardamine hirsuta. See Apium graveoleus, Cory- 
dalis incisa, and Mandragora. 


RAPHANUS SATIVUS.—3£ ‘@j (Lo-po). This is the 
common name for the radish, but includes all napiform roots, 
including beet root. The old name is 3€ JR (Lai-fu). The 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 371 


plant seems to be indigenous to China, and to have been 
cultivated from remote antiquity. Judging from the similarity 
of the names by which it is known, it seems to have been 
introduced into adjacent countries from China. In Annam 
and the Malay peninsula it is called Zodac, in Thibet, aphug ; 
and in Mongolia, /aofang and Jobin. In Persia it is called 
turup, and from this our English word turnzp is probably 
derived. The /éztsao gives a good description of the plant, 
and notes its resemblance to the 4 if (Wu-ch‘ing), vafe. 
Many varieties are found in China, most of which are sweet, 
but some are coarse and acrid. ‘The use of the root as food is 
regarded as carminative and corrective. ‘The Chinese cook 
radishes with stale meat, and claim that it prevents ptomaine 
poisoning. Radishes are crushed and applied locally as a 
dressing or poultice to burns, scalds, fetid feet, ecchymoses, 
and the like. The seeds, 688, are considered to be expector- 
ant, peptic, diuretic, carminative, and corrective. A decoction 
is used to bring out the rash in eruptive fevers. The flowers 
fermented in wine are taken to produce brilliancy of the eyes. 
Another kind of sweet radish, which is specially relished in 
the raw state, is called 7k #£ @) (Shui-lo-po), and is found in its 
best state in the province of Shantung. 


REHMANNIA GLUTINOSA.—f§ ig (Ti-huang), 1264. 
This is a common plant in North China, said to resemble 
Plantago in some respects. It was at first called Digztalis 
glutinosa, but was found to represent a different, but related 
genus. It is probable that the mistaken identity of Dzgztalis 
purpura as ZX 4 Be (Mao-ti-huang) arose from this fact. ‘The 
scapes and leaves are covered with hairs, the flowers red and 
yellow, the fruit a capsule, the seeds small and greyish-brown, 
and the root large and juicy, especially in rich soil. The 
root is prepared for medicine by washing clean and drying 
in the sun, when it presents the appearance of dark, soft, 
wrinkled, spindle-shaped masses, sometimes more or less flat- 
tened, from two to five inches long, black in color, moist in 
section, and having a sweetish taste. In this state it is known 
as we ii) de (Kan-ti-huang). Sometimes part of the juice is 
first expressed in a wooden mortar, or the root is soaked several 


372 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


times in spirits, and then dried; but this last process partic- 
ularly must detract from the medicinal activity of the drug. 
The root is largely prescribed as a cooling and purifying drug, 
acting directly on the blood as an alterative and tonic. It is 
said to heal broken bones and tendons, to prolong life, ‘‘quiet 
the soul and confirm the spirit,’’ benefit the eyes and ears, and 
is prescribed in fatigue and injuries of men, hemorrhagic dis- 
charges in women, hemoptysis, nosebleed, and fevers. The 
drug in the fresh state, AE }) Bf (Shéng-ti-huang), is considered 
to be more active than in the dried. It is prescribed in the 
same cases as above, but more particularly in active hemor- 
rhages and acute difficulties. A preparation, called 3h }i tH 
(Shu-ti-huang), is made by taking juicy roots, washing in 
spirits, filling with the seeds of the bastard cardamom, steaming 
on a willow frame in a porcelain vessel, drying, and resteaming 
and redrying nine times. This is thought to harmonise, 
increase, and cool the blood, and to strengthen the marrow. 
It is considered highly tonic, and is used in all wasting dis- 
eases and weakened conditions of the body. In diseases of 
pregnancy, puerperal difficulties, diseases of children, and 
wasting discharges, it is specially recommended. The leaves 
are bruised, and used in scaly eczema. The fruits, powdered and 
taken with water, have properties similar to those of the root, 
as is also the case with the flowers. Another plant, said to be 
similar to Rehmannia, grows in Lingnan, and is called 9 fii # 
(Hu-mien-mang). It is mentioned in the /éésao in an_ap- 
pendix to the article on Rehmannia, It has a sweetish cooling 
taste, and is non-poisonous. It is taken in decoction in 
dyspepsia, flatulence, and colic. It is also found in Japan. 


REINECKIA CARNEA.— 3 jf i (Chi-hsiang-tsao). 
This is Faber’s identification. ‘The term means ‘‘plant of 
felicity.’ Chén Tsang-chi says that it grows in western 
countries and was brought to China by the Tartars. It is sweet 
and cooling in taste, and non-poisonous. It brightens the eye, 
strengthens the memory, and is tonic to the heart. Li Shih- 
chén says that there was a plant cultivated in China during his 
time, which was called by the same name, the leaves of which 


resembled those of the jf # (Chang-lan), an orchid, and it 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 373 


remained green throughout the year, bearing purple flowers in 
panicles. He says it is not the plant to which Chén Tsang- 
chi refers. 


RHAMNUS CHLOROPHORUS, Rhamnus tinctorius. 
This is a tree of Chekiang province, called by the natives #% 28 
(Lii-ch‘ai). There are two kinds, one growing wild, which is 
known as the white, and a cultivated kind, called the yellow. 
A brilliant green dye is made of the bark of these, by boiling 
together thoroughly that of the two varieties in an iron pan. 
It is left to stand for three days, after which it is placed in 
earthen-ware vessels, and cotton cloth which has been previous- 
ly prepared with lime is immersed in it five or six times. The 
coloring matter is then washed from the cloth with clean water, 
and is again placed in the pans and boiled. Cotton yarn is 
then dipped into the solution several times, which takes up the 
coloring matter, which is again washed off with water, and 
placed on paper to dry. The process of drying is completed 
under the full rays of the sun. In order to dye with it, three 
parts of carbonate of potash are mixed with ten parts of dye. 
It is very expensive, and so is used sparingly by dyers. «Grass 
cloth, on account of its rough texture taking up the color most 
easily, is the principal fabric upou which it is employed. It is 
a very permanent color, and consitutes the saf-green of water 
color painters. The Chinese call the pigment $% # (Lii-kao) 
and #% J (Li-chiao). It appears on the Chinese market in 
thin, dry, bluish scales, which when rubbed up produce a 
bluish-green pigment, and is used by the Chinese to color 
shark-skin for covering spectacle cases and the like. It has 
the purgative properties of the buckthorn, in the crude state, 
and when mixed with lunar caustic makes an excellent indel- 
ible ink. 


RHAMNUS JAPONICA.—fm 2s (Shu-li). The same 
name is also applied to Rhamuus arguta and Rhamnus virgata. 
Other common names are 4 as (Niu-li) and jj 2: (Shan-li). 
The tree, which is common in the provinces north of the 
Yangtse, grows to the height of eight or ten feet, has leaves 
resembling those of the common plum, and bears fruits that 


374 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


are black in color, containing a purplish-black juice. The 
branches of the tree are used for dying green. The fruits are 
recommended in fevers, scrofulous sores, ascites, small-pox 
eruption, scabious sores, and sores on horses and cattle. The 
bark of the tree is similarly used. 


RHEUM OFFICINALE, Rheum palmatum.—X ig (Ta- 
huang), 12@5. This is also called 3 Pf (Huang-liang), 
‘*yellow efficacy,’? and 3% ® (Chiang-chtin), ‘‘ Captain- 
general,’’ both referring to the esteem in which it is held 
asadrug. It has been known in China since the time of the 
Five Rulers (circa 3000 B. C.). The Emperor Shennung and 
Leikung, who is said to have lived in the reign of the Emperor 
Huangti, considered the drug to be poisonous; hence it is 
classed among the poisons in the Péxz¢sao. It is produced in 
the north-western provinces, but that coming from Kansu is 
considered the best. The plant grows six or seven feet high, 
and the stem is brittle and has a sour taste. The stalks were 
formerly eaten raw. The leaves are coarse, long, and thick, 
and the flowers vary in different varieties, being yellow, green, 
or rea. The root in the fresh state is red, bowl-shaped, and 
nearly two feet long. It is pulpy, and is easily attacked by 
worms. It is usually cut into slices, placed on heated stones 
and partially dried. Afterwards it is strung together on 
twine and dried in the sun. Sometimes the drying is com- 
pleted by artificial heat, and in this case the drug is not so apt’. 
to become wormy. <A kind of rhubarb, called + F KK 
(T‘u-fan-ta-huang), comes from Thibet or Turfan. Another 
called + A H (T‘u-ta-huang), and which is found in the 
north-eastern provinces is Rheum rhaponticum, but in Japan is 
a Rumex. Good Chinese rhubarb is of a reddish-yellow color, 
variegated or mottled, and firm in texture, showing evidences 
of considerable deposits of raphides in its structure. The 
pieces should be dry and not too light. When chewed, the 
root should grate upon the teeth, have a bitter and sharp rather 
than smooth flavor, and color the saliva with a deep yellow 
tinge. Boracic acid should not color the external yellow 
suriace a dark brown. The purgative properties of rhubarb are 
not made so much of by the Chinese as they are in the west. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 375 


It is regarded more as a general eliminant and tonic to the 
digestive tract. Depurative properties are also ascribed to it 
in a marked degree. It is recommended in diseases of women, 
especially those attended by congestion of the pelvic organs, 
such as dysuria and dyspareunia. It is also used in malarial 
fevers and the fevers of children. 


RHODODENDRON (AZALEA) INDICUM.—#t f& 
(Tu-chiian), fe yy #£ (Ying-shan-hung), ¥#¢ #8} #} (Hung-chih- 
chu), and #£ #£ @§ (Hung-tu-chitan) ; Rhododendron (Azalea) 
sinense, jx FE 4 (Huang-tu-chtian) and #% JE 7% (Lao-hu- 
hua). These are all given in the /éz¢sao under the title 34 Ff 
fy (Yang-chih-chu), which seems to be a sort of generic 
name, and derives its meaning from the fact that when sheep 
eat of these plants, incodrdination of the muscles is produced, 
and the animal staggers and falls. For this reason it is also 
called 2 A #& He (Yang-pu-shih-ts‘ao). Other names are 
given, and other species of Azalea are evidently referred to, 
such as {lj #) fj (Shah-chih-chu), which in Japan is Rhodo- 
dendrou sublanceolatum ; fy $f § (Pai-tu-chtian), a cultivated 
kind with white flowers, Rhododendron leucanthum,; and ¥} 
5 (Yeh-tu-chiian) Rhododendron dauricum. In addition to 
these, the term [fi] 2 76 (Nao-yang-hua) is also given, which 
has been variously referred to Datura metel and Hyoscyamus 
niger (see these articles). The number of Rhododendrons and 
Azaleas to be found in China is very large. Bretschneider 
gives a list of 132 names in his ‘History of Botanical 
Discoveries in China,’? and when varieties are counted the 
number will probably exceed this. ‘The flowers are used as a 
sedative in rheumatism, neuralgias, contractions, and bron- 
chitis. Upon the principle of ‘‘ szmzlia stmilibus curantur ,?? 
the Chinese regard these very poisonous substances as admir- 
able counterpoisons to the most virulent forms of toxcmia. 
Mixed with aconite it is used in toothache, and with Arisema 
thunbergi as an application to painful abscesses to benumb 
them, or previous to opening them by those who are bold 
enough to do such a thing. The Shan-chih-chu is said to be 
non-poisonous, and children eat the flowers. The yellow 
flowered variety is deleterious. The Yang-pu-shth-ts‘ao grows 


376 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


in Szechuan, and is also said to be non-poisonous. It is con- 
sidered to be tonic and eliminant. These two are probably 
not Rhododendrons. 


RHODODENDRON METTERNICHIL— wR (Shih- 
nan). ‘This is a Japanese identification, in which Faber con- 
curs. It is probable, judging from the conflicting descriptions 
given in the /éxtsao, that several plants are known by this 
name in China. In Kueiyang it is called ml #% (Féng-yao), and 
taking the place of tea or steeped in wine, it is used as a cure 
for headaches. This tea is called %# 3 (Luan-ch‘a) by the 
people of the southern provinces. Fortune described a Rho- 
dodendron found growing in the province of Chekiang, which 
on that account is called Rhodenendron fortuner. ‘This is also 
found in the Yangtse provinces, and is called BF ft JH (Yeh- 
p‘i-p‘a). This may be the same as the Szzh-nan, as the latter 
is described as having /'z-p‘a-like leaves. "These leaves, 
which are used in medicine, are acrid, bitter, and slightly 
poisonous. They are said to strengthen the kidneys, cure 
internal injury and weakness in the yzz principle, and to 
benefit the bones, sinews, skin, and hair. Females should not 
continue to use the drug, as it has excessive aphrodisiac prop- 
erties. It is also prescribed in fevers, colds, and intestinal _ 


WOTms. 


RHUS SEMIALATA.—&& #&  (Vén-fu-tzi). The tree 
is called } Fk (Fu-mu), and it is confounded with Broussonetia 
papyrifera by the Chinese. Another name for the tree is #% #3 
(Fu-yang); but this is not found in the Péztsao. This is the 
tree upon which is borne the Chinese nut-galls, Fi f% — (Wu- 
pei-tzii). Several names are given in the Péztsao for the drug, 
referring to the sour and saline taste of the leaves, seeds, and 
bark, all of which are used in medicine. The /éztsao has a 
very fair description of the tree, and mentions the fact that its 
reniform seeds are sometimes eaten by children. There is also 
mentioned a [jf 2B Ht (Hsien-p‘ing-shu), said to be used by the 
people of Cambodia as an acid condiment ; & $4 (Suan-chio), 
which is said to resemble Gleditschia, and to be used in Ling- 
nan as a substitute for vinegar ; and fj Hi (Hsien-ts‘ao), which 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 377 


comes from a woman’s kingdom, located east of the country of 
Fu-lin, and which is fragrant, saline, and eaten as a vegetable. 
These are all said to belong to the same class (possibly of 
plants having a sour and saline taste). ‘The seeds of the Yéz- 
fu-tzi% are said to cure malaria, rheumatism, jaundice, epidemic 
fevers, coughs, and dysentery. The bark of the tree is astrin- 
gent and anthelmintic, while that of the root is considered to be 
cholagogue. 


RHUS SUCCEDANEA.—§ J (Huang-lu). This grows 
in the mountains of Shensi and Szechuan. It has a round leaf 
and yellow wood which is used in dyeing yellow. It is consid- 
ered to be antifebrile, antivinous, cholagogue, and is used in 
ophthalmia and as a wash for varnish poison. 


RHUS TOXICODENDRON.—In Japan this is 4 1% 
(Kou-wén) and § #§ (Yeh-ko), and Faber also gives the 
former name as an equivalent. ‘There is little doubt but that 
the plant described in the /éztsao under this title is Gelsemzum 
elegans (which see). The title refers to the plant and the 
second term to the root. It is quite possible that this Ahus 
and Gelsemium might be confounded by the Chinese, since 
both are climbers and have a very superficial resemblance to 
each other. ‘That the Péz/sao does not mention any peculiar 
poisonous action on the skin, would be presumptive evidence 
against the identification as Rhus. Nothing is said either of a 
resinous juice. 


RHUS VERNICIFERA.—# (Ch‘i). The proper way 
to write this character is 7 (Ch‘i), which represents water 
dropping out of wood, referring to the sap oozing out and 
running down. This is the Chinese /acguer tree, found in both 
China and Japan. ‘The character refers to the varnish and 
gives a name to the tree. The &% 7 (Kan-ch‘i), 62, is used in 
medicine. ‘This is the juice of the tree dessicated and pulver- 
ized. It is considered to be tonic and stimulant, and is pre- 
scribed in coughs, intestinal worms, amenorrhcea, and ecchy- 
moses. ‘I‘he leaves are used in wasting diseases and intestinal 
parasites, the seeds in dysentery, and the flowers in the swelled 


378 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


belly of children. A uumber of remedies for varnish poison 
are given. A prophylactic is to chew Zanthoxylum piperitum, 
and apply the resulting saliva to the face, when the poison 
will. not act on the skin. A decoction of the wood of Cun- 
ninghamia sinensis, of Perilla ocymordes, of Sagina maxima, 
or the broth of crabs, if applied to the inflamed skin, is reputed 
to be very efficacious. ‘The remedy giving greatest relief, 
however, is hot camphor water, frequently applied. 


RHYNCHOSIA VOLUBILIS.—fg # (Lu-huo). Also 
called }¥ @ (Lu-tou), # F (Lao-tou), and BF # W (Veh-lit- 
tou). It is a wild leguminous plant, found growing in wheat 
fields. Both the plant and the seeds are eaten either raw or 
cooked. The latter are sometimes ground into meal, from 
which cakes are made. ‘hey are recommended in the Az 
poison, scrofulous glands, backache and abdominal pain in 
women, and headache. 


RHYNCHOSPERMUM JASMINOIDES.—# @ (Lo- 
shih), This is an apocynaceous plant, allied to Merzwm, found 
clambering over rocks. It has small, thick, firm, green leaves, 
white flowers, and bears a black fruit. It is evergreen, and 
therefore is called jj 2 (Nai-tung), ‘‘enduring the winter.”’ 
The stalks and leaves are used in medicine, and are non-poison- 
ous. ‘They are considered to be restorative and tonic, and are 
a medicine especially adapted to the aged. Gonorrhea, car- 
cinomatous growths, sciatica, viper bites, and wounds, are 
some of the difficulties for which it is recommended. 


RICINUS COMMUNIS.—¥ fig. (Pei-ma). The first 
character is properly written jg; both having the same sound 
(Pei or Pi). ‘The character is explained by ¥{% (Pi), a cattle 
tick, which the seeds are said to resemble. ‘The plant is of 
foreign origin, having been introduced from Tartary, where 
it is extensively grown. In China it is cultivated for its 
shade, as an ornamental plant, and for its seed and leaves 
which are used in medicine. It grows in a short time to 
a height of more than ten feet, having a woody stem, 
which never survives the winter of central and northern 
China. ‘There is a red-stemmed and a white-stemmed variety, 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 379 


but the former is the more common. ‘The tricoccous, spiny 
fruit contains the seeds, one in each cell. There is a species, 
or variety, said to have smooth fruit, and to be non-poisonous. 
An oil is extracted from the seeds of these and used in cooking. 
Information is still lacking as to what this plant may be. The 
castor oil seeds, 990, are oval, siightly curved or compressed, 
grey, shining, and striped or mottled with blackish or reddish- 
brown stripes or spots upon the outside. They vary from four 
to five lines in length, are three lines in breadth, and are 
marked with a ridge running down the inner or under surface 
from the larger end to the prominent hilum. On breaking the 
hard and brittle seed-coat, the oily albumen is seen to be 
covered with a delicate membrane. The mass of albumen and 
cotyledons is easily crushed, yielding the acrid, purgative oil, 
992, upon which their properties depend. The crushed seeds are 
used in Chinese medicine as an outward application in a large 
nuimber of diseases, combined with the oil of the seeds, or the 
pulp is taken internally as a remedy, the effects of which must 
be very similar to those of the pure oil. The pulp is rubbed 
into the temples in headache, into the palms of the hands in 
palsy, is introduced into the urethra in stricture, and is rubbed 
into the soles of the feet of parturient women to hasten the 
birth of the child or the expulsion of the placenta. It is 
stuffed into deaf ears, rubbed over the top of the head in 
cases of prolapsus uteri, and is applied to burns and scalds. 
The seeds are chewed in scrofula, and the pulp is used in a 
variety of skin affections, dog bite, and wherever a lubricant is 
needed. The leaves, 991, are applied in swellings as a discutient 
remedy, and are given internally as a tussic and expectorant. 
The oil is expressed by the Chinese, but was not especially 
used in medicine apart from the pulp ; its special use being to 
mix with vermillion for stamping ink. In a note appended 
to the article on Azcenws, there is another plant spoken of, 
called {ij # 7M (Po-lo-ch‘iung), the stalk or leaves of which 
are said to resemble Pez-ma, having a hollow stem that when 
blown through will produce a sound. ‘This, when broken, 
exudes a yellow juice which is exceedingly poisonous. It 
grows in mountain ravines and is probably a Rhus. It is con- 
sidered to be an efficient counter-poison to virulent infections. 


380 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


ROSA ne. AL  ZE (Viieh-chi-hua), 
AOS O#& (VYutieh-ytieh-hung). This is the Chinese monthly 
rose, a variety of the Rosa sempervirens, a common scrambling 
shrub, bearing a profusion of red flowers, mostly barren. It is 
supposed to act on the blood, reduce swelling, and destroy 
poison in ulcers. The flowers are said to encourage the 
breaking of stumous abscesses when taken internally, after 
having been prepared according to very disgusting process 
suggested by an ancient formulary. 


ROSA BANKSIA.—7ze # (Mu-hsiang). This is not 
described under this term in the /é/sao, what is there said 
referring to Aplotaxis and Arzstolochia (which articles see). 
Li Shih-chén speaks of a kind of rose (#% #%) being called MZu- 
Astang, but no further reference is made to it. 

ROSA INDICA, Rosa multiflora.—B fe (Ch‘iang-wei). 
This is a general name for the species. The fruit is called 
‘gf (Ying-shih), and the plant #% #& (Ch‘iang-mi), *‘ wall-rose.”’ 
One kind with very large flowers is called fh FL 4€ (Fo-chien- 
hsiao), ‘‘Buddha sees and smiiles.”” It grows wild in the 
forests and on banks. In the spring, children strip the bark 
and spines from the young shoots and eat these latter. The 
flowers have yellow anthers and pale or pink petals. Cultivated 
varieties have white, yellow, red, and purple flowers. The 
fruits are used in wounds, sprains, injuries, foul sores, and are 
said to be anodyne. The root is considered carminative 
and astringent, and is used in fluxes, ulcers, wounds, skin 
diseases, and polyuria. ‘The leaves are applied in ulcers. Li 
Shih-chén speaks of a perfume found among the jy @ (which 
may refer to any place outside of China, and whose people 
approach China from the South), called ae 2 Pe (Ch‘iang-wel- 
lu). This may refer to A¢tar of Roses , or this latter may be the 
#e 7% 7K (Ch‘iang-wei-shui), brought to Canton and Fukien by 
Arabian traders, and referred to in the annals of the Sung 
dynasty, quoted by Dr. Bretschneider in a series of articles of 
great interest in the ‘‘ Chinese Notes and Queries’? for 1870. 


ROSA LAVIGATA.—4 fH fF (Chin-ying-tsii), 166. 
The second character should be #4 (Ying), as its seed capsule 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 381 


is the shape of a water jar. Pyrus madus also has this same 
Chinese name, as does also Rhododendron sinense. This rose is 
found everywhere. It bears a white flower, a yellow capsule, 
and small seeds, which are hairy and aromatic. ‘These seeds 
are carminative, astringent, and diuretic. The flowers are also 
used in dysentery, and to restore the color of hair. The leaves 
are famous as a vulnerary remedy. Dried together with the 
leaves of the mulberry and of Behmeria nivea, and all pow- 
dered, they form a renowned vulnerary called Hs — 34 & 
(Chun-chung-i-nien-chin), ‘fa pinch of gold in the army.’’ 
The root, 169, is anthelmintic, and the bark of the root is 
astringent, and is used in diarrhoea and menorrhagia. | 


ROSA RUGOSA.—% $i 76 (Mei-kuei-hua), 834. This 
is the cultivated species of rose, with red and pink flowers, 
which is so highly prized by the Chinese. Purple and white 
varieties are also found. This rose is fragrant, its nature is 
cooling, its taste is sweet with a slight bitterishness, and it 
acts especially on the spleen and liver, promoting the circula- 
tion of the blood. It is prescribed in the form of an extract 
for hematemesis, and the flowers are used in all diseases of the 
liver, to scatter abscesses, and iu blood diseases generally. The 
petals are used as tea, I # 28 (Mei-kuei-ch‘a), to soothe the 
liver. The Attar of Roses is also said to be called ie PL ah 
(Mei-kuei-yu), and a scented liquor is called % #& 3% (Mei- 
kuei-lu), ‘‘Dew of Roses.’ 


ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS.—3&% 3& % (Mi-tieh- 
hsiang). ‘This was brought from the bounds of the Roman 
Empire during the reign of Wenti of the Wei dynasty (452 A. 
D.). It was valued for its delightful fragrance. It is used to 
make fine odors, as a perfume, and when burned will drive 
away demons. Mixed with Peucedanum decursivum, it is 
burned to drive away mosquitoes. 


ROTTLERA JAPONICA.—pE (Tzii). See Catalpa 
kempferi and Lindera tzumu. 


RUBIA CORDIFOLIA.—#§ #& (Ch‘ien-ts‘ao), 126. A 
very luxuriant variety of the plant is called 7% (Ch‘ien), and 


382 — CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


the root is called #% (Sou). \ Other names are 4h fff (Ti-hsiteh), 
ye HE BE (Jau-fei-ts‘ao), and ff 5 # (Hsiieh-chien-ch‘ou), 
478. The first of these terms, as well as the character 9 just 
above, refers to the belief that the color of the plaut is due to 
transformed human blood ; the second to the use of the plant 
in dyeing a deep red color ; and the third means ‘* when blood 
sees it, itis shamed,’’ referring to the color produced by it. It 
is the Indian madder plant, and is very similar to the European 
madder. It is a creeper, growing toa length of several feet, 
has a square, hollow stem, covered with small prickles. The 
leaves are in whorls of five, scabrous and dark on the 
upper side. The root is purplish-red. In the /Zzstorical 
Records it is said that he who plants a thousand mow with 
this plant and the Gardenza, is considered to be equal in 
wealth to a nobleman who has control of a thousand households. 
This shows the importance in which these plants are held in 
the estimation of the Chinese. The root is used as a red dye 
not only in China, but also in Japan, and is called muzzelte, 
or mandjuchaka in Sansc¢rit. Tonic, alterative, astringent, 
vulnerary, and emmenagogue properties are ascribed to the 
root, and it is used in rheumatism, jaundice, hemorrhages, 
fractures, and all sorts of exhausting discharges. 

At the close of the article in the Pé¢sao, a creeper called 
fi WR (Hstieh-t‘€ng), 479, is spoken of, and is probably a 
rubiaceous plant. It is vellow, and is used as a blood remedy. 


RUBUS CORONARIUS.—# B¥ (T‘u-mi). This is a fra- 
grant bramble, similar to, or possibly identical with, the Arzer 
Rose. Its only use is to scent a kind of wine called RR we 7H 
(T‘u-mi-chiu). The characters are sometimes written 4§ J. 


RUBUS INCISUS.—%% #4 -— (Hsian-kou-tzt). This 
is also called j{j # (Shan-mei) and 7& # (Mu-mei), ‘‘wild or 
wood berry’’. he berries are rather sour, but quite edible. 
They are counter-vinous, refreshing, and expectorant. The 
leaves are used in dysphagia. The bark of the root is used in 
case of the death of a fetus which has not come away, in 
menorrhagia, chronic dysentery, and chronic discharges of all 
kinds. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 383 


RUBUS THUNBERGII.—x@ #& (P‘€ng-lei). [8 (Piao) 
is a name for berries like the blackberry, raspberry, or straw- 
berry. Under the present article in the /éztsao a number 
of species and varieties of Rubus are mentioned, such as 
te FH ffs (Nou-t‘ien-piao), which is Rubus parvifolius ; He Be 
fi (Hao-ying-piao), Rubus trifdus; % fe (Han-mei), Radius 
buergert, +4 FA fe (Ch‘a-t‘ien-piao), Rubus coreanus; and 
2% je fF (Tung-piao-tzit), Rubus rzchangensts. The general 
description given in the /é/sao is quite characteristic, but 
detailed account of the various species is so incomplete that 
identifications are difficult. Nor is this necessary, since all 
are used medicinaily in the same way. ‘These fruits are 
said to quiet the five viscera, strengthen the virile powers, 
increase the yz, give force and vigor to the body, and 
promote fertility. They improve the complexion, promote 
the growth of hair, and cure fevers and colds. The shoots 
and leaves are used in the same cases as those of the Fu- 
pén-tzit. 


RUBUS TOKKURA.—#% #4 - (Fu-p‘én-tzii), 335. 
Ancient writers did not distinguish this from the last. The 
Chinese name, meaning ‘‘a turned-over bowl,’’ refers to the 
shape of the fruit. A number of other names are given, some 
of which evidently refer to a foreign origin for the plant. 
Some of the names given in the last article are also applied to 
this. This is the common Chinese wild raspberry, resembling 
the American Rubus strigosus. It is found in the uplands of 
the central and western provinces, and the fruit is not much 
used by the Chinese, especially in the fresh state. It is some- 
times dried or made into jam. ‘The fruit is bruised, made into 
cakes, and dried for medicinal use, or it is made into a conserve 
with honey. It is supposed to benefit respiration, give vigor 
to the body, and prevent the hair from turning grey. Tonic, 
restorative, and aphrodisiac properties are ascribed to it, and it 
is recommended in phthisis, wasting, diabetes, impotence in 
the male and sterility in the female. ‘The fresh leaves are 
bruised and the juice employed in ophthalmia, especially the 
infectious kind. ‘The root is used in decoction in ophthalmia 
and opacities following smallpox. 


384 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


RUMEX.—Docks and sorrels are common in China, but 
the identification of Chinese names is difficult. The same 
names are used for widely differing plants, and as descriptions 
are incomplete or confusing, definite identification in many 
cases is well-nigh impossible. % 3€ (Ko-ts‘ai) is sometimes 
used as a term, but this first character is properly applied to 
Pachyrizus. %& 7 (Wan-ching) is also used for Aumex, but 
what is described in the Péztsao under this title is Brassica 
rapa. Another term is 3& 7% 3€ (Tzti-hua-ts‘ai), and this 
properly refers to Raphanus or Brassica. In Japan — Kw 
(T‘u-ta-huang), or gE %K i (Tu-ta-huang), is identified as 
Rumex aguaticus, and it is probable that there is some con- 
founding of genera by the Chinese, but the latter do not 
distinguish this from Aewm. In the Peking mountains a 
Rumex goes by this name. 

Rumex acetosa is § #i (Suan-mo). This is confounded 
with Oxalis corniculata aud Physalis alkekengt. Other names 
are [lj 2& Sif (Shan-yang-ti), pj J¢ He (Shan-ta-huang), and 
4: (Suan-mu). This last is Prysades. One kind that resem- 
bles 2& ji (Yang-ti) and is sour, is used in the treatment of 
itch. ‘Ihe plant has a reddish-yellow root, and the juice of 
this and of the leaves is used to correct the poison of corrosive 
sublimate. ‘She leaves are sour and the root slightly bitter. 
Taken internally it is regarded as antifebrile and carminative. 
Externally it is used for parasitic skin diseases and freckles. 
Another name for this plant in Hupeh, according to Henry, 
is 4 7] BA (Niu-shé-t‘ou) ; but at Peking this is Raumex crispus. 
It is a water dock having a leaf a foot or more long, according 
to the description given in the Péztsao. ‘The fruits of this are 
considered tonic and constructive. ‘These fruits are called 3¢ 
& (Shih-shon), ‘‘hog’s head,’? and the leaves 4+ Hf (Niu-érh), 
““eow’s ear.’? Another kind of water dock, called fj 7 (Chiin- 
shé), is highly recommended in choleraic affections. 


RUMEX JAPONICUS.—:# Sif (Yang-ti). Another name 
given for this is §4% AU (Kuei-mu), which is also a name for 
Techoma grandiflora, the seeds of Solanum dulcamara, and a 
sort of Amomum, also called % AW (Lu-mu), found in Lingnan. 
So this name is not very distinctive. Other names are 4F G 36 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 385 


~ (Niu-shé-ts‘ai), J 3€ (Tu-ts‘ai), 2 Hi Je BE (Vang-ti-ta-huang), 
and the seeds are called 4 # H€ (Chin-ch‘iao-mai), ‘‘golden 
buckwheat.’’ At Peking this is Rumex crispus. It grows in 
marshes and at the side of water courses, to the height of three 
or four feet. Its leaves somewhat resemble those of Lactuca, 
but are darker in color. ‘The stalk is purplish-red, and it 
bears a greenish-white flower. The seeds are borne on a spike, 
and are three angled. The root is reddish-yellow, and resem- 
bles that of Akewm. It is used as a parasiticide, insecticide, 
and antiseptic remedy in skin diseases, ulcers, and the like. 
It is also used internally in constipation. ‘The leaves are used 
as a demulcent food, and are recommended in diarrhoeas and 
intestinal worms. ‘The seeds are used as a demulcent and 
carminative in dysentery and flatulence. 


RUTA GRAVEOLENS.—Z # #4 (VYiin-hsiang-ts‘ao). 
This grows in Yunnan. Two kinds are described, one with 
five leaves (compound), and one with leek-like leaves. Its 
action is considered to be counterpoisonous, and it is recom- 
mended in malarial poisoning. The name is derived from that 
of the resin secured from Sywplocos pruntfolra, to the odor of 
which that of this plant is likened. 


386 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


=. 


SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM.— ff j§ (Kan-ché). The 
earliest account of the swpar-cane in China dates from the 
second century before Christ, and the characters were then 
written #7 Hf (Kan-ché), the radical indicating the sweetness of 
the plant. The name is also written 4£ # (Kan-ché), referring 
to the reed-like character of the stalk. In the Shzowéz it is 
termed #% (Ché). Under these characters are included both 
Saccharum offictnarum and Sorghum saccharatum. The 
Chinese distinguish several kinds; such as }{ J (Tu-ché) or 
44 j= (Chu-ché), which is used for making sugar ; Py j& (Asi- 
ché), also used for making sugar ; 35 Jf (Lé-ché), af 7 (La-ché), 
or # JH (Ti-ché), which is Sorghum saccharatum , and 31 §& 
(Hung-ché), & jf (Tztt-ché), or B # 7% (K‘un-lun-ché), 
which is used principally for chewing in the fresh state. The 
sugar-cane is grown in Kiangsi, Szechuan, Hunan, Chekiang, 
Fukien, Formosa, and Kuangtung, largely as a substance for 
chewing, but also for the manufacture of sugar and treacle. 
This latter use has been much on the increase as foreign inter- 
course with China has developed. The ingestion of the cane 
with wine is thought to increase phlegm, and if eaten in 
excess it is said to produce feverishness and nosebleed. The 
use of the juice is considered to be cooling, tussic, stomachic, 
and antivinous. The bagasse, #, is incinerated and mixed 
with black juniper oil, & #ff iff, as an application to the sore 
heads of children. 

Raw sugar is called jp fi (Sha-t‘ang) or 4& 6 (Tzt-t‘ang). 
The second character is now more commonly written #& 
(T‘ang). The name is derived from the fact that in the Tang 
(fz) dynasty, during the reign of the Emperor Tai-tsung, the 
method of boiling the juice of the crushed cane was introduced 
into Szechuan and other parts of China from Turkestan or 
Central Asia. Hence the term for sugar is made up of the 
character for the name of the dynasty combined with the 
“food”? or ‘rice’? radical. The method of manufacture as 
first introduced into China is given in the Péxtsao. The 
character § (T’‘ang) is also used, but it is probably a wrong 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 387 


way of writing §% (Hsing), ‘‘sweet-meats.’? A number of the 
various products of the process are named, such as +5 f% 
(Ch‘ing-t‘ang), which is a pasty mass, produced by boiling and 
partly clarifying ; and several clarified and crystallized products 
are called 4% % (Shih-mi), 3k fF (Ping-t‘ang), and $F #y 
(T‘ang-shuang). Figures of men, birds, and animals have 
long been made of the coarse sugar for children and for use 
at feasts. A preparation made up with refined sugar and cow’s 
milk is called Ff fiff (Ju-t‘ang), and it much resembles in 
appearance the sweetened condensed milk now on sale in 
China. ‘The refined sugar, which was called 4 3 (Shih-mi) 
and « 4 fH (Pai-sha-t‘ang), is considered to be a remedy for 
the spleen, and is prescribed in fevers, lack of secretion, dry 
cough, and like difficulties. At the Yangtse ports sugar is 
sometimes called 7 ## (Yang-t‘ang), from the fact that it is 
brought in foreign steamers. 

The making of sugar in Szechuan has been much inter- 
fered with by the cultivation of the poppy, so that the Yangtse 
provinces which used to draw their supply from this source, 
now receive sugar in large quantities from Swatow, Canton, 
and Hongkong. ‘The provinces of Hunan, Kueichou, and 
Kiangsi are still able to supply the greater portion of what 
they consume, although the imported sugar is considered 
better, and in the end cheaper. ‘The sugar-cane is largely 
cultivated in Chekiang for chewing, although the manufacture 
of sugar is on the increase from year to year. It is to be 
remembered that the embassies of 1792 and 1816, which visited 
this province, found sugar very extensively manufactured there. 
According to Mr. Bowra’s account in his Customs Report of 
1869, intinerant sugar-boilers go about through the Chekiang 
sugar districts, carrying with them an iron cauldron and a pair 
of cylinders. The sugar mills are of the rudest kind, being 
set up in the midst of the cane plantation, and are sometimes 
rented out. ‘The juice having been boiled and partly clarified 
is transformed into #7 #* (Ch‘ing-t‘ang) or PB, #F (Wu-t‘ang), 
a green or black sugar of a pasty description.’’ In some places 
a good sugar is produced by the claying process. ‘‘As in the 
case of black sugar, the cane is ground and the juice is partly 
clarified, and having been boiled to a certain consistency, is 


388 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


transferred into earthen-ware vessels of a conical shape, 
the article being then known as #¥ 3¢ (T‘ang-ts‘ai). These 
cones being inverted into empty vessels to drain, in a short 
time an article known as ## 3 ## (Chi-ch‘ih-t‘ang) is formed 
and partly dried in the sun. In refining, moist clay is placed 
on the base, renewed as required, and in due course removed, 
when the sugar, on being shaken free from the cone, is found © 
to consist of three or four grades, that at the apex being coarse 
and moist, known to the trade as jf; FE (Lou-wei), the next in 
order being #§ #% (Chieh-t‘ang), the next #3 ## (Yang-t‘ang), 
and above all & # ## (Kung-fén-t‘ang), which is the whitest 
and best.’? [he molasses is treated afterwards to make the #£ 
#® (Hung-t‘ang), an article which the Chinese use as a laxative 
remedy. Steam mills and refineries have been introduced into 
the south, many of which are the result of foreign enterprise. 
These are supplying much better grades of sugar at such cheap 
rates that local manufacture is being driven out. It has not 
been possible to learn whether the sugar-beet is yet cultivated 
to any extent in China. Barley sugar is manufactured in 
Fukien under the name of 3k # (Ping-t‘ang). A sort of 
dextrose is also made in many parts of China from the ## # 
(No-mi), glutinous rice. Sugar is often found adulterated in 
China, as elsewhere, with sand, ricemeal, and the like. The 
same ideas about the damage to the teeth and digestive organs 
by sugar prevail in China as are entertained in Western countries. 
It is frequently used as an application to wounds, ulcers, boils, 
and inflamed eyes. It is noted that both barley sugar and 
rock-candy are called jk #f. 


SAGINA MAXIMA.—j 44 ¥% (Ch‘i-ku-ts‘ao). This is 
a Japanese identification. It is given in the /éztsao under the 
article on %y 2& St (Shu-yang-ch‘tian), which in Japan is 
Solanum lyratum. ‘Three distinct plants are described, the 
third being called # 3& HR a ¥£ (Lao-ya-yén-ching-ts‘ao), 
which is the same as the ff 3 (Lung-k‘uei), Solanum nigrum. 
These descriptions are very much mixed; but there is no 
doubt that one of them refers to a Sagzza, and that this is the 
one most commonly called Ch‘z-ku-¢s‘ao. The name is said 
to be derived from the fact that the plant is regarded as an 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 389 


antidote to varnish poisoning. ‘The juice of the plant is used 
in fevers, foul sores, and all sorts of parasitic skin diseases, 
decayed teeth, vaginal injuries, nervous difficulties of children, 
to promote the growth of hair, in varnish poisoning, and inter- 
nally in jaundice. Just which of these virtues is ascribed to 
which plant is not made clear. 


SAGITTARIA SAGITTIFOLIA.—#& f§ (T‘zti-ku), 
1426 ; also written i #4 (Tzii-ku) and 2& ff (T‘zu-ku). Other 
names are #% 4 (Chieh-ku), A Hy HE (Pai-ti-li), and Ke 7 
(Shui-p‘ing), for the bulb, while the stalk is called §§ JJ Hi 
(Chien-tao-ts‘ao), and #% ff ¥4& (Yén-wei-ts‘ao), referring to the 
shape of the leaves. ‘This is confounded with Monochoria 
hastata, and indeed this latter is called by these names in the 
south. As one of the Chinese names indicates, it is also 
confounded with Zemza. It is also said to resemble Alisma 
plantago. It grows in shallow water, and is also cultivated in 
ponds and irrigated fields. The arrow-shaped leaf is well 
described in the Péztsao. In the fall and early spring the 
tubers are dug up and steamed for food. ‘The tender stalk is 
similarly used, and a sort of arrowroot is made of these products. 
The herbage is somewhat acrid. The ingestion of the tubers 
in the raw (cold) state is considered to be deleterious, producing 
fluxes, weakness, and hemorrhoids. Pregnant women should not 
eat of them. They are recommended in deficient lochia, and 
in retention of the placenta, as well as in gravel. ‘The bruised 
leaves are applied in foul sores, snake and insect bites, and as 
a powder to itching diseases. 


SAGUS RUMPHII.—+#¢ #f (Kuang-lane); Saguerus rum- 
phi, ¥& FE (So-mu). The first character of the latter name 
is properly written #$ (So). The former is also called #§ 7 
(Mien-mu), referring to its starch, and $&% 7 (Tieh-mu), refer- 
ing to the hardness of its wood. ‘The tree grows in Lingnan, 
and it is cultivated. The description of the fecula and the 
mode of obtaining it is given in the Péztsao. The bark is used 
for making ropes, and the fiber for making a coarse cloth or 
matting. The fruits resemble those of Areca catechu, and are 
supposed to render fluid the blood and disperse ecchymoses. 


390 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


The sago, called € #h #F (Kuang-lang-mien), is considered to 
be very nutritious and strengthening. The second above named 
is an allied kind of palm found growing in Annam, and called 
fy AR (Asiang-mu). The tree is somewhat taller than the other, 
and grows on mountain ridges. It resembles the coir-palm, 
but furnishes the fecula which yields sago. ‘There is no appar- 
ent difference in the preduct of this tree and that of the other. 


SALISBURIA ADIANTIFOLIA.— 4 (Vin-hsing), 
& 3B (Pai-kuo), 952. This tree grows south of the Yangtse, 
and is said to be found at its best in Hsitan-chéng-hsien in Ning- 
kuofu, Anhui. It grows from twenty to thirty feet high, with 
thin, vertical leaves resembling a duck’s foot (triangular-fan- 
shaped). In the second month the tree blooms with a greenish- 
white bud, which opens in the night and quickly drops off, so 
that men rarely see the flower on the tree. The fruits are 
borne prolifically on the branches, and resemble lotus seeds. 
They ripen after frost. The seeds are pointed at the extremi- 
ties, and are marked by two or three longitudinal ridges. The 
Chinese say that the three ridged seeds produce staminiferous 
plants, and the two ridged pistiliferous ones. Care should be 
taken to plant both kinds of seeds together. ‘This tree is the 
Ginko biloba, the generic term being derived from the Japanese 
pronunciation of the two characters §R 9 (Yin-kuo). It isa 
tree of great beauty, and has been successfully transplanted to 
Europe and America, growing quite well even in the north, 
and the fruits ripening in the warmer latitudes of the south. 
These are resinous, bitterish, and astringent. The Paz-kuo, 
‘‘white-fruits,’’ of the shops, consist of the nut-like seeds, 
which are from three-quarters of an inch to one inch long, and 
have a brownish-white, smooth, hard shell. The kernel 
consists of two yellow, mealy cotyledons, covered with a beauti- 
ful, thin, reddish membrane. The Chinese consume these 
nuts at weddings, the shedl being dyed red. ‘They are also 
much used at feasts, and are a fair substitute for lotus seeds. 
They have a somewhat fishy taste, and are supposed to benefit 
asthma, coughs, irritability of the bladder, blenorrhoea, and 
uterine fluxes. Eaten raw, they destroy cancer and are 
counter-vinous. Cooked, they are said to be peptic and 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 391 


anthelmintic, and are similarly used by the Japanese to promote 
digestion. In some cases they appear to cause peculiar symp- 
toms of intoxication, and occasionally to destroy life. They 
are sometimes used to wash clothes, and are digested in wine 
or oil to make a kind of detergent cosmetic. This detergent 
action is dependent upon a peculiar, crystallizable, fatty princi- 
ple which the pulp contains. ‘The wood of the tree is made 
into seals, which are used as charms by quacks in the treatment 
of disease. ‘The trees sometimes grow to a very great size; one 
of the famous ‘‘big trees’’ of Kuling being of this kind. 


SALIX BABYLONICA.—#if (Liu), Jv #3 (Hsiao-yang), 
‘2 i) (VYang-liu). Several kinds of willow are included under 
these terms; but the most common Chinese willow, and the 
one that is planted extensively in all parts of the empire, is 
the Salix babylonica. Of this there are several varieties, some 
with the long pliant branches characteristic of the weeping 
willow, while others have shorter and less pliant limbs. The 
tree is well described in the Chinese books. The cottony 
down of the seeds is called ff] S€ (Liu-hua) and # 28 (Liu-hsii) ; 
but this may also include the catkins. This product is recom- 
mended in jaundice, rheumatism, hemorrhage, fever, and 
locally in foul sores and ulcers, cancers, and perspiring feet. 
Decoction of the leaves, 741, is used in ulcers, skin diseases, 
varnish poisoning, and internally in rheumatism, gonorrhcea, 
ephemeral fever, and carbuncle. The white bark of the twigs 
and root, 746, is used in the bath for parasitic skin eruptions, 
and internally in decoction for jaundice, gonorrhoea, and rheu- 
matic swellings. A kind of tea, called fff 3¢ (T‘ien-ch‘a), is 
made of the leaves of this and other trees of the willow family, 
and they are sometimes used to adulterate tea. The gum from 
the willow tree, called #1 # (Liu-chiao), is applied to foul 
sores. The willow epiphyte $l #4 4E (Liu-chi-shéng), is a 
species of /zscum, and is sold in the shops as a dried, yellow, 
flowering plant, with the leaves attached. It is used as a 
carminative, autispasmodic, and sedative. 


SALIX PURPUREA.—JK 43% (Shui-yang), if PB (P‘u- 
liu), #7 #§ (Ch‘ing-yang). This is a willow with leaves that 


392 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


are rounder and shorter than those of the last, and short, stiff 
branches, with reddish bark and wood that is fit to make 
arrows. Possibly more than one kind of willow is included 
under these terms, as the #ff #3 (P‘u-yang) is said to have long 
leaves and pliant branches suitable for making baskets. The 
twigs and leaves, 746, are used in chronic dysentery, cancerous 
sores, and as a dressing to smallpox ulcers. The white bark 
of the tree and the root, 741, is used in similar cases and as 
a styptic and anodyne in wounds. 


SALVIA JAPONICA.—§s J— #4 (Shu-wei-ts‘ao), 1171. 
This plant takes its name from its flower spikes, which some- 
what resemble those of Plantago major. It is used for dyeing 
black, and for that reason is called & ¥#% (Wu-ts‘ao). It grows 
in marshes, and is therefore called 7¢ # (Shui-ch‘ing). There 
are two varieties, one with red and the other with white flowers. 
The flowers and leaves are used in medicine in struma, 
fluxes, and discharges. ‘‘The white-flowered kind is good for 
colorless discharges, and the red-flowered for red discharges.’’ 
It is also used in ague and dropsy. 


SALVIA MILTIORRHIZA.—J} # (Tan-shén), 1246. 
This labiate plant is grown in Shensi, Shansi, Shantung, and 
in the Peking mountainsitisa common plant. It has from three 
to seven hirsute leaves and large violet flowers. The root is 
red externally and purplish internally when fresh. It is sold 
in short, shrivelled pieces of a bright, brick-red: color, some- 
times branching or twisted, and generally bristling with radi- 
cles. The interior is soft, and the taste of the whole is 
sweetish, resembling that of licorice. ‘This root is one of the 
five astral remedies, # 3 (Wu-shén), which are thought to 
correspond to the five colors—yellow, white, black, purple, and 
red—and to the five principal viscera—spleen, lungs, kidneys, 
liver, and heart. This particular one belongs to the heart, and 
its red color suggests the blood. It is credited with alterative, 
antispasmodic, arthritic, tonic, sedative, astringent, and vul- 
nerary properties, and it is highly recommended in all blood 
difficulties, hemorrhages, menstrual disorders, and miscar- 
riages. 


, 


| 


| 
| 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 393 


SALVIA PLEBIA.—#i 3 (Ching-chieh), 175. This 
Chinese name is used for various plants, such as Mepeta tenze- 
folia, Molsa lanceolata, Origanum vulgare, Phthetrospermum 
chinense, Elsholtzia, and Melampyrum. It is described in the 
Péntsao under 4h #R (Chia-su), Zeercun stoloniferum (which 
see), and is not distinguished medicinally from it. At Peking, 
however, Chzzg-chieh is Salvia plebia. 


SALVINIA NATANS.—® jf (Tzit-p‘ing), see Lemna 
minor. Salvinia vulgaris, {% BE yq (Huai-yeh-p‘in), see Ay- 
adrochartis morsus rane and Marsilia quadrtfolia. 


SAMBUCUS JAVANICA.—f& 3 (Lu-ying). The de- 
scription of this plant in the Péxtsao is very vague, but its 
identity is sufficiently established by observation. The leaves 
aud root are used in medicine, and are regarded as non-poison- 
ous. It is prescribed for all diseases of bones, pain and numb- 
ness, and rheumatic difficulties generally. 


SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA.—# Ze (Chieh-ku-mu), 
go. This is the same as Sanebucus sieboldiana, and is a real 
woody e/der. Other names are fj BH ZK (Asii-ku-mu) and 
AR HH ZE (Mu-so-t‘iao). It grows extensively throughout 
China, and is a small tree from ten to fifteen feet high, and 
has a hollow stem. It is sometimes cultivated. The juice is 
acrid and slightly emetic. It is used in broken bones, sprains, 
colds, and carious teeth. The bark of the root is used in 
dropsy, ague, and suppressed lochia. As it is emetic, care 
should be exercised in its use. ‘The leaves are used in ague 
fits, when adults use the juice of seven leaves and children that 
of three leaves. ‘This produces emesis, which is supposed to 
break the attack. 


SAMBUCUS THUNBERGIANA.— $f 2% (So-t‘iao). 
Also called # % #4 (Chieh-ku-ts‘ao), 90. This is the same as 
Sambucus chinensis. It is a half-woody, half-herbaceous plant, 
and grows quite commonly in waste ground. It has five- 
parted leaves, white flowers, and berry-like fruits which 
become red when ripe. The leaves, stem, and root are used in 


394 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


medicine, have a sour taste, and are poisonous, being emetic. 
They are used in decoction in the bath in the treatinent of 
itchy, scaly, and parasitic skin diseases. They are somewhat 
used internally in obstinate agues, suppressed lochia, and 
anasarca. 


SANDARAC.—It is not known that this substance 
appears by itself in Chinese commerce ; at least no name has 
been found for it. Porter Smith gives 28 % (VYiin-hsiang) as a 
term for it, and this term is indeed found in the /ézzsao refer- 
ring to an herb (Au¢a graveolens), and as one of the names of 
Symplocos prunvfolia. Under this last article there is a refer- 
ence to a resin coming from Khoten which is called = @F B 
(Yiin-hsiang-chiao). It is used in polishing jade. It is quite 
probable that olibanum is sometimes found with an admixture 
of sandarac, as often happens in that found in western phar- 
macies, and it may even be that the pure sandarac is sometimes 
confounded in China with olibanum or storax. Porter Smith 
did not claim to be able to procure the drug in Hankow, but says 
that it is somewhat whiter than mastich and is used in much 
the same way as the other resins: z.¢., as a stimulant, sedative, 
and deodorizing drug. It is often put into clothes-trunks to 
keep away moths. Gunda birosa is the Indian name of a 
drug resembling sandarac. 


SANGUISORBA OFFICINALIS.—# @& (Ti-yu); see 


Poterium officinale. 


SANTALUM ALBUM.—#¥ # (T‘an-hsiang). This is 
somewhat confounded with Dalbergia hupeana and Pterocar- 
pus santalinus. Put it is distinguished as the id f# (Chén- 
t‘an), ‘‘true t‘an,’? and ff f# (Chan-t‘an), which is in imita- 
tion of the Sanscrit chandana, the name of the sazdal wood 
in India. Another nime is fy fff #¥ (Pai-chan-t‘an). The 
principal name is explained by its phonetic — (Tan), which 
means ‘‘true,’’ ‘‘sincere,’’? and refers to the use of the wood as 
incense for worship. ‘The wood originally came from the 
couutries of the Buddhists and Mohammedans, but is now 
grown in Lingnan. Medicinally, it is regarded as carminative 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 395 


and corrective, and is used in hiccough, vomiting, and choleraic 
difficulties. It is mixed with mucilage and applied to acne 
ot the face and to aching parts. The sandal-wood tree grows 
under the protection of the British government in Mysore, and 
in some cases is allowed to attain to the height of twenty-five 
feet. The trees are usually cut down when twenty years old, 
and the wood is chopped into billets for sale. The roots and 
heart-wood yield a fine, yellow, clear oil, which is imported 
into China, 1249, and is much valued for its fragrance. Other 
woods used in the carving of fans and like articles are given a 
coating of this oil to make them appear to be genuine sandal- 
wood. ‘This oil is mentioned in the Appendix to the éxtsao 
as a carminative remedy ; but modern Chinese doctors have 
learned to use it in gonorrheea also. 


SAPINDUS MUKOROSSI.—& #& -F (Wu-huan-tzii), 
AR HBF (Mu-huan-tzit), 865. Other names are JE 3K F (Fei- 
chu-tzii), jth BR fF (Vu-chu-tzii), #2 #2 -F (P‘u-ti-tzi), and 
SL 2X (Kuei-chien-ch‘ou). The first two refer to the oily 
nature of the seeds and their pearl-shape, while the third 
meaus bodhi seeds, and is used by the Buddhists, and the fourth 
is used by the Taoists and refers to the benign influence of the 
seeds in exorcising demons. The tree is a large one, bearing 
seeds resembling those of AZelza azedarach, which are some- 
times used for making rosaries. Notwithstanding their 
acridity, they are roasted and eaten by the Chinese. The dark 
kernels were formerly made into a tincture, which was used as 
a corrective and eliminant remedy. The globular fruit outside 
the seed is used in medicine under the name of FR B& W (Mu- 
huan-jou), 863. It is considered to be slightly poisonous, and 
is cleansing to the skin, removing tan and freckles. The 
cotyledons of the seeds are recommended for bad breath and 
gum boils. The root, 864, is also-used, probably in the same 
way as the fruit and seeds. 


SAPONARIA VACCARIA.— KA BY fF (Wang-pu-liu- 
hsing), 1440. Other names are #& Bf 7 (Chin-kung-hua) and 
& 3 # = (Chin-chan-yin-t‘ai). The plant is trequeutly 
met with in the fields, and grows from one to two feet high. 


396 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


It has bell-shaped flowers, with an inflated calvx enclosing the 
seed capsule. At Peking, Szlexe aprica is called by this name. 
The plant is slippery and unctuous, and when trod upon is apt 
to cause a fall. Hence, one of the princes forbade its being 
allowed to grow in the palace grounds. From this arose the 
two principal names. The seeds are dark red and round, 
resembling turnip seeds. The root, shoot, flowers, and leaves 
are all used in medicine and are said to be vulnerary, styptic, 
diuretic, galactagogue, discutient, and solvent. ‘They are a 
soldier’s remedy after receiving wounds. 


SARACA INDICA.—3&§ # 7 (Wu-yu-hua). The 
flowers of this ‘‘sorrowless’’ tree upon which the mother of 
Sakyamuni Buddha is said to have laid hold in the pangs of 
the birth of her son, are barely mentioned in the Avang-chiin- 
fang-pu. It is a leguminous tree, and the legend is that it 
always bursts into flower when touched by a woman. It is 


therefore a woman’s remedy. 


SARGASSUM SILIOUASTRUM.—j 3% (Hai-tsao). 
See Alge. 


SAURURUS LOUREIRI.—= 4 # (San-pai-ts‘ao). The 
Customs lists give = ‘ff #B (San-ya-hu) = ‘f #8 (San-ya-ts‘ao), 
1064, but from what source these are derived has not been 
found. The plant grows in marshy ground, has a stalk that 
resembles Folygonum, leaves that resemble those of Celosza 
argentea, and in the fourth month the three terminal leaves 
of the plant successively begin to turn white. There is a 
common saying, ‘‘one leaf white, eat wheat; two leaves 
white, eat plums and apricots; three leaves white, eat 
millet.’’ In the fifth month it bears a spike of small, white, 
slightly fragrant flowers, followed by small, one-seeded berries. 
The root is white, elastic, jointed, and covered with bristly 
rootlets. The plant is to be distinguished from Polygonum 
persicaria, which has black spots on the leaves. The flowers 
and root are used in medicine, and are considered to be slightly 
deleterious. Eliminative, antimalarial and parasiticide prop- 
erties are attributed to it. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 397 


SAXIFRAGA SARMENTOSA.—)}& Ff ¥% (Hu-érh-ts‘ao). 
This grows in moist, shady places, and is also cultivated on 
stony ground. It has a creeping stalk, and sends up leaf-stalks 
to the heiglit of five or six inches, the leaf-blade being rounded, 
hairy, and shaped like a tiger’s ear or lotus leaf. For this 
last reason it is sometimes called 4 fi RE (Shih-ho-yeh). The 
flower, which opens in summer, is pale red. The drug is used 
in choleraic difficulties, vomiting, discharges from the ear, and 
piles. In the last case, the plant is dried in the shade and then 
set fire to in a bucket, and used to steam or smoke swollen, 
painful hemorrhoids. 


SCAPHIUM SCAPHIGERUM.—JP Fe Hg (P ‘ang-ta-hai), 
KK wy F (An-nan-tzit), Je ify] FE (Ta-t‘ung-kuo), 7 fe F (Ta- 
hai-tzti), 1223. This drug comes from the Tatung mountain 
of Annam, where it grows in the darkness of the jungle. It 
is described in the Péz¢sao as follows: ‘The fruits resemble 
dried Canxartum fruits, have a yellowish black skin very much 
wrinkled, and when soaked in water the layers swell up into a 
cloudy mass. But in the middle is a soft shelled seed contain- 
ing the cotyledons, the taste of which is sweetish.’’? The drug 
is also found in Siam, where the tree is called Boa-tam-fat- 
jang, Poungtaraz, and Bungtalaz. ‘The leaves examined by 
Hanbury were about five inches long, simple, entire, ovate- 
acuminate, and glabrous on both surfaces. The fruits are about 
an inch long, ovoid, and without a pedicle, the cicatrix left by 
the dark-brown, deeply-wrinkled fruit being very conspicuous 
and curiously oblique, with a kind of spur. The thin, dry 
epidermis being removed, reveals a dry, black mesocarp, within 
which is the central seed, consisting of the two shrunken 
cotyledons. When the fruit is put into water for some: few 
hours, the thin epidermis peels off, and the dark mesocarp 
swells up into a very large, tasteless mass of gelatine showing 
all the wrinkles of the fruit, and imparting a dark tint to the 
water. This is due to the bassorine contained in the pericarp. 
Sir R. H. Schomburgk was told that where the trees grow by 
a roadside and the fruits drop on the road abundantly, after a 
hard rain there will be such a mass of glutinous jelly formed 
that the passage of the road by travellers is a matter of dif- 


398 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


ficulty. Extravagant properties are attributed to the drug. 
Said to grow in the shade, it is a remedy for ‘‘fire’’ in the 
system. It is used to bring out the eruption of smallpox, to 
cure all fevers, phthisis, hemorrhage from the nose, stomach, 
bowels or bladder, to counteract poison, sunstroke, ophthalmia, 
toothache, intestinal worms, hemorrhoids, dry cough, fever in 
the marrow, all sorts of ulcer, ‘‘and it is difficult to enumerate 
all of its medicinal virtues.’? Some years ago it was introduced 
into France as a certain specific in diarrhcea and dysentery. 
Its virtues were probably due to being a mucilaginous drink 
substituting all other medication, thus affording rest and an 
opportunity for the diseased organs to recover. The jelly is 
sweetened and eaten, but its principal use is as a domestic 
cooling, demulcent, and laxative remedy. 


SCHIZANDRA CHINENSIS.—F, if — (Wu-wei-tzi), 
1477. This is confounded with its allied genus Kadsura, and 
in Japan Kadsura japonica is fi Fi ik (Nan-wu-wei), and 
Schizandra chinensis 1G Ft WY (Pei-wu-wei), 996. The drug 
is said to have five distinct tastes. The skin and pulp of the 
fruit are sweet and sour, the kernels are pungent and bitter, 
and the whole has a salty taste. This gives rise to the name, 
‘five flavors.”? The plant is a climber, and the fruit is a 
berry, being black in the case of Schzzandra nigra, and red in 
that of Kadsura and Schizandra chinensis. ‘The fruit and 
branches contain a great amount of viscid mucoid material, 
and the Japanese women are said by Siebold to dress their hair 
with it, it being also used to size the Japanese mulberry-bark 
paper. The specimens of the drug generally contain portions of 
the stalks of the berries, which are collected in a head as they 
grow upon the trees which support the trailing plant. Tonic, 
aphrodisiac, pectoral, and lenitive properties are ascribed to 
the plant, although the Chinese unwisely reject the branches, 
which yield a mucilaginous decoction, efficacious in dysentery, 
gonorrhcea, and coughs. The plant is believed to contain the 
quintessence of the five elements as the basis of its properties. 


SCIRPUS CYPERINUS.—jffi] Hi (K‘uai-ts‘ao). This is 


mentioned in the /éxztsao in a foot note to Gymnothrix 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 399 


japonica. It is said to have a shoot like /mferata, and can. 
be made into matting and ropes. The seeds can be eaten as 
a substitute for rice. 


SCIRPUS-TUBEROSUS.—& 3& (Wu-yt), =: & (Pi- 
ch‘i), 4) Be (Ti-1i), & HE (Fu-tzn). The second name is usual- 
ly wrongly written 3f ff, and is properly pronounced P%o-chz. 
The tubers are like taro and black ; ducks like to eat them, 
hence the first and fourth names. This last is the proper name, 
according to the books, while the second 1s the common name. 
The plant is the same as Eleocharis tuberosus. The tuber is 
eaten both raw and cooked, and is liable to produce flatulence. 
It is largely cultivated and sold as a food all over China. In 
some parts of the country, especially in the Yangtse valley, the 
plant grows wild, and is therefore not specially cultivated. 
The tubers are sweet, juicy, and somewhat resemble the chestnut 
in appearance rather than in flavor, and are therefore called by 
the foreigners ‘‘water-chestnuts,’’? although the Chinese call 
them ‘‘ground-chestnuts’’ (ff§ 3). They are considered to be 
cooling and beneficial to the breath, and are used in fluxes 
and poisons. A starchy preparation is made from them, known 
as =& g& fp (Pi-chi-fén), which is considered very nourishing 
and beneficial to the digestive organs, and is given to children 
when they swallow cash or other metallic substances. In the 
Customs Lists it is called 5 fi #} (Ma-ti-fén), 811, but upon 
what authority does not appear. 


SCOPOLIA JAPONICA.—fR @& (Lang-tang).. The 
plant described under this name in the Péztsao does not seem 
to be Hyoscyamus niger, although Henry found a plant called 
by this name in a mountain garden in Hupeh, which proved 
to be /Zyoscyamus, and Bretschneider says that at least two 
species of /Zyoscyamus are found in North China. He does not 
give any Chinese name for these. The plant described is hir- 
sute, has leaves resembling those of _Rekmannia, white or 
purple flowers, urn-shaped calyx, persistent and enclosing the 
seed capsule, which contains greenish-white seeds. These seeds, 
when eaten, produce madness. For use in medicine, the seeds 
are prepared by digesting in vinegar and then in milk, and 


400 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


afterwards drying in the shade. In this way they ina large 
measure lose their poisonous properties. Anodyne, construct- 
ive, tonic, diuretic, and tussic properties are attributed to the 
drug, and it is prescribed in dysentery, coughs, mania, epilepsy, 
dropsy, toothache, cancer of the breast, and-.prolapse of the 
rectum. ‘The root is used in pernicious malaria, and in parasitic 
skin diseases. 


SCROPHULARIA OLDHAMI.—% # (Hsitan-shén), 
1563. The first character is se frequently written 3g (Yiian). 
The plant is also called 3 & (Hei-shén) and Bf JS fi (Yeh- 
chih-ma). It has opposite leaves, which are long and serrated. 
It grows four and five feet high, has a slender stem of purplish- 
green color. It bears greenish, purple, or white flowers, and 
black fruits. The stem, which is square, and the leaves are 
covered with hairs. The roots, which represent the drug 
proper, are about three or four inches long, and nearly an inch 
in diameter in the middle, tapering off to either end. They 
are brown externally, and very irregularly furrowed and wrink- 
led. They are fleshy and dark internally, and moist in fresh 
samples. Some of the roots are branched and jointed. Al- 
though this is said to be used by ingense-makers, it has very 
little smell, and the taste is raw and sweetish. It is very 
liable to be attacked by worms. It is regarded as cooling, 
diuretic, tonic, and restorative, and is prescribed in fevers, 
malaria, typhoid, scrophulous glands, galactorrhcea, and leu- 
corrheea. 


SCUTELLARIA MACRANTHA.—#& 4 (Huang- ch‘in), 
513. This name seems also to be applied to Scwtellaria viset- 
dula. ‘This Chinese skud/cap is a common plant in nearly 
every part of China, in Mongolia, and well into Siberia. It 
grows about a foot high, has small, lanceolate leaves, and 
bears blue flowers. Other species, which are also used, bear 
yellow, or purple, flowers. The root, which is usually cut 
into slices, is light, spongy, yellow in color, slightly bitter, 
and mucilaginous. When it is fresh and soll: it is called 
Ff 2 (Tzit-ch‘in), and when old, broken, and full of holes, 
it is called 4% AE (Su-ch‘in). This old root, from being 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 401 


hollow and black within, is sometimes called 4 4 (Tu-fu), 
‘jealous woman;’’ such a person being supposed by the 
Chinese to have the typical rotten, black heart. This thing 
is said to equalize the vital principles, to be tonic to the 
bladder, quieting to the pregnant uterus, stimulant to the 
respiratory organs, anodyne, and astringent, and it is prescribed 
in fevers, jaundice, diarrhoeas, ulcers, colic, amenorrheea, 
fluxes, boils, carbuncle, and cancer of the breast. A famous 
prescription is known as the = ® }, (San-huang-wan), 
‘‘ three-yellow-pill,’? and is composed of this root, rhubarb 
(K HH), and Copies teeta (#¥ HH). It is regarded as a tonic and 
reconstructive remedy in weakness of sexual origin in men and 
women. ‘I‘he seeds are also used to cleanse the bowels of 
blood and pus. 


SEDUM ERYTHROSTICTUM.—#% JE (Ching-t‘ien). 
It is not certain that this plant in China is not Sempervivum 
tectorum. It has a large number of names meaning ‘‘to 
protect from fire,’? as it is supposed to have this quality, 
and is therefore planted in pots on house tops. It is also 
much cultivated on artificial rocks in gardens for ornament- 
ation. The stem is tinged with red and yellow, the leaves 
are pale green, shining, soft, spoon-shaped, thick, and not 
pointed. They have a bitterish-sweet taste, and can be 
eaten after scalding. An allied species, called 7A §& 
(Pa-pao-érh), is very beautiful and is commonly cultivated. 
It is probably Sedum alboroseum. ‘The leaves are considered 
to have antifebrile properties, and are prescribed in all forms 
of fever, wounds, and inflammations. The flowers are used 
in fluxes from the vagina, the nervous affections of children, 
in opacity of the cornea, and in prolapse of the genital 
organs after labor. The juice of the leaves is a common 
domestic remedy in eruptions, as well as an application 
to burns. 


SEDUM LINEARE.—{js HA ¥8 (Fo-chia-ts‘ao). It is 
said to resemble purslane, to be four or five inches high, and 
to have a brittle stem with fine linear leaves. It blooms in 
summer with a yellow flower, is cultivated on stony places or 


402 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


old walls, and is thought to have some mysterious power of 
preventing famine. It is slightly poisonous, and is used as a 
local application in the treatment of burns and scalds. 


SEDUM Sp.— # (Shih-sung), 1158. In most places 
this is Lycopodium clavatum (see the article on Lycopodium), 
but Faber also gives this identification. 


SELAGINELLA INVOLVENS.— 44 (Chiian- po). 
The Customs Lists, 1438, confound this with B§ 4¢ # (Wan- 
nien-sting); but this is properly = #H (Yii-po), or Lycopodium 
japonicum. Bretschneider says: ‘This curious plant of the 
order Lycopodiacece, is very common in the Peking mountains, 
where it grows ou stones and rocks. It has the fronds curled 
in and contracted when dry, in which condition it is of a 
yellowish-brown color, but it expands immediately and assumes 
a fresh green color when put into hot water. Its common 
name at Peking is Sj % Fy (T‘ang-t‘ang-ch‘ing), which means 
it becomes green in hot water.’? The plant is also found 
plentifully at Nanking, and wherever there is rocky, moist 
ground that is allowed to remain undisturbed. It is also called 
£ 4 RH FE BW (Ch‘ang-shéng-pu-ssii-ts‘ao), as it is thought 
to have the property of prolonging life, when administered 
medicinally. It is prescribed in coughs, prolapse of the rectum, 
gravel, amenorrhoea, and hemorrhage from the bowels. The 
power of driving away evil spirits is also ascribed to it. 

Two other lycopodiaceous plants are spoken of under this 
article. They are called }¥ #4 (Ti-po) and @ 4 ¥ (Han- 
shéng-ts‘ao), respectively. They are like Selagznella, and the 
first is used in hemorrhages. The second comes from the 
country of the red-socked nomads in Kokonor, and is used in 


difficult labor. 


SELINUM MONNIERI. oe tk (Shé-ch‘uang). See 


Cnidium monniert. 


SELINUM Sp.—j# 2 (Mi-wu). This is Faber’s identi- 
fication ; but Li Shih-chés says that this name stands for the 
young leaves of Cozzoselinum unztvittatum, an umbelliferous 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 403 


plant. Another name given is jf # (Chiang-li), ‘‘river 
sedge ;’’ but these characters, if properly applied to this plant, 
evidently do not have this meaning. The plant was much 
cultivated formerly, aud may yet be, for its fragrant leaves, 
which seem to have inspired poets to write about them. 
These leaves are used in medicine as a tussic, carminative, 
nervine, antiseptic, and anthelmintic remedy, and they are 
prescribed in colds and diarrhceas. ‘The flowers are used in 
cosmetic preparations. 


SENECIO CAMPESTRIS.—jg GF Hi (Kou-shé-ts‘ao). 
This plant grows in Szechuan in moist ground. It has a leaf 
somewhat resembling that of Plazdago, and bears a yellowish- 
white flower. It is regarded as slightly poisonous, and is only 
used as a parasiticide in skin diseases and on the clothes. 


SENECIO PALMATUS.—#% ff (Wei-hsien).. There 
are very many species of Sezeczo in China, and this name prob- 
ably refers to more than one kind. Other names given are 
Be # (Mi-hsien), #E # (Lu-hsien), 32 i YF (Wu-féng-ts‘ao), 
4 jy ¥S (Wu-hsin-ts‘ao), Me fj (Wu-tien), 9 H% (Ch ‘éng-chi), 
and #& # (Ch‘éng-kao). It is said that deer, when sick, eat 
this plant and then recover ; hence the name Zu-hszen. It has 
hairy leaves, a red stem, and bears yellow flowers. It is said 
not to move in the wind, but to be self-moving in still air. 
The stalk and leaves are used in rheumatism, epilepsy, can- 
cerous sores, and general debility. It is said to preveut concep- 
tion, and a decoction is employed as a wash for foul sores. 
The Wet-hsien-ts‘ao is considered to be tonic, and astringent 
and carminative in diarrheea. 


SENECIO SCANDENS.—F- # 3% (Ch‘ien-li-chi). Also 
called -  3¢ (Ch‘ien-li-kuang), 199. The other plant spoken 
of in the Customs Lists, J, Fi 49 (Chiu-li-ming), 199, is an 
allied species, Czmeraria repanda. But this German ivy is 
well described in the Péxtsao. ‘The flowers, when produced, 
are yellow, and the seeds seldom come to perfection. The 
stalk and leaves are regarded as an efficient remedy in eye 
diseases. The plant is regarded as slightly poisonous (emetic). 


404 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


It is used in all sorts of epidemics, jaundice, malaria, and snake 
or dog bites. Decocted with licorice, it is used as an antifebrile, 
and with JJ, #7 (Hsiao-ch‘ing), Ardisia japonica (?), for the 
tenesmus of dysentery. 


SERISSA FCYTIDA.—#h fi i (Ch ‘i-chieh-ts‘ao). Other 
names are 7y AY # (Liu-ytieh-ling) and 7, A 4 (Liu-ytieh- 
shuang). These last, however, are considered to represent 
Euonymus.: ‘This plant resembles Solidago virgo aurea, but 
is greener and more brittle. Its flowers resemble those of 
Mentha arvenis. The stalk and leaves are used in carbuncles 
and cancers. 


SESAMUM INDICUM.—@j ff (Hu-ma), 77 3 (Ch ‘ing- 
jang). This latter is said to represent the leaves of the former. 
The character }ff, is properly applied to plants yielding textile 
fibers, as Corchorus, Bomeéria, Linum, and as anciently, to 
Cannabis sativa. But hemp seed has been from ancient times 
an article of food; so it has not been surprising that the term 
should be applied to Sesamum, which is commonly called 7h 
ji, (Yu-ma), although this latter term also includes one or more 
species of Zzzum. ‘The famous general, Chang Chien, brought 
the seed of these oil-bearing plants from the West when he 
made his famous tour in the time of the Han dynasty. For 
this reason it gets the character J (Hu), ‘‘Scythian,’’ in its 
name, as do the most of the plants brought from abroad 
by this observant traveler. The account in the /éztsao 
thoroughly confounds Sesamum, Linum, and Mulgedium ,; so 
medical uses are not clearly defined. The fruits are dark 
brown, or black, four-angled capsules, two-valved, and about 
a quarter of an inch long. ‘The taste is sweet and aromatic. 
They are used as cooling, emollient, pectoral, laxative, and 
uterine remedies. The seeds are distinguished between black, ° 
2 ith ji. (Hei-yu-ma), and white, & jf ji (Pai-yu-ma); and 
while the medicinal properties are necessarily very much alike, 
the Chinese make certain distinctions in their use. Generallv 
speaking, they regard the seeds as emollient, constructive, and 
cooling. The black seeds are specially used in labor, to pre- 
vent catching cold, and the raw seeds bruised are employed 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 405 


as a sort of poultice in the sore heads of children and in 
venereal sores in women. The white seeds are eaten by 
nursing mothers to prevent colds and convulsions in their 
infants. The oil, very naturally, has similar properties, 
and is used as a bland emollient internally in diarrhceas, 
and externally in all sorts of sores. Its ingestion is also 
thought to facilitate labor. The dregs of oil from an old 
lamp are considered to be specially efficacious. The oil-cake, 
jit fi # (Mla-k‘u-ping), is used to fatten fish and to enrich the 
fields. It is also used as food for human consumption, and is 
employed to clean the teeth and blacken the hair. The Ching- 
jang, which is the foliage of the plant, is also considered very 
beneficial when eaten, having qualities not much inferior to 
those of the seeds. A strong decoction is recommended in 
dysmenorrhcea. The flowers are thought to make the hair 
grow after favus, and to promote the growth of the eyebrows. 
They are emollient to the intestines, and are used as an 
application to warts and other excrescences of the skin. The 
stalks are incinerated, and the ash used on hemorrhoids and 
in purulent otorrheea. 


SESELI LIBANOTIS.—¥ # (Hsieh-hao). This is an 
umbelliferous plant having a general resemnblance to Artemisia 
apiacea, but it does not have the offensive odor of the latter. 
The leaves and root are both edible. It is carminative and 
corrective, and is recommended in flatulence and indigestion, 
A decoction is used to wash foul sores. 

SETARIA ITALICA.—2£ (Liang). This is the common 
spiked millet, which is so extensively grown for food in the 
north of China, where the popular name of the plant is # + 
(Ku-tzii), and of the hulled grain is sJ. 9 (Hsiao-mi). The 
character designating this grain is explained by B (Liang), 
‘excellent grain.’? Another explanation is that it originally 
came from 2% Ji] (Liang-chou), formerly including parts of Sze- 
chuan, Hupeh, and Honan. The character 3€ (Su) is sometimes 
applied to this form of millet, but belongs rather to another 
variety. ‘[‘hree varieties of grain are distinguished: te BER 
(Huang-liang-mi), yellow, —& 2% 4 (Pai-liang-mi), white, and 


406 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


FF GE WK (Ch‘ing-liang-mi), green. It is possible that the last 
is confounded with Se/arta viridis (see below). The yellow 
grain is considered as constructive, as well as emollient and 
astringent in diarrhceas and choleraic affections. The white 
is cooling, and is therefore recommended in feverish and 
choleraic conditions. The green has about the same qualities 
as the other two, but is also diuretic and strengthening to 
virility. All are used in the form of congee. 


SETARIA ITALICA GLUTINOSA.—#i (Shu). This 
is the glutinous variety of the spiked millet. It 1s not mueh 
used as food, as it is thought to obstruct the viscera ; but it is 
extensively used for the distilling of spirits. Three varieties 
are mentioned: yellow, red, and white. It is reeommended in 
feverish conditions, as a local application in varnish poisoning, 
mixed with white of egg in boils and abscesses, and in dog 
bite. It is used in a congee with Astragalus hoangtchy by 
pregnant women who have a discharge from the vagina. 


SETARIA VIRIDIS (Germanica).— (Su), Hl 
(Hsien-su). Anciently 3£ (Su) was a general name for imillet- 
like grains, including 2, #§%, 32, and #ff ; but later this term is 
applied to a non-glutinous variety of the spiked millet, distin- 
guished by short spikes and short bristles. This is also com- 
monly called sJy 3 (Hsiao-ini) in the north. There are green, 
red, yellow, white, and black varieties. The grain is regarded 
as beneficial to the kidnevs, lungs, stomach, bladder, and liga- 
ments. It is recommended in cholera, nosebleed, vomiting, 
and claw wounds of bears or tigers. 


SHOREA ROBUSTA.—# # 7€ (So-lo-mu). This is 
a coniferous tree of India, described in the Awang-chiin-fang-pu, 
and which furnishes a sort of frankincense, called B§ #R F 
(Tu-nou-hsiang). It grows in Cambodia, and the resin is 
white and translucent. That made from the bark by roasting 
is dark in color. Another kind is ealled ]# 7\ #% (Tan-pa- 
hsiang), and is produced by a maple-like tree in Cochin- 
China. ‘The resin is used in a cosmetic preparation made 
with this substance, Jatropha janipha, the kernels of the seeds 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 407 


of Benincasa cerifera, and pomegranate bark, digested in 
spirits for three days. Applied to the face after first washing, 
and doing this for some days, the skin will gradually assume 
a lustrous appearance like jade. 


SIEGSBECKIA ORIENTALIS.—% @ (Hsi-lien), 395, 
Ae HE (Chu-kao-mu), fe 34 (Hu-kao), jay FF (Kou-kao), f¥ 
Hy 3 (Nien-hu-ts‘ai). This composite plant is said to smell! 
like a pig and have an acrid, bitter taste; hence the principal 
name. The third and fourth names are derived from the fact 
that wounds by dogs and tigers are treated with this drug, 
and the last name from the use of the plant as food after 
boiling, which removes the bad odor and taste and produces 
a mucilaginous pot-herb. It is probable that a number of 
varieties, species, or even genera, are included under the 
several names given for the plant in the /éxztsae. Li Shih- 
chén gives a lengthy description of the differences, but in 
general characteristics the plants seem to be very similar. 
Some are regarded as being slightly deleterious (emetic), while 
others are thought to have no untoward properties. It is used 
in worm fever aud loss of appetite, in wounds to relieve pain, 
as a mild stimulant in ulcers, in chronic malaria, dog and 
tiger bites, spider and insect bites, and numbness of the extrem- 
ities. Two other similar plants are mentioned in a footnote 
to this article, called #4 f& (Lei-pi) and 26 J 4& (Yang-shih- 
ch‘ai) ; but these are not identified. The leaves of the former 
are used as a tonic, and those of the latter to treat cancerous 
sores. The root of this latter may be used to poison fish. 


SILER DIVARICATUM.—[f J (Fang-féng), 292. 
This is an umbelliferous plant, and it is not quite certain 
whether the name refers to this, to Peuwcedanum rigidum, or 
to Peucedanum terebinthaceum, possibly to all these, as well 
as to others. There is not much description, and that given 
is very unsatisfactory. The plant is found in most of the 
central and northern provinces. It is compared to the fennel 
plant, and is eaten as a pot-herb. The best root is sold in 
long, brownish-yellow, irregular, branching pieces, having 
some of the stem attached to the root-stock. It has a sweetish, 


408 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


aromatic taste, and is given in all difficulties due to damp and 
chill, including the thirty-six varieties of fm (Féng), diseases of 
the circulation, and general debility. The leaves are used as 
a diaphoretic in fevers, the flowers in circulatory disturbances, 
and the seeds in obstinate colds. The root is regarded as an 
antidote to aconite poisoning. ; 


SINAPIS.—# (Chieh). The mustards grown in China 
are mostly varieties of Szzapis juncea. In the Péntsao 
there is an article on the general term given above, and one 
on & Ff (Pai-chieh), 96, or §J 3f (Hu-chieh), which is probably 
Sinapis alba. Li Shih-chén speaks of the following kinds :— 
4f 4p (Chiing-chich), also called sj 3F (Tzt-chieh), which 
from his description seems to be Szzafis nigra, Fe FF (Ta- 
chieh), which is either Szzapis tntegrifolia or Brassica cam- 
pestris rutabaga , By 3¢ (Ma-chieh) ; # ZF (Hua-chieh) ; 3& ZF 
(Tzii-chieh) ; 47 3 (Shih-chieh), which is also called ff} 3F 
(La-chieh), # 3F (Ch‘un-chieh), and 33 3 (Hsia-chieh), accord- 
ing to-the season at which it is planted and eaten. Of these 
varieties, which seem to be indigenous to China, the stalk 
and leaves are used as a pot-herb, having carminative qualities. 
The large leaved kinds are eaten, while the small leaved are 
considered harmful. Medicinally, they are recommended as 
corrective, digestive, and expectorant remedies. They are 
also used as a stimulant application in toothache, varnish erup- 
tions, and ulcers. The seeds have about the same properties, 
and are used by preference as being more convenient. The 
Pai-chich is also called 3 FF (Shu-chieh), because it was 
introduced into Szechuan from Mongolia. It is extensively 
cultivated for its stalk, leaves, and seeds. The stalk and 
leaves are carminative. The seeds, as indeed the whole plant, 
have about the same qualities as the other varieties have; but 
the Chinese endeavor to distinguish in favor of this. A strong 
decoction of mustard, called 3f #@ (Chieh-chiang), was made 
to be eaten with meat, and was much relished, as the Eure- 
pean eats prepared mustard with his corned beef. 


SIPHONOSTEGIA CHINENSIS.—# [fj (An-li), see 
Artemisia keiskiana. ig ji (Lou-lu), 756, see Lekznops spharo- 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 409 


ocephalus. But under this last title is given another plant 
called § jh jit (Kuei-yu-ma), which seems to answer the 
description of Szphonostegia. Another plant, which seems to 
be Szphonostegia, is called (2 77 Hi (Yin-hsing-ts‘ao), but this 
is not found in the /Péxzsao. ‘Tatarinov thought to identify 
B\ A AM (Liu-chi-nu) as Szphonostegia chinensis; but he was 
evidently mistaken, as this is a composite plant, in all 
probability Soddago virgo aurea (which see). 


SISYMBRIUM SOPHIA.— fié (Ting-li), 1307. See 
Draba nemoralis. Jes #§ (Lin-hao) is Faber’s identification. 
Under this title in the Péz/sao the term Fy Mf BH (Pao-niang- 
hao) is given, and this is thought by some to be Szsymbrium. 
See Pedicularts sceptrum cariolinum. 


SKIMMIA JAPONICA.—j 3 (Vin-yit). The second 
- character is also written #§. This is an evergreen shrub, 
which bears fragrant, reddish-white flowers. It is considered 
to be poisonous. Another species, known as Skzmmta for- 
/unez, is smaller, has dark green, lanceolate leaves, hemaphro- 
dite flowers, and bears dark crimson, obovate berries. This 
probably is also known by the same name. Still another 
species, to which the name Skzmmza reevesiana has been given, 
is called by the Chinese &% lj #E (Wang-shan-kuei), has finely 
scented white flowers, glossy evergreen leaves, and bears in 
the winter bunches of red berries, resembling those of the 
common holly. It is a very desirable garden shrub. The 
stalk and leaves of the Y?x-yz are considered to be tonic and 
restorative. A tincture, composed of this and eleven other 
drugs, is used in atrophy of the muscles. There is also a 
compound pill, employed for a similar purpose. 


SMILAX CHINA.—# 3 (Pa-ch'‘ia). The second 
character is also written ff, and the plant is called 4 fj 
HE (Chin-kang-kén), #k 2 #§ (Tieh-ling-chio), and — j 
(Wang-kua-ts‘ao). Li Shih-chén says: ‘‘It is a common 
mountain plant, which sometimes climbs, but its stem is 
strong, hard, and covered with spines. The leaves are large, 
round like the hoof of a horse, and shining. In the autumn 


410 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


it bears yellow flowers, followed by red fruits. The root is 
very hard, and is covered with bristle-like hairs. A decoction, 
which is sour and harsh, is made of the root. The aborigines 
gather the leaves and root and use them as a dye.’’ It is 
commonly supposed that Chzva root is obtained from the 
Smilax china, but this is not the case (see Srzzlax pseudo- 
china aud Pachyma cocos.) ‘The root is tonic, diuretic, and 
antimalarial, and it is used in colds, menorrhagia, gravel, 
fluxes, and debility. 


SMILAX PSEUDO-CHINA.—+ # 4 (T‘u-fu-ling), 
1368 (see also 332). Other names given are ji #K A (Tz‘u- 
chu-ling), 4 pe By (Léng-fan-t‘uan), ‘‘cold rice ball, and 
iy #4 HE (Shan-ti-li), ‘‘mountain ground-chestnut.’’? It was 
called 3 @ f# (Yti-yti-liang), because once when the Great Vii 
was traveling in the mountains and ran short of food, he had 
this root gathered and used as a substitute. Li Shih-chén 
says that the plant grows. plentifully in Hukuang and Sze- 
chuan. It is a climbing plant, having a spotted stem ; and 
the leaves, which are not opposite, somewhat resemble large 
bamboo leaves, but are thicker, more glabrous, and five or six 
inches long. The root somewhat resembles that of Svzlax 
china, but is round, and consists of a conglomeration of 
tubers of the size of a hen’s or duck’s egg, being found at 
varying depths in the ground. The flesh is very tender and 
can be eaten raw, and there are two kinds: one red and one 
white. The latter is used in medicine. This is the principal 
substance known as Chzxa root, although Pachyma cocos is also 
included under this name, and it is sometimes difficult to 
separate the two products or distinguish them on the market. 
The latter is usually much larger, and in China proper is more 
common. But the Syzz/ar root is exported to India and 
Burma, being called in the former country Chob-Chznxa, and in 
the latter 7sezn-apho-taroup. It is met with on the market in 
the form of brown, irregular, nodulated, branching, tuberous 
roots, with wiry radicles of some length attached to them. 
The interior is white and starchy, and sweet to the taste, with 
patches of yellow near the surface. It can be used as food, 
strengthening the body, and assisting in keeping one awake on 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. AII 


journeys prolonged into the night. It is regarded as tonic, 
astringent or corrective in diarrhceas, and curative in ulcers 
and mercurial sores. But its use par excellence is in syphilitic 
difficulties, especially the secondary and tertiary manifestations. 
Dr. Waring found the large tuberous roots of the Burmese 
variety, the Szlax prolifera of Roxburgh, very useful, in the 
form of a decoction of the fresh root, in secondary syphilis, 
cachexia, and chronic skin diseases. The sliced root, + # & 
fe (T‘u-fu-ling-p‘ien), 333, 1369, is also found on the market. 


SMILAX SINENSIS.—t& # (Pei-hsieh), 988. Other 
names are jp, @ (Ch‘ih-chieh), ‘‘red-joint,’’ and fy ## 3% (Pai- 
pa-ch‘ia), ‘‘white smilax.’’ The root resembles that of Syzclax 
china, but is larger, is yellowish-white, and has many joints 
which are purplish in color. The account in the Péztsao is 
not clear, being confounded on the one hand with Smzlax china 
and on the other with Dzoscorea. But it is said to have a hard 
root with a bitter taste. It is regarded as tonic, and is specially 
recommended for the aged. It is also warming and quieting, 
and is used for nocturnal polyuria and all forms of gonorrhceal 
difficulty. See Deoscorea. 


SOJA HISPIDIA.—q ® (Pai-tou). Also called RK B 
(Fan-tou). This is a small bean, a variety of Glyczne hispida, 
the stalks of which, when young, are eaten as a pot-herb. The 
bean is sometimes used to make soy and bean-curd, and is eaten 
both boiled and as a congee. It is considered to belong to 
the kidneys, therefore those suffering from diseases of this organ 
should use it. The bean is regarded as very nutritious, and 
both it and the leaves benefit the viscera. 


SOLANUM DULCAMARA.—*% jij (K‘u-ch‘ieh), 33 26 
wt (Shu-yang-ch‘iian). The former is described as a small, 
prickly, wild shrub, found in Lingnan. It may be that this is 
the plant which supplies the jij #* (Ch‘ieh-chih), roo, of the 
Customs Lists. Its berries are mixed with vinegar and used as 
a local application to cancerous sores and other swellings. 
The root is used in decoction for the same purpose, and is also 
recommended in malarial poisoning. Shw-yang-ch‘tian was 


¢ 


412 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


identified by Porter Smith as Solanum dulcamara, but on 
what authority he does not mention. The Japanese identify it 
as Solanum lyratum, which is a variety of Solanum dulcamara. 
In the Péntsao it is confounded with Sagzza maxima, but 
although Li Shih-chén notes the confusion in these very 
different genera, he does not attempt to clear up the matter, 
but adds further confusion by likening both to Solanum 
nigrum. See the article on Sag7vza maxima for medical 
uses. 

Another plant identified by the Japanese as Solanum 
dulcamara is fy # (Pai-ying), The young leaves of this are 
whitish and can be eaten. The flowers are small and white, 
and the fruit, which is called § § (Kuei-mu), is at first 
green, but turns dark-red when ripe. This, however, is not 
the only use to which the name 9% & is put. The root 
and shoot of this plant are considered to be cooling and con- 
structive, as are also the leaves, which are used in chronic 
malaria and fevers of children. The fruit, besides its cool- 
ing and nutritive properties, is considered to be a_ useful 
remedy for the eye. The whole plant is used as a counter- 
poison. 


SOLANUM MELONGENA.—jj (Ch‘ieh). This is the 
brinjal, ambergine, or egg-plant of western countries. Another 
name is ¥#§ ff (Lo-su), which is said to be wrongly written 
for #& Bf (Lo-su), referring to the resemblance of the fruit to 
a ball of cheese. Still another name is Fe #} JM (K‘un-lun- 
kua), ‘‘Kunlun melon.’’? . There are many varieties of the 
ege plant; the fruit varying in color—white, yellow, azure, 
and purple. ‘These fruits are not regarded by the Chinese as 
being free from deleterious properties ; prolonged use being 
thought to produce digestive troubles and to injure the uterus. 
They are regarded as cooling, and are used bruised with 
vinegar as a poultice to abscesses and in cracked nipple. The 
peduncle, incinerated, is used in intestinal hemorrhage, piles, 
and toothache. ‘The root, ror, and the dried stalk and leaves 
are used in decoction for washing sores and discharging 
surfaces, and as an astringent in hemorrhage from the bladder 
and other hemorrhagic fluxes. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Al3 


SOLANUM NIGRUM.—je 3 (Lung-k‘uei). Other 
names are FE Hj F (T‘ien-ch‘ieh-tzit), FE jg #4 (T‘ien-p‘ao-ts‘ao), 
and # 9@ Af #§ BX (Lao-ya-yén-ching-ts‘ao), ‘There is a fair 
description of this plant, with its small white flowers and black 
seeds, in the /éz¢/sao. ‘There is some confounding with Sagzza 
maxima and Solanum dulcamara, also with Althea rosea. 
The young shoots are eaten, after boiJing, and are considered to 
be corrective, cooling, and tonic to men (virility) and women 
(menstrual disorders). The stalk, leaves, and root are used 
in decoction in wounds, cancerous sores, and as an astringent. 
They are also thought to have diuretic properties. The seeds 
have about the same properties and uses as the young shoots. 

Another plant is mentioned, called #€ # (Lung-chu) and 
jf FR (Ch‘ih-chu), which is said to be the Lung-k‘uer with 
red seeds. It evidently is another species or variety of Solanum 
nearly allied to Solaxum nigrum. 'The shoots and seeds of 
this are said to have about the same qualities as those of the 
Lung-k‘wer, except that while the latter promotes sleep, this 
plant promotes wakefulness. 

Another plant mentioned in this connection is 4F ty if + 
(Niu-hsin-ch ‘ieh-tzii). It grows in the island of Hainan, and 
it is said that if one fruit is swallowed, the person will quickly 
die. It is only used for outward applications, aud should not 
be taken internally. There is no description of the plant, but 
its action may suggest A/ropa belladona, Atropa mandragora, 
or Hyoscyamus niger. 


SOLANUM TUBEROSUM.—+ 3& (T‘u-yit), - 9p 
(T‘u-luan). This is more latterly called # 4 (Yang-shu), 
because it has been reintroduced, at least in eastern China, by’ 
foreigners. It was known and eaten by the people of the 
Liang dynasty. Faber calls # # (Huang-tu), which is given 
as one of the synonyms for this, Dzoscorea zaponica. Without 
doubt there is some confusion in the Chinese books, as one 
author claims for the tuber emetic properties, while others say 
it can be freely eaten, and claims that it is very nutritious. 


SOLIDAGO VIRGO-AUREA.—%) # 4 Hi (Liu-chi- 
nu-ts‘ao), 739. The identification of this go/den rod is Japan- 


AI4 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


ese, confirmed by Faber. ‘Tatarinov calls it Szphonostegia 
chinensis, but the description in the /éz/sao indicates a 
composite, not a scrophulariaceous, plant. The Chinese name 
is probably derived from the name of a person. ‘There isa 
legend to the effect that in the reign of one of the Emperors of 
the Sung dynasty a man whose surname was Liu Yi, and 
whose ‘‘small name,’’ was Chi-nu, while cutting down a %K 
(Ti) plant, saw a large snake and killed it with an arrow. On 
the next day he went there and heard the sound of mortar and 
pestle. When he searched for the source of this sound, he 
saw several youths dressed in green robes in the hazel thicket 
bruising this plant for medicine. When he asked why they 
did this, they replied that their master was shot with an 
arrow by Liu Chi-nu, and that they were now preparing 
medicine to cure the wound. So the. Chinese have ideas in 
regard to the healing properties of this plant similar to those 
which gave the botanical name to this genus. The seeds are 
officinal, and are said to dissolve the blood and expel flatus. 
If taken too long, they produce hemorrhage of the bowels. 
They are used in hemorrhages, wounds, menstrual disorders, 
cholera, diarrhoea, and hemorrhage from the bladder in chil- 
dren. 


SONCHUS OLERACEUS.—4§ (Tu), # 3€é (K‘u-ts‘ai). 
See Lactuca. ‘The first character, which originally was the 
name for tea, is now generally referred to this genus. The 
second name is also used for various species of Lactuca, as 
well as other plants used as pot-herbs, such as some of the 
Solanaceee. 


SOPHORA ANGUSTIFOLIA.—}q # (K‘u-shén), 635. 
This is the same as Sophora flavescens and Sophora kronet. 
Other Chinese names are 2} #4 (Yeh-huai), zt #4 (Shui-huai), 
and $f, #4 (Ti-huai). Other names are given, referring to its 
dwarf and herbaceous character as compared to the Sophora 
japonica. ‘Yatarinov, following Loureiro, called it Rodznza 
amara. It is a very common plant in mid-China, bears 
yellowish-white flowers, a siliquaceous pod, and a _ long, 
yellowish, exceedingly bitter root, which last is the part used 


eS 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 415 


in medicine. The best comes from Juningfu in Honan. It is 
one of the five 8 (Shéu) enumerated by T'‘ao Hung-ching. In 
the list of Li Shih-chén, however, 38 2 (Tzti-shén) takes its 
place. The drug is given in eat jaundice, dysentery, 
leprosy, scrofula and many other important maladies. As a 
bitter tonic and stomachic, it probably is of more value than 
the true ginseng, for which it is named. Anthelmintic pro- 
perties are also aa to it, as are also those of an ee 
The fruits, called 7 #& # (K‘u-shén-shih) or #f¥ BF (K 
shén-tzt), 636, ae properties identical with tae of the a 
and are considered restorative and tonic. 


SOPHORA JAPONICA.—#™ (Huai). This leguminous 
tree is very common in China, growing in all latitudes from 
Kuangtung to Manchuria, and is a frequent ornament of the 
streets, courtyards, and parks of Peking and other cities. 
The leaves are elliptico-lanceolate, and greyish on the under 
surface. The legumes are wrinkled, fleshy, and moniliform, 
often containing only one seed, or the pod is lengthened so as 
to have from five to seven seeds, and by a constriction of 
the pod at various places, these are grouped into twos or 
threes. The pods containing one or five seeds are rejected by 
the Chinese, and those containing groups of two or three are 
employed in medicine. The pods are used in peparing a 
yellow dye. In order. to prepare them for medicinal use, they 
are first broken up with a brass pestle, and then soaked over 
night in the milk of a black cow, and steamed and dried. 
These legumes are considered to be tonic, to preserve the 
freshness of youth, and to be astringent and styptic in wounds 
and hemorrhoids. Difficult labor, abortion, venereal sores, 
profuse salivation, and milk fever are treated with them. They 
are called #2 & (Huai-shih), 504, and # $§ (Huai-chio), sor. 
The fowers, which are usually gathered in the immature state, 
and are called #% 7 (Huai-hua), #§ 4% (Huai-mi), and se + 
(Huai-tzit), 502, are greenish-yellow, and are eed in dyeing 
cloth a yellow color, or for changing the color of blue cloth to 
green. They are astringent, anthelmintic, and cooling, and 
are employed in loss of voice, Remon epistaxis, and 
menorrhagia. The leaves seem to resemble senna-leaves in 


416 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


their action, and have been used in India as a purgative. In 
China they are used in convulsions and epilepsy in children, 
post-partum difficulties, and as a wash in scabious skin affec- 
tions, for which last the stalk and bark are also used. The 
twigs, 505, are decocted for the treatment, as a wash, of all sorts 
of skin difficulties, piles, sore eyes, and discharging surfaces. 
The bark of the tree and of the root is used for similar purposes 
and is specially recommended in orchitis, gonorrhceal dis- 
charges in women, and in the bath to improve the skin. The 
gum which exudes from the tree is given several fanciful 
virtues, the principal use being that of an application in skin 
affections. An extract made from the leaves and the fruit of 
this tree is used to adulterate prepared opium. The wood was 
formerly employed in making primitive fire drills, and was 
also used as a cautery or form of the moxa. 


SORGHUM SACCHARATUM.—%K f& (Ti-ché). This 
is included under the article on Saccharum saccharatum (which 
see). In Japan 4 4 (Shu-shu) is used for this, but in China 
this term refers to Sorghum vulgare. 


SORGHUM VULGARE.—&j # (Shu-shu). The com- 
mon name is fy 4€ (Kao-liang), or ‘‘high-millet.’”’ Other 
names are f& 3€ (Lu-su) and x $f (Ti-liang). This is one of 
the-three,“* milléts;”’ so se grown in northern China 
as food for man, provender for beasts, and for distilling ‘spirits, 
the others being Pazzcum miliaceum and Setarza ttalica. ‘The 
seed of this plant was brought from Szechuan, but whether 
indigenous there or originally coming from further west is not 
now known. ‘There are glutinous and non-glutinous kinds, the 
former being used for distilling spirits, and the latter as food 
and provender. ‘Ihe stalks are used as reeds in the construction 
of fences, wattle houses, mats, and the like, replacing the 
Phragmites reeds of the Yangtse valley. ‘The grain is regarded 
as warming, nutritious, and beneficial in fluxes. The glutinous 
kind can be used as a substitute for the glutinous panicled 
millet. The second and third names at the beginning of this 
article distinguish between the yellow and black varieties 
respectively. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. AI7 


SPINACIA OLERACEA.— 7k $@ 3€ (Po-l€ng-ts‘ai), 76 3E 
(Po-ts‘ai). The seed of this plant was brought from India by a 
Buddhist priest in the Tang dynasty, and the herb is extensively 
used by the bonzes as one of their ig (Su), lentenfare. As the 
Chinese have a tendency to attribute everything that comes 
from the south-west to Persia, we are not surprised to find this 
called jf Hy i (Po-ssi-ts‘ao), ‘‘ Persian vegetable.’? Another 
name is jp HE HE (Ch‘ih-kén-ts‘ai), ‘‘red-root.’? ‘The diceceous 
nature of the flowers in this genus is noted by the Chinese. 
The herbage with the root is regarded as a cooling, carmina- 
tive, antivinous, thirst-relieving vegetable. No special medici- 
nal uses are noted. 


SPIRITS.—iM§ (Chiu). ‘The character is explained by #E 
(Chiu), since the action of this drug determines (#) the good 
or evil (32 #)in the disposition of men, referring, it is sup- 
posed, to the varying action of alcohol in producing different 
types of intoxication. The clear spirit is called Rf (Niang, 
which also means ‘‘to ferment’’); the turbid is called 3 (Ang); 
the concentrated is called #% (Shun); the dilute is called Ag 
(Li); the double fermented is called ff} (Ch‘ou); ‘‘one night 
wine’’ is called #4 (Li); good wine is called AF (Hsit); the 
unpressed is called f# (P‘ei); red wine is called Mi (T‘i) ; the 
green is called §E (Ju) ; and the white is called #¥ (Ts‘o). Spirit 
is made from the various kinds of millet and of rice, from 
honey and from grapes. In all except the honey and grapes, 
yeast is used to produce fermentation. Glutinous rice is said to 
make the best spirits, with panicled millet next, and spiked 
millet poorest of all. The invention of spirits is ascribed to 
(& ik (I-ti), a daughter of one of the legendary emperors who 
presented it to the Great Yu. The Shuo-wén says it was 
invented by > fe (Shao-k ‘ang), otherwise known as #f- Fé (Tu- 
k‘ang). Others still put it as early as the reign of Huang-ti 
(circa 2700 B.C.). The spirit derived from fermented grain 
may have been the kind the use of which resulted in the curse 
of Canaan and the incestuous origin of the two troublesome 
tribes of Moab and Ammon. Originally, all forms of spirits 
were made by the fermentation process, as distillation was not 
known until the Mongol dynasty. ‘The only methods of puri- 


418 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


fication and concentration known to the ancient Chinese were 
decantation and refermentation of the dregs. The rice spirit 
was the principal one recommended in medicine. They said 
that its prolonged use injured the mind (ji!) and shortened life 
(33), weakened the bones and ligaments, produced flatulence, 
and when complete drunkenness was frequently produced, mania 
would result. A drunk person should not take a cold bath, as 
it was certain to result in rheumatism. Neither should a 
drinker take cinnabar and other mineral drugs, nor ginger, as 
these tended to the production of cancerous troubles. Spirits 
and tea taken together are said to injure the kidneys and pro- 
duce dropsy. The treatment of all poisonous difficulties is 
made difficult by the ingestion of spirits. The antiseptic and 
stimulant properties of spirits are recognized, especially the 
stimulant action upon the circulation and apparently upon the 
brain, but the incoherence of thought produced by its action is 
also noted. It is thought to prevent the action of various 
ptomaine poisons, and is often taken with meals on the chance 
of the food not having been perfectly fresh. 

#4 jg 4H (Tsao-ti-chiu) is that which has stood on the dregs 
for three years. It is stomachic, digestive, and corrective of 
vegetable poisons. 

% {8 (Lao-chiu) is that which is made in the twelfth 
moon, which is said to keep for several years. It is said to be 
warming. 

#e WH (Ch‘un- chit) is that made at the time of the Ching- 
ming Festival, and is also said to keep good for many years. 
Its habitual use is said to produce obesity. 

The sacrificial wine left over from the altar jit Ja # IE 
(Shé-t‘an-yii-t‘so-chiu) is used in stammering of children, in 
deafness, and is squirted into the corners of the room to destroy 
mosquitoes. 

The spirits found in the pipes of the vat, #4 4) @i -p 7% 
(T'sao-sun-chieh-chung-chiu), is said to cure nausea, if taken 
with milk, and is rubbed locally on urticaria. 

i PR WW (Tung-yang-chiu) is the same as 4 HE j§ (Chin- 
hua-chiu), made at Kinhuafu in Chekiang. It is used in the 
compounding of medicines. It is thought to bring out the 
virtues of the medicines digested in it, and to enhance their 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 419 


remedial action. It is used externally in all sorts of sores, and 
especially to harden the skin and protect it from chapping or 
cracking. 

A kind of spirit prepared after a special process is called 
# JE {fH (Vii-nio-chiu), ‘‘curing ague spirit,’’ because it has a 
reputation in that disease. 

J& #& YH (T‘u-su-chiu) is made after the formula of the 
famous physician Huato. It is considered an infallible remedy 
in epidemics, especially those of a virulent character. It 
therefore receives the name ‘‘killing-and-reviving-spirit,’’ i.e. 
killing the demon of disease and reviving the patient. It is 
composed of red Atractylis, cinnamon heart, Siler divaricatum, 
Smilax china, Zanthoxylum piperitum, Platycodon grandi- 
florum, rhubarb, aconite, and Abrus precatorius. These are 
digested in spirits, both cold and hot. It is kept cool by. 
hanging in a vessel at the bottom of the well, and used as a 
prophylactic at times of epidemics. 

A compound spirit, made in a very fanciful manner, is 
called 3 3 7H (Chin-hstin-chiu). To it is attributed remark- 
able virtues in the treatment of rheumatism and as a life 
preserving and health promoting remedy. 

Honey spirit, called 9 jf§ (Mi-chiu), is made by mixing 
glutinous rice congee and yeast with honey, and fermenting in 
a sealed jar for seven days. It is used in the treatment of 
eruptive fevers. 

DISTILLED Spirits, called $ j§ (Shao-chiu) and KR FR 
(Huo-chiu), was unknown in China until the Yuan dynasty, 
when the large contact with the Western world had by that 
‘Tartar dynasty, which conquered so large a portion of Central 
Asia and threatened to overrun Europe, served to convey 
from the west a knowledge of the process of distillation. It 
is a remarkable fact that this Tartar invasion of all parts of 
the civilized world, which served to carry the germs of so 
many useful inventions and industrial arts into Europe, 
should have been the instrument of conveying to the Far East 
the first knowledge of the triple curses of ardent spirits, opium, 
and tobacco. Proof of the foreign origin of the process of 
distillation is given in one of the names of its product, [ij ji) 3 
(A-la-chi), which is a transliteration of the Arabic avag. The 


420 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


process of distillation is described by Li Shi-chén in the 
Péntsao. 2 i (Asien-lo-chiu), ‘‘ Siamese spirit,’’ is the 
triple distilled = & (San-shao), or saeshu as it is called by 
foreigners. It is sometimes colored and flavored with charred 
sandal-wood, after which it is sealed up in jars and buried in 
the earth for two or three years to ripen. Several kinds of 
distilled spirits are found on the markets. ¥} 7j§ (Fén-chiu) isa 
kind that comes from Fénchoufu in Shensi. The common 
name for the sort most generally consumed at the present day 
is j¢ 7% (Huang-chiu), which is of about the strength and 
appearauce of sherry wine. 5¢ 7€ 7§ (Yitan-hua-chiu) is a weak 
white spirit, flavored with the flowers of the Daphne genkwa, 
and said to be tonic. $i 3g {§ (Kuei-yiian-chiu) is a red wine. 
34 #% j® (Pi-lii-chiu) is a greenish spirit, made in several 
places in the north. But the most famous spirit is the #2 Sh #§ 
(Shao-hsing-chiu), made in the province of Chekiang, having 
a sour flavor and yellow color. It would seem to be a purer 
ethyl spirit than samshu and other forms, as it does not have 
the delirient action possessed by many of these, which seem to 
contain large percentages of methyl spirit. A common saying 
with the Chinese is: 
RBA iB ke 
‘*Shaohing is the polished scholar, 
‘‘Samshu is a rowdy.”’ 

The Chinese always consume the spirits warm, and they very 
soon redden the face. As. their wine cups are very small, 
holding only about a dessert-spoonful, and as they do not 
usually drink many of these, drunkenness is not common, and 
liver diseases from this cause are infrequent. The Chinese 
seem to have the same ideas of the virtues of the samshu that 
many Europeans attribute to whiskey, using it whenever there 
is attack of choleraic or indigestive trouble. Ague, hiccough, 
and general feeling of illness are troubles for which recourse is 
had to the wine-pot. 

The mash of fermenting grain is called ## (Tsao) or #4 
(P‘o), and the wort is called 8 (Nieh). For this latter, see 
the article on J/a/t. ‘The mash for preparing spirits is made 
in the twelfth moon, at the Chingming festival, or the ninth 
of the ninth moon festival. It is used unpressed, because if 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 421 


expressed it has no taste or virtue. It is said to warm the 
digestive organs, promote digestion, destroy putrefaction and 
vegetable poisons, give a healthy appearance to the body, and 
benefit all of the viscera. It is used externally in bruises, insect 
and animal bites, chilblains, and sunburn. Fermented sweet- 
meats, called # #2 } (Kan-hsing-tsao), are used in nausea 
and vomiting, and as a digestive and stomachiic. 


SPONDIAS AMARA.—# J€ i (An-mo-lé), @ Tt + 
(Yii-kan-tzu). The first name is in imitation of the sanscrit 
Amaia, and another form of the same, or similar name is #£ & 
¥& is 32 (An-mo-lo-chia-kuo). The second name refers to 
the taste of the fruit, which at first is bitter, but leaves an 
increasingly sweet taste in the mouth. It is similar to the 
hog-plum of the West Indies. The fruit is sometimes con- 
founded with the mango. It grows in Lingnan, and has fine 
leaves, like the Albzzzta julibrissin, yellow flowers, plum-like 
fruits, greenish-yellow in color, with a six or seven angled, 
round seed, the kernel of which is also used in medicine. ‘The 
tree grows to the height of ten or twenty feet, and has pliant 
branches. The fruits are reputed to be tonic, pectoral, and 
alexipharmic. ‘Their ingestion is regarded as highly favorable 
to long life, health, and the preservation of a youthful ap- 
pearance. It is also said to be antidotal to mineral poisons, 
especially of vermillion and sulphur. A pomade made of the 
crushed fruits is used to promote the growth of hair and pre- 
serve its black color. It is not stated for what the kernels 
are used. 


SPONDIAS DULCIS.—A jij - (Jén-mien-tzi). This - 
comes from the south-seas; the tree is like the cherry. The 
fruit has not much taste, but if stewed with honey it is relished. 
The seed looks like a man’s face, with eyes, nose, and mouth 
well marked. It is often used asa plaything. The kernel is 
brittle and pleasant flavored, and is sometimes added to tea to 
give it a fragrant, mucilaginous, sweet taste. The medicinal 
qualities are considered as alexipharmic and cooling. It is 
recommended in bad cases of itch, and to be taken internally to 
prevent extensive ulceration. In cases of difficult labor, if the 


422 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


parturient woman will hold one of the seeds in her hand, on 
the odd days in the right hand and on the even days in the left 
hand, delivery will soon be accomplished. 


STACHYS ASPERA.—Jk f& (Shui-su). This is also 
called # ff (Hsiang-su) and fe |} YE fy (Lung-nao-po-ho), 
‘‘camphor-mint.’’ It is a common plant growing in moist 
eround, and is sometimes eaten as a vegetable. It is some- 
times confounded with dJosla grosseserrata. ‘The stalk and 
leaves are used in medicine as a carminative, deodorizing, and 
astringent remedy. ‘Taken with hot spirits tt is recommended 
for colds, very much as hot mint-juleps have been recommend- 
ed in domestic practice in the west. 


STACHYS SIEBOLDI, Stachys tuberifera.-B AE 
(Ts‘ao-shih-ts‘an), #%§ $% (Ti-ts‘an), ff % -F (Kan-lu-tst). 
This tuber named ‘‘ground coccoon,’’ and ‘‘sweet dew,”’ is the 
‘“Crosnes’’ of France and \other parts of Europe. It was 
first cultivated in Europe by Mr. A. Paillieux on his estate 
‘‘Crosnes,’’ from tubers sent him from China by Bretschneider. 
Kan-lu is used in the Bible to translate the word manna be- 
cause the same characters are used by the Chinese for avercta, 
the food of the devas ; but this product must not be confound- 
ed with manna. ‘The similarity of this plant to Stachys aspera 
is noted in the Péztsao. ‘The tuber is soaked in wine and 
taken for colds, and when dry and powdered is considered to 
be anodyne. No matter how prepared it is considered to have 
a beneficial influence upon the body. 


STEMONA TUBEROSA.— #f (Pai-pu), 958. It is 
likened to Asparagus lucidius, and is sometimes called wild 
asparagus. The root, which is the part used in medicine, 
consists of a central mass with ten or more tubers attached, 
long, pointed, hollow, and sweet. The stem is sometmmes 
eaten when young as a pot-herb. As sold in the shops, the 
drug is in the shape of brown, dried, shrivelled pieces, from 
two to four inches long. It is given in coughs, as a carmina- 
tive, anthelmintic, and is used as an insecticide. Old coughs 
of thirty years standing are reputed to be cured by it. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. A423 


STELLARIA AQUATICA.—#& # (Fan-lii). This is 
confounded with Artemzsza stelleriana vesiculosa; and it is 
also called $3 ]% ¥& (Chi-ch‘ang-ts‘ao), but this is Avryiérechium 
pedunculare. Another name is §% If Bi (H-ch‘ang-ts‘ao). 
This plant grows commonly in damp places and on margins of 
ditches and cannals. It has a twining stem, containing a 
viscid sap, which, when the stem is broken, draws out in silk- 
like filaments. It is used as a pot-herb and is sweet and tender. 
‘It has small white or yellow flowers and bears minute seeds, 
resembling those of Szsymbrzum. ‘The whole plant is used in 
medicine, and is said to have a sour taste. Its action is con- 
sidered to be solvent to the blood, increasing secretion general- 
ly. For this reason it is used in the treatment of ulcers, hem- 
orrhoids, insufficient secretion of milk, and scanty urination. 


STERCULIA PLATANIFOLIA.—#& fj (Wu-t‘ung), 
1475. This is one of the many 7 ‘zg trees. It isan ornamental 
tree and is frequently met with in the courtyards of Chinese tem- 
ples and houses, its large leaves affording an excellent shade. 
It may be readily recognized by its panicled flowers with colum- 
nar stamens, and the peculiar tendency of the follicular carpels 
to put on a leafy form, bearing the seeds on their margins. 
The seeds are oily, and hence the tree is called after the wood- 
oil tree, which is the Dryandra cordata. The wood of the tree 
is regarded as very good for coffins, and tle seeds enter into the 
composition of the moon cakes, eaten by the Chinese at the 
Autumnal Festival of the eighth moon. There is abundance 
of mucilage in the young branches. ‘The leaves and liber are 
used to make a hair-wash and a soothing lotion for carbuncular 
and other sores. Cloth and ropes are made from the inner 
white bark of the tree, and this bark is used in preparing an 
astringent lotion for hemorrhoids. ‘The seeds are crushed and 
the juice rubbed into gray hair, with the reputed virtue of 
causing the gray to fall out and the new hair to come in black. 
The same preparation is used in apthous sore mouth in children. 


STILLINGIA SEBIFERA.—f§ # (Wu-chiu). This is 
the tallow tree. ‘Ihe Chinese naine is derived from the two 
facts that the birds like to eat the berries and that the root of 


424 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


the tree is nsed for making mortars. The tree is quite com- 
mon throughout central China aud somewhat resembles the 
Azedarach, or Pride of India. It varies a good deal in size in 
different provinces, and is readily known by its aspen foliage, 
which is permanent, but becomes a brilliant red color in autumn 
and winter. The leaves yield a black dye with sulphate of 
iron, thus demonstrating the large amount of tannin contained 
in them. ‘The berries are three-seeded, and dehisce when ripe, 
disclosing the kernels enveloped with a coat of the vegetable 
fat which renders the tree so valuable. Dr. Williams says that 
the tree is called #R Af (Ch‘iung-shu) in the neighborhood of 
Macao. ‘The white bark of the root is bitter and considered to 
be slightly deleterious. It is diuretic and derivative in its 
action and is also used in the treatment of snakebite and skin 
ulcers. The leaves are used for a similar purpose and are con- 
sidered specially useful in the treatment of boils. 

VEGETABLE ‘TALLOW.—fA 7 (Chiu-yu). The tallow 
yielded by tallow berries is made by the following process. 
The ripe nuts are bruised and the pericarp separated by sifting. 
They are then steamed in wooden cylinders with numerous 
holes in the bottom, which fit upon kettles or boilers. The 
tallow is softened by this process, and is separated from the 
albumen of the seeds by gently beating them with stone mallets, 
when the tallow is effectually removed by sifting the mass 
through hot sieves. The tallow still contains the brown testa 
of the seeds, which is separated by pouring it into a cylinder 
made up of straw rings, laid one on top of the other, in which 
it is put into a rude press and the tallow is squeezed through in 
a pure state. A picul of seeds yields from twenty to thirty 
catties of tallow, besides the oil FF jy (Ch‘ing-yu), which is 
obtained from the albumen by grinding, steaming, and pressing 
it a second time. The tallow is of a whitish color, hard and 
tasteless. It melts, according to Dr. Macgowan, at 104°, and is 
composed mainly of tripalmatine, a substance which, saponified 
by alcoholic potash, produces palmitic acid. It is largely used 
in candle making, being mixed with white insect wax, in the 
proportion of three ounces of wax to ten catties of tallow. 
These candles as especially used by the Buddhists. The tallow 
has been exported to Europe and would doubtless make a good 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 425 


lubricant for railway axles, for which purpose it has been used 
in India. ‘The tallow tree is not the only one producing a vege- 
table tallow ; other kinds coming from Singapore and other 
places in the Far East. But strange to say, according to Mr. 
Sampson, this tree yields no tallow in Kuangtung province, 
where it grows so generally. Large quantities of vegetable 
tallow are exported from some of the Yangtse ports. It is 
sometimes used as an ingredient in ointments, and the yellow- 
ish mixture procurable from the candle-makers is useful in 
making up suppositories. Medicinally is is used as a pomade 
for the hair, being said to change gray hair to black. It is 
also applied to all sorts of sores and skin eruptions. ‘Taken 
internally, it is believed to be emetic, purgative, hydragogue, 
and antidotal. Cases of poisoning, in China, are generally 
treated with a dose of the tallow, or the oil of the albumen, 
and it is generally useful for this purpose on account of its oily 
nature and its not violently emetic properties. 


STRYCHNOS IGNATIA.—B&  # (Li-sung-kuo). 
This is mentioned in the Appendix to the Péztsao. ‘There is 
not much description of the plant, but what there is is suffi- 
cient to identify this Strychuos philippinenszs of Blanco. fm & 
3% (Chia-wa-lung) is given as the Bisayan name of the fruit. 
The bitter and poisonous properties of the fruit and seed are 
pointed out. The drug is highly valued medicinally, and the 
seeds are called #§ @ (Pao-tou), ‘precious beans,’’ either on 
account of this estimate or on account of their cost. They are 
used as a counterpoison in ague, intestinal worms, in post- 
partum difficulties, and epidemics. 


STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA.—# 7 && (Fan-mu- 
pieh), & wy (Ma-ch‘ien), 798. The second character of the 
second name is properly written $%, as referring to the ‘‘cash”’ 
on a horse’s bridle; but it is commonly written as above. 
Other names are 74 @&f 32 H (K‘u-shih-pa-tou), ‘‘bitter-seeded- 
Persian-bean,” and JX Fe Yi #6 AP (Huo-shih-k‘o-pa-tu), which 
seems to be a transliteration of a foreign term. ‘This drug is 
now found in Szechuan, but it originally came from some 
Mohammedan country. As the bright red fruit of the plaut 


426 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


resembles that of AZomordica cochin-chinensts, it is sometimes 
confounded with that innocuous plant. ‘The seeds are common- 
ly used to poison dogs, and are forbidden to be sold to strange 
persons. A considerable amount of uncertainty exists as to the 
identification of this substance as found in the shops ; for while 
the above statement, as to the poisonous properties of the seeds, 
and caution in regard to their sale, is given, the kernels are 
still said to be non-poisonous. ‘These kernels are said to be 
useful in the treatment of the ome hundred and twenty 
diseases, and are especially recommended in fever, throat 
affections, ague, and abdominal enlargements. ‘They are 
powdered and enter into the composition of ointments for the 
dispersion of swellings, and the powder is blown into the 
throat in the treatment of cynache. Made into a mass, it is 
sometimes introduced into the vagina to produce abortion. 


STYRAX BENZOIN.—# §& # (An-hsi-hsiang). The 
Sanscrit name is represented by Hh FL #2 #& (Ch‘u-pei-lo- 
hsiang). This drug is said to be used by makers of incense, 
but on account of its cost it is probable that very little is so 
employed. According to Dr. Williams it is imported into 
Southern China from Borneoand Sumatra. The dz-hsz, in the 
Chinese name, probably refers to the Parthians, or Persians, 
whose country together with Anam, Sumatra, and Central 
Asia, is said to have yielded this foreign drug. The tree is 
said to have evergreen four-cornered leaves and to resemble 
the Melia azedarach. Disinfectant, deodorizing, carminative, 
cordial, stimulant, arthritic, and sedative properties are 
ascribed to the drug. It is prescribed in worms, griping pains 
in the abdomen, and other diseases of children. A very 
curious and amusing test is given for ascertaining the purity 
of this drug ; if genuine the fumes from burning this substance 
will attract rats and mice, and is also said to drive away devils 
and attract good spirits. However, this should not be adduced 
as a proof that the Chinese consider rats to be good spirits. 
The drug is recommended in spermatorrheea. 

LIQUID BENZOIN.— , ji (An-hsi-yu). This is men- 
tioned in the Péztsao as a treacle-like oil with all the properties 
of the gum benzoiu. It is sold in small bottles in the large 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 427 


medicine shops; but is much adulterated, having the same 
dark brown color as wood oil, but usually not so much of the 
odor of the drug as it should have. Rose-maloes is apparently 
substituted for it. This is the same drug as that described by 
Hanbury under the name of 9K & @ 7% (Shui-an-hsi-hsiang). 
His sample was enclosed in ‘‘small globular, wooden shells, 
apparently the pericarp of some fruit, about one and three- 
fourths inches in diameter, closed with wax. The Chinese 
assert that they import it by way of the Indian archipelago ; 
but I have not been able to trace it either there or in Siam. 
It is curious, moreover, that this fragrant resin, even to the 
shell enclosing it, is extremely like that kind of balsam of 
Peru, which was brought to Europe long ago in the capsules 
of Lecythis and naturally supposed to be a product of South 
America.’’? The virtues of this product are extremely like 
those of gum benzoin, but it is more highly valued as a 
medicine because of its scarcity and high price. 


SYMPLOCOS PRUNIFOLIA.—]]j #£ (Shan-fan). Other 
names ate 2 4 (Viin-hsiang) and Ho # (Ch‘i-li-hsiang). 
This tree grows throughout the Yangtse valley to the height 
of ten or fifteen feet, having leaves resembling those of the 
Gardenia. ‘These are used for dyeing purplish black and do 
not need a mordant. This explains the Chinese name 
“mountain alum? It bears a very plentiful supply of 
beautiful white flowers with yellow stamens and is very 
fragrant. The seeds are as large as pepper corns, and when 
ripe can be eaten. ‘The leaves are also used in the preparation 
of bean curd, and are used mixed with tea leaves to give the 
latter a flavor. They are also eaten as a pot-herb. They 
have a sweetish-sour taste, and are used in chronic dysentery, 
to relieve thirst, and to kill fleas. For the latter purpose, 
about thirty leaves are decocted with three slices of ginger 
and the decoction used asa wash. 


428 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


ale, 


TAMARINDUS INDICA.—# #H 2 (An-mi-lo). This 
is a Buddhist transliteration of the Sanscrit name of the 
tamarind, awa, and is only met with in Buddhist books. See 
Eitel’s Handbook of Buddhism, pages 7 and 8. Faber is 
wrong in using # #2 Hf (An-lo-shu) for this, as these char- 
acters refer to the hog-plum and mango. See Mangifera mdica 
and Spondias amara. 


TAMARIX CHINENSIS.—4# # (Ch‘€ng-liu). Other 
names are 7 #@ (Ch‘ih-ch‘éng), jf $) (Ho-liu), # # PM 
(Ch‘ui-ssii-liu), 270, and $f # #) (Kuan-yin-liu). The com- 
mon name is = ¥# ff (San-ch‘un-liu). The resemblance of 
the flowers of this genus to those of the willow has caused the 
Chinese to class this with the latter family. It has a dark red 
bark, its leaves resemble floss silk, it is not injured either by 
frost or snow, and it knows when rain is approaching and 
indicates this fact by its moving leaves. It is called Saz- 
ch‘un-liu, because it flowers three times a year, in pale red 
spikes three or four inches long. The tamarisk wood is used 
in medicine in the treatment of sores due to horse or donkey 
blood getting into a wound (anthrax ?). The twigs and leaves 
are antivinous, carminative, and diuretic. Tamarix manna 
is called ## fL (Ch‘éng-ju), and is used as a vulnerary remedy 
in wounds. 


TANACETUM CHINENSE.—ij 3¢ (Ch‘i-ai). See Arte- 
mista vulgaris. 


TANARIUS MAJOR (of Sumatra). (% I % (Chiang- 
chén-hsiang). This botanical name follows Dr. Williams ; it 
has not been found elsewhere. The product is known as /aka 
wood. Other Chinese names are 3 #R # (Tzii-t‘éng-hsiang), 
in which it is confounded with Wrstarza, and $§ > #% (Chi- 
ku-hsiang), 48, in which it is confounded with lign aloes. It 
is said to come from Syria, and its odor is likened to that of 
sappan wood. It is said now to be found in Kuangtung, 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 429 


Kuangsi, Yunnan, Szechuan, Hupeh, Cambodia, Siam, Borneo, 
and Liuchiu. That coming from abroad is preferred to the 
native article. It is met with in bundles of long, rough pieces, 
of a reddish-grey color on the outside, and of a deep magenta 
red on the broken surface. Rotten portions of the wood are 
sometimes found in its substance, having lost more or less of 
their color. The grain is very hard, the odor fragrant, but the 
taste is very slight. The wood is used in dyeing, and is 
powdered and mixed with other substances to make incense. 
Is is used in medical practice as an astringent, as a wash to 
cleanse sores and excite granulations, and as a deodorizing or 
disinfecting agent. 


TARAXACUM OFFICINALIS.—iif ZA oe (P‘u-kung- 
ying), 1055. This common plant has a large number of names, 
suck as ## #% #8 (Chiang-nou-ts‘ao), ‘‘plowing-and-hoeing 
weed,’ 4 # # (Chin-tsan-ts‘ao), ‘‘golden-hair-pin weed,’’ 
em 76 We JT (Huang-hua-ti-ting), ‘‘yellow-flowered earth-nail,”’ 
In) FL ¥& (Kou-ju-ts‘ao), ‘‘dog’s milk weed,’’ and & if $f (Pai- 
ku-ting). The plant is found generally in all parts of the 
country, north of the Meiling range, but is most common in 
the Yangtse valley. It is fairly well described in the Péztsao. 
The tender shoots are eaten as a pot-herb. Tonic and alter- 
ative properties are ascribed to the plant, and it is prescribed 
in all sorts of abscesses and swellings, carious teeth, and snake 
bites. 


TAXODIUM HETEROPHYLLUM.—3K #& (Shui-sung). 
This identification is somewhat doubtful. It is counter-poison, 
cures ascites, and hastens labor. 


TECOMA. GRANDIFLORA.—# @F (Ling-hsiao), 733. 
See Bignonia grandifiora. 


TENERIUM STOLONIFERUM.—4k fm (Chia-su). It 
is not quite certain if this is not Salvza plebia.  #j Ff (Ching- 
chieh) is given as a synonym, and at Peking this is Sa/vza 
plebia and Nepeta tenutfolia. As usual where there is con- 
founding of plants in the /éztsao, there is not much descrip- 


430 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


tion, so that it is difficult to distinguish. The stalk and the 
flower spike of the plant spoken of is used in medicine, and 
they are both eaten as an herb, and an infusion is drunk asa 
tea. ‘Tonic and alterative properties are ascribed, and it is 
recommended in fevers, in abscesses and swellings, after labor, 
in menstrual difficulties, in headaches, indigestion, and as an 
astringent in hemorrhages. 


TERMINALIA CHEBULA.—jy # Wy (Ho-li-lé), a +F 
(Ho-tzit), 379. The identification is not quite certain, as the 
fruits described in the /éz¢sao are six-angled, while all the 
Terminaha fruits are five-angled. Amblica officnalis may be 
suggested as an alternative. ‘The fruits of this tree, as well as 
those of the Zermznalia bellerica, have been long celebrated 
in European and Indian medical practice under the name of 
myrobalans. ‘The first name is an imitation of some Sanscrit 
name, the drug having been brought by T‘ien Wang from 
India. According to Chinese account, the tree grows in the 
Kuangtung province and resembles Sapzvdus chinensis. It 
belongs to the order Combretaceze, and produces in India a 
peculiar gall-like excrescence upon its leaves, the result of the 
deposition of the ova of some unknown insects. ‘These are 
called Kadu-kaz-fu in Tamil, but are not known in China. 
They are astringent and very useful in infantile diarrhoea. 
In former days Cochin-China, Persia, and Arabia supplied the 
myrobalans to China. As they are placed in the Péz/sao just 
after galls, and not along with fruits, it is possible that the 
galls of the tree were imported along with the fruits. The 
myrobalan fruits are deeply furrowed, wrinkled, oblong, and 
pointed at the lower end. ‘They vary from one inch to an 
inch and a half in length, and are of a reddish or greenish- 
yellow color. The interior is hard.and woody, and the taste 
is bitter. They are used in China as a mild laxative, deob- 
struent, tonic, carminative, and even astringent remedy va- 
riously combined with other drugs to determine its action to 
the lungs, stomach, and intestines. In India it is used asa 
topical and general astringent drug, highly extolled by the 
natives. ‘I'wining has found the fruits serviceable in enlarged 
spleen. Curious accounts are given in the /@z/sao of ships 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 431 


unable to move at sea through the slippery mucus of some 
great fish, being able to get away after pouring overboard a 
decoction of the fruit. Hair dyes, diet drinks, and charms to 
drive away all diseases are spoken of as made from them. ‘The 
seeds are mixed with white honey and used in eye diseases. 
They are also used in coughs and dysentery. A decoction of 
the leaves is carminative, demulcent, and astringent. 


THALICTRUM RUBELLUM.—Ff Jie (Shéng-ma), 1132. 
This is properly Actea sficata (which see). ‘These root-stocks 
are met with as dark-brown, irregular pieces, bristled with 
rootlets, and having more or less of the stems attached to them. 
The taste is bitterish. The Indian Pharmacopceia quotes the 
native account of Zhalictrum foltolosum, which is called Pila 
Jari, and which is a tonic and antiperiodic remedy, combining 
some aperient properties, which are found in the root when 
administered as a powder, or as an extract, prepared as is that 
from gentian root. 


THEA.—25 (Ming), 3 (Ch‘a). See Camelia thea. 


THERMOPSIS FABACEA.—iq 7%§ (Huang-hua). One 
four-parted flower with gamapetalous corolla to each stalk. 
The frost colors the flower more deeply yellow. ‘The fruits 
(pods) are the parts used in medicine for diseases of the mouth, 
throat, and teeth. 


THLADIANTHA DUBIA.— 3 jh (Wang-kua), 4. m 
(T‘u-kua), jf @ (Ch‘ih-pao). This is a climbing plant, with 
roundish leaves, small, yellow, five-cleft flowers, red fruit 
which gives the name ‘‘red hail-stone’’ to the plant, and 
a tuberous, starchy root. The young plant and root are both 
used for food, and the root and seeds are used in medicine. 
The former is considered to be alterative, cholagogue, galac- 
tagogue, and diuretic, and is used in jaundice, urinary difficul- 
ties, constipation, alactia, amenorrhoea, fluxes, pimples on the 
face, and deafness. ‘The raw seeds are said to be tonic to the 
heart and lungs and good for jaundice, and when roasted are 
used as an astringent in fluxes and to relieve nausea and 
vomiting. 


432 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


THLASPI ARVENSE.—#F 4 (Hsi- ming). Another 
name is Fx # (Ta-chi), ‘‘large shepherd’s-purse.’’ It is akin 
to Capsella bursa-pastoris, and is larger and more hirsute. It 
is also likened to Szsymébrium. ‘The shoots are said to har- 
monize the internal organs and brighten the eyes. The seeds 
are considered to be tonic and constructive, and are used in the 
treatment of lumbago and eye diseases. 


THUJA (Biota) ORIENTALIS.—4f (Po). The Chinese 
do not distinguish clearly between 7huja and Cupressus. In 
fact, Adzes and /unzperus are sometimes called by this same 
generic name. ‘The arbor vitee is fj #4 (Pien-po). Other names 
for Thuja are f= 4] (Ai-po) and fii] #4 (Ts‘e-po); but this last 
sometimes refers to Juniperus chinensis. All other trees face 
east; this alone faces west, and therefore it is an emblem of 
chastity. These trees furnish the cypress-wood much used by 
Chinese furniture makers, and Chinese and Japanese gardeners 
delight to dwarf and train them into all sorts of shapes, of 
animals, baskets, and the like. The leaves are used as decora- 
tions and garnitures for presents. The fruits, called ff] # (Po- 
shih), and the kernels of the same, called #f  {E (Po-tzit-jén), 
950, 968, are used in medicine. The nuts are considered to 
be very nutritious and fattening, and they are said to benefit 
the réspiratory organs and to check profuse perspiration. 
They also act on the liver, and are prescribed in convulsive 
disorders of children. ‘The leaves, 1019, 1039, are used in 
hemorrhages, and also in colds. A decoction of the joints of 
the branches is used in colds, rheumatic difficulties, and locally 
in parasitic skin difficulties. The resin is mixed with pine 
resin and plastered on tumors as a resolvant. The white bark of 
the root is powdered and called #4 % # (Po-hsiang-sui), 1936, 
and it is used in an ointment made with wax and lard to 
cure burns and scalds and to make hair grow on the cicatrices. 


TILIA MIOQUELIANA.—3® # $f (P‘u-ti-shu). This is 
purely Japanese. In China the three characters refer to the 
Ficus religiosa, the sacred Bo tree of Buddhism. This must 
not be confounded with #% # F (P‘u-ti-tzii) which are the 
fruits of Sapzndus mukorosst. See Ficus religiosa and Sapin- 
dus mukorosst. 


i Re Mi i 


| VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 433 


TILIA CHINENSIS.—#§ (Tuan). This character is 
also written ff (Chia) in the Arya, and it is not quite certain 
whether two different trees are confounded, or two characters 
are not clearly distinguished. At Peking Zax refers to the 
linden or lime tree. It is described as having very large 
leaves folded together like a fan, and the bark furnishes textile 
fiber for making fish nets. No medical uses are given for any 
part of the tree. 


TINCTURES. —if {ij (Chiu-lei). ,These with the Chinese 
are usually fermented spirits, made by macerating the drug in 
a mixture of grain (usually rice) and leaven during the process 
of fermentation for producing spirits. In some instances the 
prepared spirit is used, but at the time most of the formule 
were prepared distilled spirits were unknown. In the native 
medicine shops the old process is still in use, although in those 
cases where the prepared spirit is directed to be used, distilled 
spirits are now employed instead of the old fermented spirits. 
A large number of these preparations is found in the books of 
which the following are the principal ones: 

Tincture of Acanthopanax spinosum, Fr Im je 7 (Wu- 
chia-p‘i-chiu). A decoction of the bark is fermented with rice 
and leaven. It is used in colds and is regarded as beneficial in 
diseases of the ligaments and bones. 

Tincture of Achryanthes bidentata,; “2 ff jG (Niu-hsi- 
shiu). A decoction of the drug is fermented with rice and 
eaven, and the preparation is considered tonic and useful in 
‘hronic malaria. 

Tincture of Acorus calamus, - if YH (Ch‘ang-p‘u- 
hiu). A decoction of the root is fermented with rice and 
‘raven, aud the preparation is regarded as useful in all forms 
{ colds, rheumatic difficulties, and to improve the sight and 
earing. 

Tincture of Akebia quinata ; 3 Ei 7j§ (T‘ung-ts‘ao-chiu), 
he fruits of this plant are decocted and fermented with rice 
id leaven. It is used in the treatment of diseases of the 
scera and to improve the circulation. 

Tinceure of Allium fistulosum ; Be Gk {A (Ts‘ung-shih- 
‘iu). The onions are mixed with bean ferment and digested in 


434 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


spirits. This is a remedy for fever, headache, and dysentery. 
It is also considered to be anhydrotie. 

Tincture of Amomum zanthoides ; ¥§ fy {4 (So-sha-chiu). 
Cardamon kernels are roasted, powdered, and digested in 
spirits. This is a carminative preparation, used in digestive 
difficulties. 

Tincture of Arctium lappa, 4 3§ i (Niu-p‘ang-chiu). 
The root is sliced and digested in spirits. It is used in colds, 
and to give strength to the back and legs. 

Tincture of Artemisia apiacea; FF B PH (Ch‘ing-hao- 
chiu). ‘The juice of the herb is expressed and fermented with 
rice and leaven. It is used in general debility and chronic 
malarial difficulties. 

Tincture of Artemisia capillaris ; VA ji WB (Yin-ch ‘en- 
chiu). The herb is roasted to a yellow color, and then mixed 
with rice and leaven and fermented in the usual manner. 
Colds and muscular rheumatic pains are treated with this 
preparation. 

Tincture of Asparagus lucidum ; F PY & iG (T‘ien-mén- 
tung-chiu). The herb is decocted and the decoction fermented 
with rice and leaven. ‘This is considered to be tonic to the 
viscera and the blood vessels, and quieting in nervous affec- 
tions. It is used in alcoholic poisoning. 

Tincture of Atractylis ovata, ji YH (Shu-chiu). The 
drug is peeled and soaked in east-flowing water for thirty days. 
The juice is taken and exposed to the dew for one night, and 
then fermented with rice and leaven. It is prescribed in rheu- 
matism and fever. 

Tincture of Bambusa leaves, "ff BE jf (Chu-yeh-chiu). 
A decoction of bamboo leaves is fermented in the usual manner, 
and used in the treatment of fevers, and to clarify the intellect. 

Tincture of Brasenia peltata ; 4\\) $f {8 (Hsien-mao-chiu). 
The drug is steamed and dried nine times, and then digested 
in spirits. It is considered to be strengthening to the virile 
powers, and is used in the treatment of general debility and 
wasting. 

Tincture of Cannabis sativa seeds, {= Si i (Ma-jén- 
chiu). There is more than one formula for this preparation, 
but in the common one the kernels of the seeds are browned 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 435 


and digested in spirits. The preparation is used in rheumatic 
difficulties, where there is much pain and inability to move. 

Tincture of Chrysanthemum sinense , 45 {€ 7 (Chii-hua- 
chiu). A decoction of the dried flowers is fermented with rice 
and leaven, and if Rehmannia glutinosa, Cryptoteenia cana- 
densis, and Lycium chinense are added, the preparation 1s 
greatly improved. ‘This is for headaches, to improve the hear- 
ing and sight, and as a prophylactic against diseases in general. 

Tincture of Citrus acida compound; He R (Pai-kuo- 
chiu), ‘hundred fruits spirit.’? ‘Take one each of Citrus acida 
and Citrus chirocarpus; walnut meats, lungans, lotus seeds, 
and dried oranges of each a half catty ; seeds of Thuja orient- 
alis, four ounces; pine nuts, three ounces; red dates, twenty 
ounces; black sugar, three catties; dry distilled spirit, fifty 
catties. Digest all together. The preparation is regarded as 
tonic and beneficial to the kidneys. 

Tincture of Citrus fusca; + 44 {8 (Chih-ju-chiu). The 
inside lining of the Citrus fruits is digested in spirits and 
used for colds and influenza. 

Tincture of Clematis graveolens, tq 8% YR (Huang-yao- 
chiu). The drug is cut into slices and digested in spirits. It 
is used in the treatment of goitres and tumors of the neck. 

Tincture of Cocos nucifera, i "YR (Yeh-chung-chiu). 
This is the fermented milk of the cocoanut. It is used in the 
treatment of dropsy, hemoptysis, and is applied to the head to 
restore the black color to the hair, which it is also supposed 
to do if drunk habituallly. 

Tincture of Cotix lachryma; & JR fe J (1-i-jén-chiu), 
The Job’s tears are powdered, and fermented with rice and 
leaven, and used as a tonic and stimulant remedy in rheumatic 
difficulties. 

Tincture of Cryptotenia canadensis, & Sis YA (Tang-kuei- 
chiu). A decoction of the drug is made, and either fermented 
in the usual manner, or mixed with prepared spirits, and used 
as a tonic in diseases of women and to promote menstruation. 

Tincture of Cudrania triloba root compound, *h Rt 1 
(Ché-kén-chiu). Take of the Cudrania root, 20 catties ; Acorus 
calamus, five pecks; boil in one ¢az of water to five pecks ; add 
old iron, 20 catties, and ferment the whole with rice and leaven 


436 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


in the usual manner. ‘This is used in diseases of the kidneys 
aud the ears. 

Tincture of Cyperus rotundus root, =}; Hk 7 (So-kén-chiu). 
The root is sliced and steamed, and then digested in spirits. 
It is used in diseases of the bladder, and in depression of spirits 
due to any cause. 

Tincture of Dioscorea quinqueloba,; 3& FR {7S (Shu-yu- 
chiu). The tubers are powdered and fermented with leaven, 
or there is added Cornus officinalis, Schizandra chinensis, and 
ginseng, to increase its virtue. It is considered to be tonic, 
strengthening to the virile powers, and beneficial to the spleen 
and stomach. 

Tincture of Feniculum vulgare, jy %#& {4 (Aui-hsiang- 
chiu). The fennel seeds are simply digested in spirits. 
Foreign fennel is most highly esteemed for this purpose. The 
preparation is used as an anodyne and carminative in strangury 
and tenesmus. 

Tincture of Ipomea batatas; t{ $2 {8H (Kan-shu-chin). 
The tuber is sliced and digested in spirits for an indefinite 
length of time. The preparation is considered warming to the 
stomach, astringent in diarrhoea, and aphrodisiac. 

Tincture of Ligustrum lucidum bark; xe 48 JK YB (Ni- 
chén-p‘i-chiu). The bark is cut into slices and digested in 
spirits. It is considered as tonic, especially to the loins. 

Tincture of Lontcera japonica; 7, & jf (Jén-tung-chiu). 
This tincture is prepared by a complicated process which does 
not seem of much importance. Some of the virtues ascribed to 
the preparation are doubtless attributed to the peculiar method 
of preparation which is given in the /éztsao. It is vaunted as 
a remedy in all forms of cancerous and virulent sores, no 
matter upon what part of the body they may be found. It is 
taken internally. The tumor is punctured and some form of 
plaster is applied, in perfect confidence that the disease will 
be speedily cured. 

Tincture of Lycium chinense; %j #G j§ (Kou-chi-chiu). 
The seeds of the plant are boiled soft, the pulp expressed, and 
fermented with rice and leaven. Or the seeds are digested 
together with Rehmannia glutinosa in prepared spirits. This 
is a tonic preparation, and is useful especially in sexual debility. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 437 


Tincture of Monochasma savatier’ ,; FE % 7 (Lu-jung- 
chiu). ‘The drug is digested in spirits together with Dioscorea 


_batatas. This is used in profuse urination and general debility. 


Tincture of Morus alba , 3% | 7H (Sang-shén-chiu). The 
juice of mulberries is boiled and fermented with leaven in the 
usual manner. It is used in dropsy, and it is said that out of 
ten afflicted with this difficulty, if they use this remedy, uot 
one will die. 

Li coupled of Mulgedium sibiriacum ; Fx Sy {4% (Cht-shéng- 
chiu). ‘wo pints of the seeds are ee with two pints of 
the kernels of Coix lachryma and a half catty of the fresh 
root of Rehmannia glutinosa.* These are digested in spirits, 
aud the preparation is used in the treatment of debility and 
rheumatic difficulties. 

Tiacture of Pachyma cocos ; # 7 iH (Fu-ling-chiu). ‘The 
powdered tubers are fermented ont lesen and rice and used 
as a tonic remedy. 

Tincture of Panax ginseng, J #& YR (Jén-shén-chiu). 
The root is powdered and fevaiaiea with rice and leaven, or 
digested in prepared spirit. It is used as a tonic in all wasting 
diseases. 

Tincture of prich , Hf FE YA (Sung-yeh-chiu). The freshly 
collected pitch is fermented with glutinous rice, and used in the 
treatment of colds and locally in chillblains. 

Tincture of Polygonatum canaticulatum ee) ie 1s 
(Huang-ching-chiu). Four catties each of nO eo cana- 
liculatum and Atractylis-sinensis; five catties of Lycium 
orientalis leaves; and three catties of Asparagus lucidus are 
decocted, and the decoction mixed with glutinous rice and 
leaven, and fermented. ‘This is nourishing, tonic, aphrodisiac, 
and reconstructive. 

Tincture of Polygonum ,; 3& J (Liao-chiu). A decoction 
of the plant is fermented with leaven and rice, and the prepara- 
tion is recommended as a tonic. 

Tincture of Tree Polygonum; FR 3 iH (T‘ien-liao-chiu). 
The plant from which this is made is not really a Polygonum, 
resembling that plant only in taste ; but it has not been possible 
to identify it. The bark of the tree FR RK B (Mu-t‘ien-liao) is 
digested in spirits, in the spring and summer for seventeen 


438 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


days, and-in the autumn and winter for twenty-seven days. It 
is considered to be a sovereign remedy for all the Fézg diseases. 

Tincture of Populus alba bark; & 8 J& {7 (Pai-yang- 
p‘i-chiu). The bark of the tree is sliced and digested in 
spirits. It is used as a revulsive and correcting remedy. 

Tincture of Prunus persica bark; Pk JR {RH (T‘ao-pi- 
chiu). A decoction of the bark of the peach tree is fermented 
together with rice and leaven. ‘This preparation is considered 
to be diuretic, and is used in dropsy. 

Tincture of Rehmania glutinosa; Hy HR WH (Ti-huang- 
chiu). The root of this plant is mixed with leaven and rice, 
sealed up in a vessel for seven days, and thus fermented under 
pressure. The preparation is considered to be tonic and 
rejuvenating. 

Tincture of Rosa rugosa co.; Ji #& #2 YR (Feng-pi-yao- 
chiu). Use one ounce each of the white flowers of Hibiscus 
syriacus, Rosa anemonzeflora, and Rosa rugosa ; one half ounce 
of the flowers of Datura metel ; five flowers of Solanum nigrum, 
and of the flesh of Longan fruits and northern dates, one ounce 
each. All is soaked in spirits and used in rheumatic difficul- 
ties and colds. 

Tincture of Sargassum stliquastrum , ¥ #% i (Hai-tsao- 
chiu). ‘The seaweed is washed clean and digested in spirits. 
It is used in the treatment of goitre, and may be considered to 
be a very good way of administering iodine. 

Tincture of Skimmia japonica ; 7 F& #H (Ying-yu-chiu). 
Skimmia japonica, the three named species of aconite, Justicia 
gendarussa, Polygonatum vulgare, Siler divaricatum, Cocculus 
thunbergii, Rhododendron metternichii, Rhododendron chi- 
nensis, Asarum sieboldi, and cinnamon heart are digested in 
spirits for a period ranging from three days in summer to seven 
days in winter. This combination of poisonous drugs is used 
only in wasting palsies. The disease being considered to be 
the result of a virulent poison, requires these virulent drugs 
for its treatment. 

Tincture of Sophora japonica ; #% #% iW (Huai-chih-chiu). 
The twigs of Sophora japonica are decocted and fermented in 
the usual manner. The preparation is used in the treatment 
of leprosy. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 439 


Tincture of Stemona tuberosa, A * jf (Pai=pu-chiu). 
The root of this plant is digested in spirits and the preparation 
is used in the treatment of acute and chronic coughs. 

Tincture of Sterculia platantfolia; *% ii) 7H (Wu-tung- 
chiu). ‘I‘he tops of this tree are used in spring or summer, and 
the root in autumn or winter, together with distilled spirits, 
in the preparation of a tincture, which is used both externally 
and internally in the treatment of mammary abscess. 

Tincture of Thuja ortentalis leaves; # BE {fH (Po-yeh- 
chiu). A decoction of the leaves is fermented together with 
leaven and rice and used in colds and rheumatic difficulties. 

Tincture of turpentine, % Eh JB (Sung-chieh-chiu). A 
decoction of pine joints is fermented together with leaven and 
rice, or the leaves of the pine may be used in making this 
preparation. It is used, presumably externally, in the treat- 
ment of weak tendons, aching points, and chillblains. 

Tincture of Zanthoxylum and Juniper , i #A i (Chiao- 
po-chiu). Thirty-seven peppers and seven twigs of the juniper, 
taken from the east side of the tree, are digested in prepared 
spirits and used as-a prophylactic against miasms. 

Tincture of Zingiber officinale; %& {4 (Chiang-chiu). 
This is simply ginger root, steeped in prepared spirit, or 
ginger juice fermented with leaven. It is used as a stimulant 
in colds and indigestion. 


TORREYA NUCIFERA.—+# (Fei). The character is 
also, but incorrectly, written 32 (Fei) and #Jf (Fei, Pei, or 
Pai). The tree is a taxaceous one, resembling Cunninghamia 
stmensis. In fact it is sometimes called ¥ #2 (Yeh-shan), ‘‘wild 
Cunninghamia.’’ ‘The nuts of the tree are called #§ # (Fei- 
shih), 297, tk fF (Pi-tzit), of Fk (Ch‘ih-kuo), and = ly FR (Vii- 
shan-kuo). They are collected and eaten by the Chinese, and 
are much relished as a food and valued as an anthelmintic. 
They are from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a 
quarter long, oblong, pointed at either end, but more sharply 
so at the upper end. The skin is of a reddish-brown color, 
mottled with patches of a darker tint, woody, fragile, and 
marked longitudinally with broad, shallow strie. The kernel 
is much roughened, obscurely villous, and covered with a thin, 


6 


440 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


reddish-brown membrane. ‘hey have little taste, but are 
reputed to be peptic, anthelmintic, laxative, and tussic in their 
qualities. ‘Chey contain much oil, and in Japan this is ex- 
pressed and sold on the market. They can be eaten in large 
quantities without fear of disease from their use. The Péz- 
‘sao distinguished the fk F as being slightly deleterious ; so 
sometimes this must refer to the fruits of another tree; prob- 
ably Cunninghamia. ‘Their only use is as an anthelmintic. 
A product called {jf 3E (Pai-hua), and described as flower of 
Torreya nucifera, is also given. It is said to be bitter, car- 
minative, anthelmintic, and to give a good color. It cannot 
be taken very long without deleterious effects 


TRACHYCARPUS EXCELSA.—## fi] (Tsung-lit) ; see 


Chamerops excelsa. 


TRACHYLOSPERMUM JASMINOIDES.—* ff (Wan- 
lan); see Metaplexts stauntonit. $& A (Lo-shih) ; see Rhyn- 
cospermum jasminoides. 


TRAPA BISPINOSA, Z7rapa natans.— %F (Chi-shih), 
¥€ (Ling), 7K #2 (Shiu-li). This is the water-calthrop, or water- 
chestnut. Yhe common names are # -j (Ling-chio) and G ¥ 
(Lao-ling). The common kind is the two horned ; but there 
are three and four horned kinds. The first name is said to 
refer to the three horned, while Zzzg refers to the two and 
four horned. But in central China they are all called Lzzg. 
The plant is sometimes confounded with Zzyale ferox. It 
grows plentifully in the ponds, lakes, and rivers of China, 
has been used from very ancient times as an article of diet, 
and is included among the things to be offered in religious 
ritual. Li Shih-chén gives a very good description of the 
plant, its fruit, and the manner of cultivation. It is said that 
if eaten raw it will injure the digestive tract, producing worms 
and intestinal disorders. This is not surprising, since the nut 
is usually produced in filthy ponds. Boiled,it is eaten in great 
quantities with great relish by all classes of people, especially 
children, and without danger. It is regarded as nutritious and 
constructive, and being a water product, it is thought to 


; 
: 
: 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. A4I 


relieve thirst, reduce fever, and to be useful in sunstroke. 
The flowers and shells of the fruits are used for dyeing the 
whiskers and hair, and as an astringent in fluxes. YR ¢Z 
(Fou-ling) isa name assigned to 7rapa xatans, and refers to a 
kind resembling the French water chestnut. 


TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS.—g@ #2 (Chi-li), 52. The 
Erhya gives & (Tzii) as the classical name. It is the calthrop, 
and is found in many parts of China. On account of the spiny 
character of the fruit it is called Jk # (Chihb-hsing), ‘‘prevent- 
ing walking.’’ ‘There are two kinds, the common kind being 
called ft 3 #2 (Tu-chi-li) and another kind coming from 
Shensi is called & $F # (Pai-chi-li), 936, or PF Ae HE Ae (Sha- 
yiian-chi-li), 1081, from the place from which it is brought. 
The seeds of the ordinary kind are considered to be diuretic, 
tonic, abortifacient, galactagogue, alterative, and anthelmintic. 
They are used in spermatorrhcea, anemia, in parturition, 
coughs, purulent expectoration, and hemmorrhoids. The seeds 
of the white kind are specially recommended in kidney difficul- 
ties and spermatorrhcea. The flowers are recommended in 
white leprosy, and a decoction of the shoots is used in scaly 
and scabious skin diseases. 


TRICOMANES JAPONICUM.—B, dE (Wu-chiu). Other 
names are 47 $2 (Shih-fa), 47 3 (Shib-t‘ai), 4 #€ (Shib-i), and» 
§R #E (Kuei-li). As usual with the Chinese in the case of 
ferns, there is much confounding of genera and species. It is 
used in fevers, bladder difficulties, jaundice, wounds, menor- 
rhagia, and as a stimulant to the growth of hair. 


TRICOSANTHES MULTILOBA.—f& # (Kua-lou), 640. 
It is probable that other species are included under this term, 
as Tricosanthes kirilowit aud Tricosanthes japonica. The plant 
is a sort of dryony, resembling Bryonta dioica. A classical 
name is 3% # (Kuo-lo). Nearly every part of this plant is used 
in medicine, but the principal products are the seeds, 640, the 
rind of the fruit, 641, and the root. The brownish-yellow 
dried rind of this fruit is met with in drug shops in broken, or 
collapsed, pieces indicating a globular fruit of some three or 


442 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


four inches in length. In the recent state, the pepo has a 
yellow rind, and the globular fruits, about the size of a man’s 
fist, hang gracefully from the branches, on long slender 
pedicels. The seeds are large, flat, and brown. The kernel 
in the recent state is green and contains much oil, which is 
sometimes expressed and used as lamp oil. ‘There is little or 
no difference in the medical action and use of the fruit and 
seeds. Both are regarded as nutritious, tussic, thirst-relieving, 
tonic, and astringent in fluxes. They are also administered in 
jaundice, suppression of urine, relaxation of the mucous mem- 
branes, retained placenta, agalactia, and syphilitic ulcers. The 
seeds are found in commerce, under the name of JX #& {& (Kua- 
lou-jén), 640. 

The root goes under the name of FR 7§ HH (T ‘ien-hua-fen), 
1292, and fy 4% (Pai-yao), 970. ‘This is found in the shops in 
irregular pieces, two or three inches in length, and varying in 
size from that of a little finger toa man’s thumb. Externally 
they are pale yellowish-white in color, usually marked with 
irregular longitudinal striz, and internally they are hard, 
amylaceous, and white, with yellowish medullary rays passing 
from the circumference toward the center. ‘They are very apt 
to be wormi-eaten, when they become reduced to a very fine, 
white, dry powder, compared to snow. This amylaceous 
substance is not found in the root of the growing plant, but is 
deposited as the plant attains maturity, and is therefore ex- 
tracted from the old root dug up in the autumn. This starch 
is considered to be cooling, nutritious, quieting to the centers, 
and healing in the case of wounds. It is also recommended in 
jaundice, polyuria, amenorrhcea, and abscesses. To the stalk 
and leaves of the plant are attributed antifebrile properties. 


TRICOSANTHES PALMATA.— #& - (Pai-yao-tzii), 
970. Such is an identification of Faber. See the last article. 


TRIGONELLA FC!NUM-GRACUM.—i #& & (Hu- 
lu-pa), 485, 7 # (K‘u-tou). These are the small, pale, red- 
dish-brown seeds of a leguminous plant with small pods, 
introduced into the southern provinces of China from some 
foreign country, and at first understood by Chinese writers to be 


CO  — 


———— 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 443 


the seeds of a brassicaceous plant. Since it has been grown in 
Kuangtung, however, it is recognized as being of a different 
species. ‘The seeds are furrowed and compressed so as to be 
somewhat angular in shape, and have a peculiar and some- 
what bitter taste. The beans, which have been in use asa 
medicine since the time of the Tang dynasty, are usually 
boiled or parched, and given with lign-aloes, anise-seed, and 
other substances as a tonic, carminative, arthritic and deob- 
struent remedy. Renal diseases, hydrocele, hernia and diseases 
of the hypogastric region are said to be benefitted by this drug. 
It is especially recommended as a demulcent in diseases of the 


-bladder, and this seems to be a reasonable use for it, as this is 


practically its only property. 


TRIGONOTIS PEDUNCULARIS.—# KR # (Chi- 
ch‘ang-ts‘ao). See Eritrichium pedunculare. ‘The name, Chz- 
ch‘ang-ts‘ao is also applied to Mazus rugosus, which see. 


TRILLIDIUM JAPONICUM.—® ff (Tsao-hsiu). See 
Paris polyphylla. 


TRISLARIGATA KAUMPFERI.—% te FE (Shih- 
ch‘an-hua). This is Faber’s identification. Others make it 
38 te 7E (Pi-ch‘an-hua), but this is given under the article 
on Commelyna polygama (which see). 


TRITICUM VULGARE.—)J, 3 (Hsiao-mai). An old 
name is Z€ (Lai), also written # (Lai). The character # is 
explained as coming from some place, some say from heaven 
and some say from another country ; by others still the char- 
acter is said to resemble the spikelets of the ears of wheat. 
The learned compiler of the Péztsao gives 3m fii #7 (Ka-shih- 
tso) as the Chinese transliteration of the Sanscrit or Pali name. 
As arule, the grain is sown in winter, although a spring crop 
is occasionally heard of. Wheat is very extensively raised in. 
the provinces of Honan, Shensi, Shansi, Shantung, and Chihli. 
It is sown broadcast in the north, but in the more southerly 
provinces where only an inferior grain can be raised, the seed 
is more thickly sown and produces only a precarious crop. 
Setting aside the story of the heavenly origin of this grain, it 


444 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


may be assumed that barley or rye (included by Dr. Schlegel 
under the name of Zaz) has been longer known in Shensi, the 
original home of the Chinese, than wheat, which ‘‘came’’ to 
them from elsewhere. It is asserted in the Péz¢sao that if the 
Xanthinm strumarium be cut up, dried, and mixed with the 
wheat it will not suffer from weevils. Wheat is regarded as 
nourishing, but heating in its nature. It is said to be diuretic, 
demulcent, and antihemorrhagic. Its use is also said to pro- 
mote fertility in women. It is recommended to be used in 
gravel, leprous skin diseases, and in wounds of the abdomen. 
The grains of wheat which have not filled out, and will there- 
fore float on water, are called Y@ # (Fou-mai). They are 
roasted and considered useful in colliquative sweating, espe- 
cially in tuberculosis in women. 

WHEATEN BRAN.—2E #K (Mai-fu), HE JR F (Mai-fu-tzt). 
Bran is of very good quality in China, the flour not having 
been entirely removed by the rough mode of grinding the 
meal. Nutritive, demulcent, vulnerary, and discutient prop- 
erties are referred to this useful domestic remedy, which is 
made into poultices with vinegar, or into a tea for the suppres- 
sion of severe sweats, bloody urine, or any flux. Barley bran 
is directed to be substituted for wheaten bran in spring and 
summer. A pillow stuffed with fresh bran is credited with 
much the same soothing or cooling effects in smallpox and 
other serious diseases of infancy as the old fashioned hop 
pillow. Bran is not much used in feeding cattle, but it is 
sometimes given to pigs. It is anarticle of veterinary medicine. 

WHEATEN FLour.—%#§ (Mien), # #5 (Hui-mien), & 35 
(Pai-mien). This is described in the /éztsao as being slightly 
deleterious. If hung up in an airy place for several years, it 
is said to lose this injurious quality and to be suitable for 
medicinal purposes. Formerly, wheat was ground by rude 
handstones of the most primitive character, as in the rural 
districts of China is to some extent still the case. In larger 
towns the millers employ the yellow cow as a motive power to 
grind over and over again the wheat, which yields a coarse 
flour. The = 3@ #§ (San-tao-mien), or ““three-way-flour’’, is 
considered the finest quality which the Chinese can make with 
their rude mills. At present, several flouring mills after the 


ore 


re 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. A45 


foreign pattern have been established in China, and the flour 
from these, together with that imported from abroad, is 
rapidly taking the place of the old style flour. Aside from the 
nutritious properties of this article, a raw paste is used in fevers 
and sunstroke, and is also used as a poultice in ecchymoses, 
and internally in epistaxis and hemoptysis. A variety of other 
difficulties are also treated with flour or its paste, but are of no 
special interest, since the virtues ascribed are mostly imaginary. 
BREAD.—2 fjf (Chéng-ping), #& BH (Man-tou), #5 J 
(Mien-pao), gf 98 (Mo-mo). Much more appears to be known 
of Trans-himalayan customs and manners by the Chinese than 
most persons suppose, as many habits known to, or practiced by 
them, in former times, in common with Indo-aryan or Turanian 
races, have dropped out of use and memory. Many words 
have been coined by those too willing for the task, who might 
have searched and found out that the Chinese language at least 
knew of such things. The use of wheaten bread is very 
ancient and much more general than is supposed by most 
persons. Bread pills are an old remedy with Chinese doctors. 
Stale bread is looked upon as very digestible. Bread is raised 
by means of leaven, native soda, or pearl ash, the small loaves 
or cakes being steamed in a very simple and ingenious way 
described in JLockhart’s ‘‘Medical Missionary in China.’ 
Bread and pastry are consumed as the staple article of diet in 
Honan, Shensi, Shansi, and Shantung. A kind of fancy 
bread, shaped like a top, is made in Tien-men-hsien, Hupeh. 
The Mohammedans are the best confectioners. The Chinese do 
not use alum in their bread, and if made from the best quality 
of their native flour, it is very wholesome. J/o-mo is a Honan 
name for bread. Stale bread is recommended in the Péxtsao 
in diarrhoea, chronic dysentery, leucorrhcea, menorrhagia, pro- 
fuse sweats, and in serious injuries. Burnt bread is mixed 
with oil and applied to burns and scalds. A remarkable case 
of one of the Sung monarchs, in his infancy, having been 
cured of incontinence of urine by the use of stale bread, garlic, 
and beans, is quoted in the /4¢sao with approbation. 
-WHEATEN STARCH.—% #} (Mien-f€n). Under this name, 
often improperly applied to the flour of wheat, the Pén- 
ésao gives the starch prepared from bran or flour by washing 


446 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


and separation. It is much used to stiffen clothes. Medicinally, 
it is cooked and used in dysentery, or parched and made into 
a poultice with vinegar to be applied to all sorts of swellings. 

WHEAT GLUTEN.—35 jf (Mien-chin). This is prepared 
by washing out the starch, and when a small quantity is 
wanted for catching birds, it is only necessary to masticate 
the wheat until nothing else is left. It is used as a nutritious 
article of diet, and is also considered to be antifebrile. 

WHEAT DEXTRINE.—2 # (Mai-ch‘ao). This is prepared 
by steaming, drying and powdering the wheat. It is consid- 
ered to be nutritious, antifebrile, and quieting. The young 
sprouts of wheat are considered to be antivinous, constructive, 
and antibilious. A growth upon the wheat ears, evidently 
parasitic in its nature, is called # 4y (Mai-nu). For this see 
the article on Ergot. The straw of wheat is burned to an ash, 
aud used as a caustic application on unhealthy granulations. 


TROPAZOLUM MAJUS.—4 3# 7€ (Chin-lien-hua). The 
Kuang-chiin-fang-pu describes fully this flower, giving as its 
natural habitat Wutaishan in Shansi. It is not mentioned 
in the /ézzsao, but the first two characters of the name are 
given under the article on Lemnanthemum nymphoides. 


TULIPA GRAMINIFOLIA.—jl] 3% 4% (Shan-tz‘u-kw), 
653. See Orithyta edulis. 


TUSSILAGO FARFARA.—k %& (K‘uan-tung), 650. 
This is the common co/¢sfoot used in popular medicine in 
western countries, and the flowering scapes, with the purplish 
bracts and unopened florets, are used in Chinese medicine. 
T'wo varietes are met with in China and Korea, one having a 
large flower. A number of names are given for the plant, 
among which is #¢ % (To-wu), which is Farfugium kempfert 
(which see). Some of the names given refer to the early 
flowering of this plant and its resistance to cold and frost. 
The principal medicinal qualities attributed to the drug are - 
those of an expectorant in apoplexy, phthisis, coughs, and 
asthma, and as a demulcent in fevers. Eyes are bathed with 
a decoction of the flowers in hot water. The flowers are also 
smoked in the treatment of chronic cough in much the same 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 447 


way as the leaves of the plant are used as a substitute for 
tobacco in England and America. 


TYPHA ORIENTALIS. — # jf (Hsiang-p‘u), 420. 
This is a kind of dulrush, resembling the 7ypha latefolia of 
Europe, which is also found in the south of China. It grows 
at the side of pools, and its linear, reddish leaves are made into 
mats and fans. The young shoots are gathered in the spring 
and pickled, and may also be steamed and eaten. The 
character # is used to distinguish it from Acorus calamus, 
which is sometimes called 54 ff (Ch‘ou-p‘u). The heart of the 
tender plant, which is found at the bottom of the pond in the 
mud, is called jf $4 (P‘u-jo) and fy BY (Pai-jo), and is some- 
times eaten raw, after careful cleansing. It is sweet and 
delicate, and the Chinese like it steeped in vinegar. The 
stem of the plant bears at the top a kind of mace, containing 
the flowers, which is called jf # (P‘u-ch‘ui) and jf 4% (P‘u-o). 
The pollen of the flowers, which is exceedingly plentiful, and 
is like a fine, golden dust, is called jf 3¥ (P‘u-huang), 1054. 
It is collected, mixed with honey, and sold as a sweetmeat. 
The old root is also edible when boiled or steamed with fat 
meat, or it is dried in the sun, powdered, and made into cakes. 
The rhizomes are also called #ff 2) (P‘u-sun), and are reputed 
to be tonic, cooling, diuretic, and galactagogue. ‘They are 
recommended in caked breast, fevers, and dysentery. The 
pollen, which comes mixed with the stamens and the hairy 
sepals of the flowering spike, is a yellow powder tending to 
collect into balls, and resembles lycopodium powder, especially 
in being quite infammable. It requires sifting, and is then 
used as an astringent, styptic, sedative, dessicant remedy in all | 
sorts of hemorrhages, bruises, and eccliymoses, especially those 
occurring after labor. The refuse ({#) left after sifting the 
pollen, is called 77 3& (P‘u-6), and is bréwned and used as an 
astringent in dysentery and other hemorrhages from the bowels. 


TYPHONIUM GIGANTEUM. = #% JH i& (Tu-chio-lien). 
The identification of this plant is uncertain, it having been 
confounded with Arvisema heterophylla (Henry and Faber), 
Podophyllum versypelle (Ford and Crow), and Dzphylleia 
(Japanese). See the article on Drbhylleia. 


448 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


ws; 


ULMUS CAMPESTRIS.—#R (Yi). This is Ulmus sin- 
ensis. Also called & # (Ling-yii), and the white variety is 
called Jj} (Fén). Li Shih-chén says that there are very many 
varieties of e/m. ‘The inner bark, 1554, is used in medicine, 
and for this purpose is dried and ground up into a meal. This 
meal is used for a variety of other purposes, among which is 
the manufacture of incense sticks. A kind of paste was 
formerly made of it, and in times of great scarcity the ground 
bark, the leaves, and the membranous fruit are all used as food. 
Demulcent, lenitive, diuretic and antifebrile properties are 
attributed to it. It is applied with oil and vinegar to various 
parasitic and porriginous eruptions. Poultices are made of it 
also in caked breast, abscesses, and swellings. Advantages 
are taken of its demulcent properties in diarrhceas, bladder 
difficulties, and gonorrhcea. The leaves of the elm are used 
in the green state as a sort of pot-herb and are supposed to be 
antilithic and counter-poisonous. A decoction is used as an 
application to wine nose, and also in the treatment of bilious 
difficulties. Ihe flowers are used in the nervous affections of 
children and their fevers. The kernels of the seeds are made 
into a porridge and eaten, and are said to promote sleep, to 
control menstrual discharges, and to be anthelmintic. An- 
other kind of bark is found in the Customs Lists under the 
name of # #t Je (Hsiang-yti-p‘i), 430. A fungus growing on 
the elm tree, and called # He (Yii-erh), is given in the Cus- 
toms Lists as #t #2 (Yt-mo), 1553. The last character is not 
found in any of the dictionaries, and the entry must refer to 
an exidiaceous growth referred to in the article on Fwzgz. 
If so, it is an edible fungus, and has no special medical 
properties. 


ULMUS MACROCARPA.—#E # (Wu-i). The name) 
of the tree is fff (P‘ien), which has been by some observers mis- 
taken for Zznudera. 1, Shih-chén says that there are two 
varieties, but seems to confound one with the fruit of the com- 
mon elm. ‘he fruit of this species is used in medicine, and 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 449 


has a fetid odor. For this reason it is sometimes called 5% 2 # 
(Ch‘ou-wu-i), which is found mentioned in the Hankow List of 
Medicines (p. 7), and is described as ‘‘a small lentil-shaped seed, 
_ of a very disagreeable and strong odor. The flesh of the berry 
generally adheres to the seed.’? The Customs Lists call the 
Wau-t, 1457, ‘‘a medicine cake,’’ the characters used being the 
same as appear at the head of this article, and also x{ #% the 
name of the ‘‘Bohea’’ hills in Fukien. The medicinal prop- 
erties attributed to these seeds are antifebrile, anthelmintic, 
digestive, counter-poisonous, and prophylactic. They are also 
used externally in parasitic skin diseases. 


ULMUS PARVIFOLIA.—#f # (Lang-yii). The simi- 
larity of this tree to U/mus campestris is noted. The bark is 
mucilaginous, and the fruits ripen in the autumn. The bark 
is used as an antifebrile, antilithic, diuretic, soporific, and 
quieting remedy. 


ULMUS KEAKI.—#& # (Chii-liu). See Prerocarya 
stenoptera. 


UMBILICUS FIMBRIATUS, Cotyledon fimbriata.—t 
¥E fig Hi (Tso-yeh-ho-ts‘ao), 7 # (Wa-sung), fy K HE (Hsiang- 
t‘ien-ts‘ao). This grows upon old tile roofs to the height to 
a foot or more, and at a little distance looks like a pine 
branch; hence one of the Chinese names. The plant is 
dried in the sun for medical use. It is used as a styptic in 
dysentery, as an ointment in falling out of the eye-brows, 
as a stimulant in suppressed menstruation, in gravel, and in 
dog bite. 


UMBILICUS MALACOPHYLLUS, Cotyledon mataco- 
phylla.— | ike (Wu-yu), H #K (Wa-i), HB (Wa-t‘ai), Ee 
(Wa-hsien), fi 9} (Po-hsieh). This is similar to the last, but 
does not grow so tall. Its medical uses are also similar, but 
it is more particularly used as an antifebrile and quieting 
remedy. A decoction, to which salt is added, is used in fever- 
sores of the mouth, gumboils, and nosebleed. It is also recom- 
mended in dog bite. 


450 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


UNCARIA RHYNCHOPHYLLA.—#qy jf (Kou-t‘€ng). 
It is also called FR f# (Tiao-t‘éng), on account of its hooked 
thorns. It is common in the mountains of Hunan, Hupeh, 
and Kiangsi, and it is a climber, varying in length from eight 
to twenty feet, hollow, and about the thickness of a finger. - 
It is said that thieves use this hollow stem with which to 
syphon out spirits from wine jars without having appeared to 
have disturbed the latter. It is the Vazclea sinensis, and has 
been identified by fatarinov as the Uncaria gambir. This 
identification is somewhat doubtful. The task set for himself 
by Hanbury, of identifying the various gambir and catechu 
extracts with their respective plants has not, so far as we are 
able to find, yet been accomplished. No mention is made in 
the Péxtsao article of any extract from this plant. Whether 
it is that the Chinese have not recognized the identity of the 
plant with that of the Indian Archipelago, from which pale 
catechu is derived, or whether it is really not the same plant, 
has not been determined. The drug is found in China under 
the name of %& fi X (Hai-érh-ch‘a), or & je (Wu-tieh-ni), 
being confounded with the product from Acacza catechu (which 
article see). Short pieces of the shrub constitute the form in 
which the drug is found in Chinese comerce, 612. Each piece 
is of a dark, or reddish-brown color, and contains a node from 
one half an inch to one inch in length, with two sharp stiff 
recurvent stipules. These spines are sometimes found in 
commerce as representing the form of the drug employed. 
The drug is used in infantile fevers and the nervous disorders 
of children. In adults, dizziness, motes in vision, and bilious 
disorders are treated with it. A tincture is made of the nodes 
of this plant, which seems to have the properties of tincture of 
catechu. Another plant is spoken of in the same article in the 
Péntsao called ff #p fF (Tao-kua-t‘eng). There is no descrip- 
tion of the plant, except that it grows deep within the mountain 
valleys, has long pointed leaves, and recurved spines by which 
it hangs to the branches of the trees. It is recommended as an 
astringent in all post-partum difficulties. 

Gampir or Pale Catechu of commerce. While it is not 
certain that the plant under consideration is really Uncaria 
gambir, an account of the manufacture of this substance and 


eS ene 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 45! 


its appearance in commerce is here given. Dr. Williams says 
that is made ‘‘by boiling the leaves for five or six hours, until 
a strong decoction is formed. ‘They are then taken out and 
strained above the caldron. ‘The decoction is evaporated almost 
to dryness, when it is cooled and the water drawn off. A 
soapy substance remains which is dried and cut up.’’ It 
occurs in cubes, or cakes formed by the coherence of these 
cubes. ‘They are about an inch square, porous, externally of a 
brown color, and internally of a brick-red or ocherous color. 
The pieces become much darker with age. Gambir is seven 
or eight times richer in tannin than oak bark, and is perfectly 
soluble in boiling water. The solution is bitter, astringent, 
and its after-taste is slightly sweet. The decoction should not 
be very smooth to the taste, nor should it give a blue color 
with iodine. The drug is imported into China from Singapore, 
principally for dyeing purposes. It is probable that this drug 
is often found mixed with that derived from Acacia catechu, 
Areca catechu, and other substances. 


URTICA SCORPIONIDES. i -* #f (Hsieh-tzii-ts‘ao). 
This is a name given by Porter Smith to a Chinese nettle 
described in the Auang-chiin-fang-pu as being formidable to 
all animals, except the camel, on account of its stings. In 
man the sting swells and turns red, resembling the bite of a 
scorpion. It is not used in medicine. 


URTICA THUNBERGIANA. 2& fit (T‘an-ma); also 
called 3% # (Mao-hsien). ‘This is said to have originally come 
from the mountain valleys of Kiangningfu (Nanking). It has 
a prickly stalk two or three feet high, and the leaves are 
green, or purplish, and hirsute, and the prickles on the leaves 
produce a sting whenever touched with the bare hand. It is 
said that if these leaves are thrown into water, they will poison 
fish. The taste is bitter and cooling, and the action of the 
plant is emetic. It is used only externally, bruised, in snake 
bite, and applied to pemphigus-like skin difficulties, which it 
is said to cure in one night. : 


UVULARIA GRANDIFLORA. H #f (Pei-mu). See 
Fritillavia thunbergit. 


452 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Vv. 


VALLISNERIA SPIRALIS.—7 #% (K‘u-ts‘ao). This 
tape-grass, or eel-grass, grows to the length of two or three 
feet in ponds and marshes. ‘There is no farther description of 
the plant. It is prescribed in decoction in leucorrhcea, and is 
used together with sesamum to increase the appetite, in which 
case it is made into a tea, or the dry drugs are masticated 
together. 


VERATRUM.—#% J# (Li-lu); also called jl # (Shan- 
ts‘ung), ‘‘mountain onion.’’ ‘This term also includes Veratrum. 
album and Veratrum nigrum. It grows in north-central 
China. The description in the /éztsao agrees with this 
identification. ‘The name in Chinese refers to the black color 
(#2) of the root-stock, as does the word Veratrum (vere-atrum, 
truly black). As found in the market, the drug consists of the 
root-stock, terminated with the radicals and embraced by a 
bundle of hairy, coir-like fibers. The Chinese recognize its 
poisonous properties, and consider it to have errhine, emetic, 
expectorant, evacuant, and anthelmintic effects. It is given 
in apoplexy as a rousing emetic, and is used as an ointment 
for itch and other parasitic skin diseases. It is also used in skin 
diseases of the horse. As an appendix to this article in the 
Péntsao, there are given three other plants as resembling, in some 
respects, Veratrum. One is lj 3% 47 (Shan-tzt-shih), which 
by Faber is identified as Zulipa edulis. It is used in menstrual 
difficulties. The second is 3% # #2 (Shén-kuo-kén), which is 
used in corroding ulcers. The third is called Bj Hk (Ma- 
ch‘ang-kén), which is used in the Aw disease, the Féng 
disease, and in scabious ulcers. 


VERBENA OFFICINALIS.— $f 2% (Ma-pien-ts‘ao), 
807. This is a common plant in low grounds, having a square 
stem, opposite leaves, and bearing in autumn small purple 
flowers in spikes. Another name for it is Be fF EE (Lung-ya- 
ts‘ao). The plant is often confounded with Leonurus on 
account of its square stem and other similar characteristics. 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 453 


The stalk and leaves are thought to act on the blood, relieving 
congestion, obstructions, dropsical effusions, and hematoceles, 
and is also accredited with emmenagogue, anthelmintic, and 
antiscorbutic properties. It is administered in malarial diffi- 
culties. The root is considered astringent, and is employed in 
dysentery. 


VIBURNUM DILATATUM.—§ #€ (Chia-mi); also called 
8 YR (Hsi-mi). The leaves are like to those of zbzscus syriacis, 
and the fruits resemble those of Deutzza gracilis, red in color 
and sweet in taste. The tree grows in mountain valleys. The 
fiber of the internal bark is used in making ropes. The twigs 
and leaves are used in making medicine, and are considered _ 
anthelmintic and corrective. A decoction is used as a wash. 
to maggoty sores, destroying the maggots, and acting as an 
astringent and stimulant to the sore. 


VIBURNUM OPULUS.—? f& (Hstieh-ch‘iu). - This 
‘“‘snowball’? plant is mentioned in the Awang-chiin yang pu, but 
is not used medicinally. It is known in Europe as the Gzlder 
rose, but in China it is confounded with the AH/ydrangea, 
which is called # #§ $k (Yang-hsiu-ch‘iu), and which also is 
not used medicinally. This confounding is liable to lead to 
disastrous results, since the leaves of the latter are sometimes 
used for tea, while the leaves of Veburnum are said to be 
emetic and drastic. 


VICIA FABA.—# B (Ts‘an-tou). This is the Windsor 
bean, or horse bean, of England. Equally with Prsum sativum, 
it is called §§] H (Hu-tou), because it comes from abroad. 
This bean is extensively cultivated, especially throughout the 
south and west of China. ‘The tender shoots are eateti as a 
pot-herb. The description given in the Péxtsao is quite good. 
The beans are supposed to benefit all the viscera. The shoots, 
boiled in oil and salt, are said to be very efficacious in arousing 
a drunkard from his stupor. 


VICIA GIGANTEA.—At Peking the character #% (Wei) 
is applied to this, and in the Péztsao the description under 
this title seems, in most cases, to indicate a leguminous plant, 


454 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


and there is given as an alternative term !} 95 Hf (Yeh-wan- 
tou), which in Japan is Lathyrus maritimus. But Wez also 
refers to a fern, and. both in China and Japan the term is so 
used. It is impossible, therefore, to distinguish the medical 
uses of this from those of Osmunda regalis, which are the 
same as those of Pterts agutlina (which articles see). 


VICIA HIRSUTA. —## #§ (Ch ‘iao-yao), #% Hi (Yao-ch‘e), 
»Jv #£ 3€ (Hsiao-ch ‘ao-ts‘ai). The fine leaves of this purple plant 
can be eaten. It grows commonly everywhere, but is cultivated 
in Szechuan. Its leaves are likened to those of Sophora 
japonica. ‘The beans are small, andthe pods resemble those of 
peas. Their medicinal action is considered to be beneficial to 
the blood, strengthening to the flesh, atid they can be eaten a 
long time without one’s losing a taste for them. ‘They are 
recommended in chronic malarial difficulties. 


VINCETOXICUM ATRATUM.—,y §& (Pai-wei), 969. 
This 1s a common plant in central and north China. It has 
leaves resembling willow leaves, red flowers, and a yellowish- 
white root. The root is used in medicine as an antifebrile 
remedy in malarial fevers, and in all fevers attended by 
delirium, which it is thought to quiet. It is also diuretic, and 
is used in diseases of the urinary organs, especially incontinence 
of urine. 


VINCETOXICUM “PURPURASCENS.— ff (Pai- 
ch‘ien), 939. . This. grows freely in central China to the height 
of a foot or more. Another name for it is [ik 2% (Sou-yao), 
‘cough medicine,’’ referring to its chief medicinal use. It is 
recommended in all forms of bronchial and lung troubles, and 
especially in chronic cough with bloody expectoration. 


VINEGAR. —{f (Ts‘u). Other names for this are if (Tso), 
H& (Hsi), and #¥ #§ (K‘u-chiu). Vinegar is made in China 
from rice, wheat, leaven, chaff, must, fermented sweetmeats, 
peaches, grapes, dates, cherries, and various other fruits. Old 
rice vinegar is the kind most highly valued in medicine, but 
other kinds are also used. Li Shih-chén gives an account of 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 7 455 


the manner of making vinegar from many of these substances. 
The corrective and condimental uses of vinegar are fully dis- 
cussed in the Pénz/sao, and as it is the only acid with which 
the Chinese have had any definite acquaintance, its solvent and 
oxidizing properties are also referred to. It is believed to spoil 
the teeth and to make people thin. The reviving effects of the 
fumes of vinegar, as in parturition, are understood by the 
Chinese. It is believed to be cooling, astringent, antidotal, 
stomachic, alterative, anti-emetic, and discutient. It is especial- 
ly recommended as a wash in foetid exudation in the axille and 
groin, where hot-water and soap would probably be more 
efficacious. It is also used in insect bites of all kinds, and to 
aid in the expulsion of a dead fcetus or retained placenta. 


VIOLA PATRINII.—3& 76 He T (Tziti-hua-ti-ting), 1272, 
141. See Fumaria offictnalts. 


VIOLA PINNATA.—#j # Bi (Hu-chin-ts‘ao). This wild 
violet resembles the Vola sylvestris, has a purple flower, and 
the plant is often used as a pot-herb, having a slighly acid 
taste. It is considerered nourishing, purifying to the blood, 
and anodyne. Bruised and applied to ulcers and foul sores, it is 
considered cleansing, and is mixed with turpentine, olibanum, 
ashes from burnt hair, charcoal from mulberry twigs, and made 
into a pill for use in dispersing cancerous tumors. 


VIOLA SYLVESTRIS.—# 3 (Chin-ts‘ai). In the 
Péntsao this is confounded with Afpzum graveolens, being 
considered to be a sort of wild celery. The plant is considered ~ 
to be counter-poisonous, and is used as an application in horse 
bites, reptile bites, and cancerous sores. Its ingestion is also 
thought to benefit in tubercular troubles and cholera. This 
same character # (Chin) is used for Aconzte, Sambucus 
chinensis, and Ranunculus sceleratus. 


VISCUM.—& [| # 4 (Sang-shang-chi-shéng), 1067, #A 
#€ (Sung-lo), # 4E (Chi-shéng), 58, #& # 4E (Tsa-chi-shéng), 


1320. ‘I‘hese terms usually refer to loranthaceous plants, 
although all kinds of epiphytes and parasitic plants are really 


456 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


included in the third and fourth. These epiphytic plants 
are found growing upon the fir, poplar, oak, elm, willow, 
peach, mulberry, liquidamber, Pterocarya stenoptera, and other 
trees. Some of the authorities in the Péxztsao say that it is 
the same plant, only differing in its root according to the tree 
upon which the plant lives. But it is more than probable 
that more than one genus is represented by these many varieties 
of epiphytes. According to Henry, Loranthus yadortkt is found 
in Hupeh, and the Japanese find Loranthus (Viscum) kempfert 
in Japan on Lar?x, Aézes, and some species of pine. Whatever 
description of the two plants is given in the /ézésao, together 
with their medicinal uses, will be found under the article on 
Loranthus. 


VITEX CANNABIFOLIA.—4f $i] (Mu-ching). This 
includes also Vztex negundo, which is called 3 Hi) (Huang- 
ching). The classical name for the plant is 4 (Ch‘u). The 
character Ching was the name of one of the nine provinces 
into which the empire was divided under the Great Yu. Ch‘u 
also was the name of a state which occupied the same territory 
as the province of Ching. What reference these characters 
may have to the name of this plant, if any, is not clear. At 
Peking the Vitex zucisa, which is there called #] -F (Ching-tzi) 
or $i) #~ (Ching-t‘iao), is a very common shrub. It is also used 
for fuel and for making charcoal. In the mountains where it is 
allowed to grow for several years it becomes quite a tree, 
although ordinarily the tree does not attain to very large size. 
The flowers are preduced in the axils of the leaves, and the 
fruit is about the size of coriander. ‘They are used in 
rheumatic difficulties, coughs, colds, angina, leucorrhcea, 
hernia, deafness, and gonorrhoea. The leaves are used as an 
astringent and sedative in cholera, gravel, and moist eczemas 
of the lower extremities. The root is employed in colds and 
rheumatic difficulties; the twigs, in decoction, as a dressing 
in burns and scalds. An infusion, called #J jf (Ching-li), 
is made of the twigs of the plant, and is considered to be a 
very efficacious remedy in all forms of headache, dizziness, 
convulsions of children, coughs, and mental unrest, and at 
the same time it is said to promote wakefulness. 


7 


REE 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 457 


VITEX TRIFOLIA.—é& #i) (Man-ching), 819. This 
is the same as Vtex zncesa. ‘The description in the Péxtsao 
agrees fairly well with this identification. The branches are 
slender and weak, somewhat resembling a vine; hence the 
Chinese name. It is found plentifully in north China. The 
berries are the part used in medicine, and as they appear in 
drug shops are globular, black, nucumentaceous, about two or 
three lines in diameter, and usually covered with the remains 
of the calyx, or mixed with the dried leaves of the plant. The 
interior is white, ligneous, and made of four carpels in a state 
of adhesion. ‘They have little taste or smell, and must be 
neatly inert. They are prescribed in headache, catarrh, and 
watery eyes, and are said to promote the growth of the beard, 
that great desideratum of the middle life of every Chinese man. 
Cancer of breast is also treated with it. 


VITIS BRYONIAFOLIA.—#4 Hf (Ving-yii). This is 
also called [lf 4] 4j (Shan-p‘u-t‘ao) and gF # ay (Yeh-p‘u- 
t‘ao). It is the wild grape, which is found growing in the 
Peking mountains, bearing small, edible, black fruits. Vz¢zs 
labrusca is also represented by ik title. The fruits are con- 
sidered cooling and beneficial to the complexion and breath. 
The vine is thought to be diuretic, and is used in typhoid with 
a view to checking nausea. The root is recommended in 
gravel and pain in the lower abdomen, especially in women. 


VITIS CORNICULATA.—2% % (Tzii-ko). This grows 
in mountain valleys, the vine being more than ten feet long, 
the root purple in color and two or three inches in dees 
The bark of the root, which is the part used in medicine, is 
employed in an acetous decoction in cancerous and other swell- 
ings, and is considered eliminant. It is also used after labor for 
relieving thirst, and as an application in all sorts of wounds. 


VITIS FLEXUOSA.—F # & (Chiien-sui-lei). This 
is also called 3 3 ji (Ch‘ang-ch‘un-t‘éng), and has a vine 
resembling the grape- vine, yielding in the fourth month a 
white sap, sweet in taste, and in the eighth month bearing 
fruits which are greenish-black with a tinge of red. These 
fruits are used medicinally, and are supposed to be strengthen- 


458 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


ing and constructive. The sap of the vine is one of the 
many drugs supposed to restore youth and black hair. The 
root is considered warming to the sinews. 


VITIS INCONSTANS.—% #§ J (Ch‘ang-ch ‘un-t‘€ng). 
It is also called JE @ BE #5 (Lung-lin-pi-li), ‘‘dragon scale 
fig.’ This is a creeper upon bushes and trees, bearing a 
round berry of a pearl color. ‘The stalk and leaves are bitter 
and the fruit is sweet. Ail are used in medicine as a tonic 
and constructive remedy, and in the treatment of inflamma- 
tory swellings. A decoction of the fruit is recommended in 
obstinate epistaxis. 


VITIS PENTAPHYLLA.—S # 3§ (Wu-lien-mei). On 
account of its five pointed leaf it is also commonly called F JX 
BE (Wu-chao-lung), ‘‘five clawed dragon.’”? This grows in 
hedges as a vine, has a greenish white flower, an angled stalk, 
and bears fruits somewhat resembling the berries of Solazwm 
nigrum. ‘The root is mucilaginous, and is the part used in 
medicine. It has special reputation in the treatment of can- 
cerous sores, boils, insect bites, and all sorts of inflammatory 
swellings. It is also diuretic, and is used in the treatment of 
hemorrhage from the bladder. 


VITIS SERIAN HFOLIA.—fy & (Pai-lien), 954. Other 
names for it are fy Hi (Pai-kén) and 9 Gl Jf (Mao-érh-luan). 
It is a common plant in mid-China, having a tuberous root 
with reddish black skin, white flesh, and collected together in a 
mass like a nest of duck’s eggs. The medicinal virtues of the 
different parts of the plant are the same, but the root is the part 
commonly employed in medicine. It is used in inflammatory 
swellings of all kinds, being considered anodyne and cooling. 
It is also recommended in the nervous disorders of children, 
ague, swelling of the genitals in women, and menorrhagia. 


VITIS VINIFERA.—*@j 4 (P‘u-t‘ao). As this name is 
also written 7f Pk (P‘u-t‘ao), being different characters of the 
same sound, it is entirely probable that these represent some 
foreign name. Indeed it is said in the history of the Han 
dynasty that the famous general Chang Chien introduced them 


es 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. , 459 


from western Asia about B.C. 120-125. Li Shih-chén notes 
that the grape was known in China from very early times, but 
he probably confounds other species of Vz¢c’s with the domestic 
grape. It is certain that this vine has not been cultivated very 
extensively in China to the present time. No improvement in 
the original species has taken place under Chinese cultivation, 
and good western varieties have only been introduced within 
recent times by missionaries. ‘The description in the Pézsao 
is fairly good, and the appreciation of the virtues of this fruit 
is fully shown in its medicinal applications. The fruit is con- 
sidered strengthening, cooling, constructive, diuretic, and 
anthilithic. It is recommended to bring out the eruption in 
small-pox. A decoction of the root, vine, or leaves is recom- 
mended in the vomiting of cholera, vomiting of pregnancy, and 
threatened abortion. It is also diuretic and useful in dropsy. 

WINE. —-#j 4 (8 (P‘u-t‘ao-chiu). With the Chinese there 
are two kinds of grape wine; the fermented and the distilled. 
The former is called AjE 4j 49 7 (Niang-p‘u-t‘ao-chiu) and the 
latter 8 4] 49 WH (Shao-p‘u-t‘ao-chiu). ‘The fermented is pro- 
duced by mixing the expressed juice with leaven in the usual 
manner which the Chinese use, or the dried grapes may be 
used. The distilled is fermented in the same manner, but is 
afterwards distilled by the usual method employed by the 
Chinese, resulting in a form of weak brandy. However, it is 
strong enough to be considered very poisonous, producing 
inebriation much more quickly than the ordinary Chinese is 
accustomed to. Foreign brandies are also mentioned, some of 
them being considered stronger and some weaker than the 
native product. One of these is called PA fi) ye (Ha-la-huo), 
which may be a transliteration of ‘‘hollands,’’ or maybe of 
‘falcohol.’? ‘The fermented wine is considered warming, and 
is recommended in kidney affections and for improving the 
color. The stimulating properties of the distilled wine are 
fully recognized, and it is used to prevent hunger, stimulate the 
intellect, and quiet the centers, which all know it seems to do. 
But the Chinese have a certain amount of prejudice against 
grape-wine on account of its heating properties, which are 
supposed to be given to it by the reputed origin of the grape 
from the volcanic districts of Turfan. 


460 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Ww. 


WAHLENBERGIA MARGINATA.—q #€ py 2 (Hsi- 
yeh-sha-shén). See Adenophera. 


WICKSTRG@IMIA CHAMADAPHNE.—3é 7 (Yiian- 
hua). See Daphne genkwa. 


WICKSTRG@MIA JAPONICA.—s€ 7 (Jao-hua). 
There is not much description of this plant, and what there is 
is somewhat conflicting. There seem to be two kinds, one 
with white and the other with yellow flowers. It is regarded 
as poisonous, and is used medicinally in typhoid fever, ague, 
coughs, and its action is regarded as diuretic. 


WISTARIA CHINENSIS.—3 j@ (Tzii-t‘eng). The 
description given in the /én-¢sao is sufficient to identify this 
plant, and in some parts of China it is called 44 2 ji (Chao- 
tou-t‘eng). The seeds, if placed in wine, are said to preserve 
it from spoiling, and if put into wine that is already spoiled 
will restore its good qualities. It is considered slightly delete- 
rious, and is prescribed as a diuretic and in a disease of the 
heart called }€ (Yin). 


WOODWARDIA JAPONICA.—}y # (Kou-chi), 606. 
This is the Japanese identification which Faber refers to Wood- 
wardia radicans , but this is evidently a mistake, so far as the 
genuine Kou-chi plant is concerned. See Polypodium barometz. 


WOODWARDIA RADICANS.—¥ 3% (Kuan-chung), 647. 
This entry in the /én-tsao refers to Aspidium, Nephrodium, 
Onoclea, and other ferns, as well as to Woodwardia. A number 
of Chinese names is given, such as & @j (Kuan-chieh), # # 
(Kuan-ch‘ii), 7 5A (Pai-t‘ou), Fi Ks BA (Ts‘ao-ch‘ih-t‘ou), B fig 
# (Hei-kou-chi), and Ja & ¥ (Féng-wei-ts‘ao). The last is said 
to be the name of the herbage, and the first the name of the 
root, referring to the manner in which the rootstock is seem- 
ingly strung together. Exact identifications are exceedingly 
difficult, especially as the Chinese confound both genera and 
species. Medicinal uses are given under Vephrodium filix mas. 


I t= ee el Se 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 461 


oe. 


XANTHIUM STRUMARIUM.—# ¥ (Hsi-érh). This 
is a common weed throughout China. At Peking, and also in 
the south, it is called # H- (Ts‘ang-érh), 1328. Another name 
is # He (Chian-érh); but this in Japan is Cerasteum gluteno- 
sum. ‘The fruits are said to look like a woman’s ear pendant, 
and for this reason are called Hj (Erh- -tang). Because the 
fruits are prickly and adhere to the fleeces of sheep that are 
being driven about the country for pasturage, the plant is 
scattered widely, and for this reason it is sometimes called =6 
#4 3 (Yang-fu-lai), ‘‘sheep-carried-it-here.’? A number of 
other names are given, being applied in different parts of the 
country, and on account of various resemblances or uses. The 
leaves are eaten, and also used for dyeing yellow. ' The fruits 
are considered slightly deleterious, and are used as a tonic, 
anti-strumous, anti-rheumatic, anti-periodic, and diuretic 


-remedy. The shoot and leaves have cooling and quieting 


properties ascribed to them, and are used as an astringent and 
hemostatic. The root, 1329, is not mentioned in the /éztsao, 
except as being pobiiea with the leaves in the preparation of 
an extract (see Extracts in the Appendix). The flowers are 
recommended in the Appendix of the Pézésao as a remedy 
in colds. 


XANTHOCERAS SORBIFOLIA.—%X% 3% # (Wen- 
kuang-kuo). This beautiful tree grows wild in Tartary, is 
cultivated in Peking, and is now found in most of the botanical 
gardens of Europe and America. The Chinese name is found 
in the Péz/sao in a foot-note to the article on Ficus carica,; but 
there is no description of the plant, and none of the fruit, 
except that it resembles the fig and tastes like the chestnut, 
being ripe in the fifth moon. No medicinal virtues are 
ascribed. 


XYLOSMA RACEMOSUM.—% 7 (Tung-ch‘ing). See 
Tlex pedunculosa and Ligustrum ies 


462 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Z. 


ZANTHOXYLUM AILANTHOIDES.—# # # (Shih- 
chu-yii). This is also called jk fg (Yiieh-chiao) and $k + 
(La-tzu). A common name by which it is described in the 
Péntsao is ##& F- (Tang-tzu). It is said to grow in Fukien 
and is a lofty tree, resembling Az/anthus, but is thorny. ‘The 
fruits are pungeut and are eaten by the people as a substitute 
for the ordinary red-pepper. The tree also grows in other 
parts of China, has a mottled bark and yellow flowers. The 
fruits are green in color, and are gathered by the people in the 
eighth month, bruised together with lime and the juice 
expressed, which is called 3& jf (Ai-yu) or $ 3€ ith (La-t'‘sai- 
yu), and eaten as a condiment. Medicinally, the fruits are 
considered to be slightly deleterious, but their virtues are 
regarded as practically identical with those of Boymza rute- 
carpa, with which this product is frequently confounded. 
Carminative, tussic, stimulant, and counter-poisonous virtues 
are ascribed, and the drug is prescribed in diarrhceas, leucor- 
rhoea, aud chronic dysentery. 


ZANTHOXYLUM BUNGEI.—Z fy (Ch ‘in-chiao) ; also 
called Jo Hg (Ta-chiao) and 4% 4g (Hua-chiao), 492. As in- 
dicated by the first name, this originally came from Shensi, 
and the drug consists of the small, red, tuberculated carpels, 
called 4g #0 (Chiao-hung), inclosing the black, round, shining 
seed. By abortion, the carpels, normally four in number, are 
reduced to two, and the slender pedicles attached to the carpels 
are often found mixed with the dehisced carpels. The drug 
has an aromatic odor, and a peculiar, pungent, and terebin- 
thinate flavor, with a benumbing, acrid after-taste, faintly 
resembling that of aconite. The properties which render it 
condimental and medicinal are probably due to the oleo- 
resin of the tubercles of the pericarp. The leaves are also 
collected and used with the fruits as medicine. They are also 
employed for feeding silk-worms. The resemblance of this fruit 
to Zanthoxylum piperitum is noted, but the fruits are said to 
be larger and the seeds smaller than in the latter. It occurs in 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 463 


different parts of the country in both the wild and cultivated 
state. Its medicinal virtues are considered to be carminative, 
stimulant, sudorific, emmenagogue, astringent, and anthelmin- 
tic. Its use asa condiment is regarded as highly beneficial to 
all the vital processes. An infusion in vinegar dropped into 
the ear is said to be able to drive out every form of bug 
or worm that may have invaded that cavity. 


ZANTHOXYLUM PIPERITUM.—# 4 (Shu-chiao), 
commonly called Jif ##¢ (Ch‘uan-chiao), 241, and also PR 4g 
(Nan-chiao). As the name indicates, this is the Szechuan 
species, and is much cultivated in western China. It is a 
shrub from four to five feet high, spiny, with hard, shining 
leaves, and fruits appearing in the axils of the twigs and 
leaves. ‘These fruits are the size of a small pea, have a 
purplish-red skin, and contain a shining, black seed, resem- 
bling the pupil of the eye, and for this reason called # A 
(Chiao-mu), ‘‘pepper eyes.’’? It is not always clearly distin- 
guished from Zanthoxylum bunget. The carpels, which are 
called # #0 (Chiao-hung), are considered somewhat deleterious. 
It is probable also that they are sometimes confounded with 
some other acrid drug, as it is said that the kind which 
closes the mouth (benumbing or acrid) will produce death. 
The prolonged use of these carpels is said to produce im- 
becility and to injure the blood vessels. Medicinally, they are 
carminative, stimulant, warming, tussic, antimalarial, and 
prophylactic. They are recommended in dysentery, spermat- 
orrhoea, galactorrhcea, and polyuria. Externally, they are 
used as a stimulant to the skin and as a parasiticide. The 
seeds are considered diuretic, and are used in dropsies, diseases 
of the kidney and bladder, and in asthma. ‘The leaves have 
properties similar to those of the fruits, and are prescribed in 
similar cases. A decoction of these is recommended in varnish- 
poisoning. ‘The root is made into a decoction and used in 
kidney and bladder difficulties, and externally in ecchymoses 
and other skin affections. 


ZANTHOXYLUM SCHINNIFOLIUM. — jf (Yai- 
chiao) ; also called #f #{f (Yeh-chiao). This isa wild species, 


464 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA, 


resembling Zanthoxylum piperitum, but having gray, dull 
seeds, instead of black. The seeds are parched, and fed to 
chickens and ducks. ‘The carpels of this plant are mixed with 
wild ginger and administered with wine as a remedy for 
asthma and coughs. 


ZANTHOXYLUM \Sp.—#x Hq (Wan-chiao). This is a 
Yunnan species, is a creeper instead of a shrub, and is also 
called 3% 4g (Chu-chiao), “pig pepper,” fy 4% (Kou-chiao), 
“dog pepper,’’ and 4p ##% (Chin-chiao), ‘‘golden pepper.’’ It 
grows wild in thickets, and has a pliant stem. The natives 
eat it. The fruit, root, and stem are all used medicinally in 
colds, coughs, dropsy, and externally as as a wash to hemor- 
rhoids. 

ji, #g (Ti-chiao). This is a still smaller creeper and 
comes from Shangtang in Shansi. It has a very small stalk 
and leaves, aud purplish-white flowers. The leaves are boiled 
with mutton to give a flavor. The medicinal properties of the 
fruits are anodyne and anthelmintic. 


ZEA MAYS.—* ff % (Yii-shu-shu) ; also called — Wy 
Ye (Yii-kao-liang). This came from the west, and the descrip- 
tion given in the Péztsao is characteristic. (Common names 
for the 7zdian corn are 7\ % (Pa-lu) and ~ ¥# (Liu-su), ‘‘the 
sixth grain.’? ‘The corn is regarded as nutritious and sto- 
machic. A decoction of the root and leaves is used in urinary 
difficulties, strangury, and gravel. 


ZELKOWA KEAKI.—#& jp) (Chii-liu). See Pterocarya 


stenoptera. 


ZINGIBER MIOGA.—#¢ jip (Jang-ho). Henry refers 
these characters to Lz/iéum giganteum, but without doubt the 
description given in the Péztsao indicates Zngiber. There 
seems to be two sorts, one with a red root, the other with a white. 
The leaves are said to resemble those of the banana, and the 
roots are like ginger roots, but more succulent. The roots are 
often pickled in the same manner as ginger. They are con- 
sidered to be slightly deleterious, and are prescribed in malaria, 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. | 465 


malacia, insect and scorpion bites, and the decoction as a 
wash in inflamed eyes. The leaves have similar virtues, and 
in addition to the uses already indicated, are used as a 
prophylactic. 


ZINGIBER OFFICINALE.—# (Chiang), 574. In the 
Péntsao this is given in two articles, one on 4E # (Shéng- 
chiang), ‘‘fresh ginger,’? and the other on #% #£ (Kan-chiang), 
“dry ginger.” Originally, the whole was discussed under 
the latter title, but Li Shi-chéu, for some reason best known to 
himself, separated them in this manner, and discusses under 
Shéng-chiang ¥& He # (Kan-shéng-chiang), ‘‘dry fresh gin- 
ger.’? He does not succeed in making out any essential dif- 
fereuce between the two articles discussed. The character 
Chiang is explained by ##@ (Chiang), which would indicate that 
ginger was not originally a native product, but caine from the 
Mongolian borders. The product is very well described in 
the /éntsao. It is largely cultivated in the central provinces, 
and is much eaten in the green state as a condiment and 
corrective. ‘That grown in the southern provinces’ is much 
less mucilaginous than that grown in the Yangtse valley, and 
‘ consequently is better adapted for making preserves and sweet- 
meats. Most of the preserved ginger found in the market, 
therefore, comes from the south. It is called #§ # (T‘ang- 
chiang). Dry ginger, such as is tound in the west, is not 
easily made from the Chinese root, as the skin does not readily 
separate by maceration. What is known as dry ginger in 
China occurs in flat pieces, of an inch in length, much 
shrivelled and wrinkled. The taste is much inferior to that 
from the West Indies and other gingers. The fresh ginger is 
used to correct fetor, stimulate the digestive organs, quiet 
nausea, check cough, and act as a carminative and astringent 
remedy in dysentery. It isalso thought to overcome the poison 
of mushrooms. ‘The dried ginger has similar properties, and 
is also used in urinary difficulties, hemorrhages, constipation, 
and perverted lochia. The ginger skin, # Je (Chiang-p‘1), 
77, is also used as a carminative remedy and in opacity of the 
cornea. The ginger leaves are bruised and the juice used as a 
digestive stimulant and as a local application in ecchymoses. 


466 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


An oil of ginger, # jf (Chiang-yu), 80, is made in Kuang- 
tung and used as a condiment. Indian ginger, K & & = 
(T‘ien-chu-kan-chiang), is also mentioned in the FPéxtsao ina 
foot note to the present article. Kan-chiang is also called 
(j # (Pai-chiang). 


ZIZANIA AQUATICA.—¥f (Ku). See AWydropyrum 
latifolum. 


ZIZYPHUS JUJUBA.—i% 3 (Suan-tsao). This is the 
wild, spinous form of Zzzyphus vulgaris, which in its cultivated 
state has no spines. This wild form is a very thorny shrub, 
producing small, spherical, sour, edible fruits, having a globular 
pit. It is used for hedges. The dried, crushed, red drupes of 
this and other rhamnaceous trees are sold in the shops under the 
name of 3% y& (Tsao-p‘i), 1337, and #& fy (Tsao-jou), 1336, and 
these are said to be stomachic and tonic. .The kernels of these 
fruits and also of Rhamnus soporzfer, if indeed these are not the 
same, are sold under the name of @@ # {& (Suan-tsao-jén), 1205. 
As the name .Szaz-tsao is also used for Dzospyros lotus, it may 
be that these refer also to the kernels of that fruit. They are 
used as sedatives. From the fact that the tree grows in the 
mountains it is sometimes also called |lj # (Shan-tsao). The 
fruits are considered cooling, anodyne, and tonic. If eaten 
frequently, they are said to increase the flesh and strength. 
They are recommended in rheumatic difficulties and especially 
in sleeplessness, whether from weakness or from pain. 


ZIZYPHUS VULGARIS.—# (Tsao). This is the com- 
mon cultivated jwjube. It is grown in different parts of China, 
and has been cultivated from most ancient times. Those 
growing in the north are known as qi 3% (Pei-tsao), and those 
in the South as fy # (Nan-tsao). The green dates are said to 
produce fever, and those who are in low flesh should not eat 
them. ‘The large dates, Je #é (Ta-tsao), are also called ff #R 
(Kan-tsao), 32 # (Mei-tsao), and fE 3 (Liang-tsao). They 
are much used in medicine, especially in the preparation of 
pill masses and confections. They are considered nourishing, 
beneficial to the viscera, tonic, quieting, and laxative. They 


EY 


ee 


VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 467 


are thought to be antagonistic to Aconzte, and are recom- 
mended in nausea and vomiting, ague, abdominal pain in 
pregnancy, and as a poultice in cancrum oris. The three- 
year old kernels of the stones are considered especially effica- 
cious in abdominal pain and as an application to wounds. 
The leaves of the tree are regarded as diaphoretic, and are 
prescribed in the typhoid fever of children. The heartwood 
of the tree is recommended in marasmus, or the disease 
known as #& (Ku), and a decoction of it is said to have 
a beneficial action on the blood. The root is used in the 
eruptive fevers of children, and to promote the growth of hair. 
The bark is used in decoction, together with mulberry bark, 
as a wash to old inflamations of the eyes. 


ZIZYPHUS Sp. or Rhamnus Sp.—ff HB A (Chung-ssii- 
tsao), also called {jl} 38 (Hsien-tsao). A fairy (fj) named (fp BB) 
discovered this tree, hence the name. The fruit resembles 
the jujube, is two inches long, purple in color, striated, has 
a'small stone, and is sweet in taste. It is regarded as tonic, 
moistening to the tissues, expectorant, and gives a good color 
to those who eat it for a long time. 

2 (K‘u-tsao). This also has a Buddhist name; JR jt 
(Chiieh-i). It is said to grow almost everywhere, has a fruit 
green and small, intensely bitter, and therefore it cannot be 
eaten. Its virtues are said to be antifebrile, diuretic, and 
purgative. 


) i 
Meg 
4 ; : 
yy ‘ ay) : 
i 
i 
* + 
i =“. i 
} ” 
Phe a 
P| Pen 4 
' : 
; 
Poel : 
a 
t 
P 
ca 
i} ) 
} ' : 
‘ i 
; zy + 
mY 
hi 
‘ 
= " t 
‘ a 
- e fe 
+ . 
' 
4 ba Se. , is, 
L ‘ x i o 4 
F * 
| 
’ 
- 3 
U 
\ 
yy 
— 
‘ 
y ta 
mT 


APPENDIX. 


Since the first half of this work was in press, the identifica- 
tions of other plants have been found; and owing to the 
alphabetical arrangement of the work, it is necessary to place 
those belonging to the first half of the alphabet in an appendix. 
There are also other drugs considered by the Chinese to be 
important, but which have not been fully identified. These 
are also placed here. It was not originally intended to include 
pharmaceutical preparations in the work ; but it was afterwards 
thought desirable todo this. Therefore Decoctzons, Essences, 
and “#xtracts will also be found here. Finally, a list of the 
rare drugs mentioned in the Féz¢sao, but which have not been 
identified, is placed at the close of the Appendix. In the 
interests of the study of botany, it is hoped that many of these 
will be identified in the near future. 


ABUTILON AVICENNA.—%7f§ Jit (Hsiang-ma). The first 
character is usually read Méng; but in this case the sound is 
taken from the Zang Péntsao. Another name is & Jif (Pai- 
ma), and the classical name is f (Ch‘ing). The plant is the 
same as S7da ¢zlieyolia aud grows commonly in northern China 
both in the wild and cultivated state. Its fiber is used for 
making cloth and cordage. It grows to the height of from 
four to seven feet, and has leaves resembling those of 
Behmeria nivea ,; it bears a yellow flower and seeds like the 
hollyhock, but black. The name ‘‘white hemp”’ refers to the 
color of the fiber, which is very flossy and inflammable. Chil- 
dren sometimes eat the seeds of the plant. The fruits are 
prescribed in dysentery, and are used in opacity of the cornea 
and entropion. The root is also used for the same difficulties. 


ZAGLE SEPIARIA.—# ff (Kou-chii) ; also called & i% 
(Ch‘ou-chii). This is a citrus-like tree, thorny, bearing in the 
second month white flowers with green stamens, and not fra- 
grant. Its fruit resembles that of Cztrus fusca, but with a more 
horny rind. The plant is grown as a hedge, and the rinds of 


470 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


the fruit are sometimes substituted for green orange peel. The 
leaves are prescribed in dysentery with mucous and bloody 
stools, and in, derangements of the digestive organs generally. 
The thorns are used in tooth-ache. The seeds are also prescribed 
in fluxes, and the bark of the tree in colds. Also see the 
article on page 19. 


ALLIUM VICTORIALIS.—jl] 7 (Shan-suan); also 
called }#€ 7% (Ts‘€-suan), and the classical name is § (Li). This 
is a common plant in the north of China. It has a root like 
garlic, and a leaf like the leek. The plant is used as a car- 
minative and in profuse menstruation. Also see page 26. 


ANGELICA Sp.—#} #% Ei (Tu-kuan-ts‘ao). This is a 
plant which grows wild, and has a root resembling that of 
Peucedanum. Its leaves resemble those of Arvalza, and the 
root is used in medicine, in the treatment of swellings, tumors, 
ecchymoses, throat difficulties, and centipede bites. 


ANGELICA KIUSIANA.—tgg %% (Hsien-ts‘ao). This is 
given in the /éztsao under the article on Ahws semzalata, and 
is said to come from a women’s kingdom located to the east of 
the country of Fulin, is fragrant, saline, and is eaten as a vege- 
table. Its leaves are said to resemble those of Seselz Libanotzs. 


ANISONIA ELLIPTICA (?)—3K tf Bf (Shui-kan-ts‘ao). 
This grows by the side of water streams, shoots up in the 
spring with green stalk and leaves, and is said to bear no 
flower. ‘The herbage is decocted with licorice root, and used 
in the febricula of children. 


ARACHIS HYPOGA(A.—¥ 7 4 (Lo-hua-shéng) The 
peanut or goober is not indigenous to China, having been 
introduced from abroad some time previous to the eighteenth 
century. The name is derived from the way the young pod 
has of thrusting itself into the ground at the time of the falling 
of the flower. In common use the name has been contracted 
to 7£ 44 (Hua-shéng). Other names are 2 4A Rt (Ch‘ang-shéng- 
kuo) and -- & (T‘u-tou). A very good description of the 
plant and its manner of cultivation is given in the Appendix to 


. 


APPENDIX. 471 


the Pénxtsao. It is said to have been introduced into China 
from the country of Fusang (#& 3%) by a priest (ff) during the 
first year of the reign of Kanghsi. It was introduced into 
Fukien, and the nuts from this province are still regarded as 
the best, although they are now extensively grown in the 
Yangtze valley and other parts of China. There are two 
principal kinds raised in China, that known as the native 
peanut having a small, rough pod; but the beans being very 
sweet and tasty. The other kind, sometimes called the foreign 
peanut, which may be, and probably is, of later introduction 
than the other, is larger, and more resembles that grown in 
the southern United States, atthough not so large, nor is the 
plaut so prolific. This is probably due to less favorable condi- 
tions of cultivation. Peanuts are regarded by the Chinese 
with much favor as an article of diet, and very large quantities 
are roasted and eaten by all classes of people. ‘They are con- 
sidered to be nutritive, peptic, demulcent, and pectoral ; in 
the last case being recommended to be eaten raw. Cases 
are reported in which those affected with chronic coughs 
(phthisis ?) have been fully cured by eating one or two ounces 
of raw peanuts daily for half a year. ‘They are also shelled, 
crushed, and mixed with meat-broth for this purpose. The 
oil, #€ 4E wh (Hua-shéng-yu), is made in many places in China, 
and is a fair substitute for olive oil. It is laxative and pectoral. 


ARALIA SPINOSA.—#% 7 (Ts‘ung-mu). This. grows 
in the mountain valleys of central China to the height of more 
than ten feet. It is the Angelica-tree, and is well described in 
the Péntsao. ‘The crown leaves are eaten by the people where 
it grows, and are called W HR (Wén-t‘ou). The tree is also 
called #8 Ay #§ (Ch‘iao-pu-tao), ‘‘the magpie does not perch,”’ 
on account of the fewness of its branches and its thorny nature. 
The white bark is used medicinally, and is considered to be 
slightly poisonous. It is used as a diuretic, and also has 
sialagogue properties. 


ARDISIA CRISPA.—# fy #k (Chu-sha-kén). This 
‘‘cinnabar-root’’ grows in the mountains of central China. 
It has a leaf like //ex, but very red on the lower side. The 


472 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


root, which is the part used in medicine, is also red. It is used 
in throat difficulties, being made into a gargle with vinegar 
and water. 


ARDISIA HORTORUM.— jf 4 (Pai-liang-chin). 
This is a woody shrub not more than two or three feet high, 
growing in Yunnan. ‘The leaves are at first green on both 
sides ; but later the under side turns purple, and the shrub is 
only partially deciduous. It bears pearl colored flowers and 
fruits the size of a pea, which turn red when ripe. The root 
is red and fleshy. It is used in fevers, throat difficulties, and 
excessive salivation. 


ARDISIA JAPONICA.—3§ 4 4 (Tzii-chin-niu). This 
grows in Fukien, has a leaf like that of the tea shrub, green 
on the face and purple on the back. ‘The fruits are round and 
purplish-red in color. The root is used in medicine for 
influenza and asa carminative. It is said to render fluid the 
blood. oJ. fF (Hsiao-ch‘ing) is also suggested as Ardzsia 
japonica, but the descriptions do not agree. 


ARISH#MA SURATUM.—8& (J BR (P‘an-tao-tséng). 
There is no description of this except that it has a stalk and 
leaves like Mentha arvensis. It is antifebrile and _thirst- 
relieving. 


ASPARAGUS GIBBUS.—fé— 3% Hi (Lung-hsu-ts‘ao). 
This term is found in the Péxztsao in two places; but one 
seems to refer to a cyperaceous grass used to inake mats, while 
the other refers to a sea-weed. Asparagus gibbus grows in the 
northern provinces, but it does not seem to be mentioned in 
the books. 


BECKMANNIA ERUCASFORMIS.—}qyj Hi (Wang-ts‘ao). 
The classical name is & (Huang), and others are 5f fy (Shou- 
t‘ien) and SF $@ (Shou-ch‘i). It grows in wet fields and resem- 
bles wheat, but is smaller. It is ripe in the fourth month and 
is used for food. It has some resemblance to Hydropyrum. 
The grain is cooling, nutritious, and generally beneficial to the 
digestive organs. 


ace a. aS . 


APPENDIX. 473 


BETA VULGARIS.—Since the article on page 68 was in 
print, the Chinese name has been found in the Péztsao with 
the first character wrongly written 3. The plant was formerly 
used for making a fish condiment. ‘whe leaves are used by the 
people at the south as a pot-herb. Li Shih-chén gives a fair 
description of the plant, but does not clearly indicate its 
biennial nature. Medicinally, it is regarded as cooling, and is 
recommended in dysentery, as a hemostatic, stomachic, and 


_ constructive. It is specially recommended for women. The 


root acts on the blood vessels, is carminative and tussic. The 
seeds are used in the favus of children, and steeped in vinegar 
are considered a good application to the face to remove cosmetic 
powders. They are also used in bleeding piles. 


BOCCONIA CORDATA.—fi#& #% 44 (Po-lo-hui). This 
grows in the mountain valleys of the Yangtze provinces, has a 
stalk and leaves like Recinus communts, a hollow stem contain- 
ing a yellow sap which is exceedingly poisonous. When dry, 
the stem may be used asa whistle. Being very poisonous, this 
plant is regarded as an admirable counter-poison in all forms of 
poisoned sores, abscesses, carcinoma, and the Aw disease. 


CAKES, PASTRY, AND SWEET-MEATS.—The term 
f£ (Kao) is applied to sweet cakes, puddings, and the like. 
They are usually steamed and made of glutinous rice, glutinous 
millet, or common rice flour. Those made of glutinous rice are 
called ¥#¢ (Tziti), and those made of rice, beans, and sugar are 
called #J{ (Erh). Those made of the common rice are con- 
sidered the most digestible, while those made of common millet 
are thought to injure the spleen and should be forbidden to 
children. The former nourish the spleen, stomach, intestines, 
benefit the breath, and harmonize the centers. The latter 
benefit the breath, warm the centers, and assist in excretion. 
They are specially recommended in the diarrhceas of the aged. 

# (Vsung) is the name of the three-cornered dumplings 
extensively used at the Fifth Moon feast. The character is 
commonly written #% (Tsung). Another name, referring to 
their shape and the substance from which they were made in 
ancient times, is ff 4 (Chio-shu), They are now most fre- 


474 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


quently made of glutinous rice. Formerly, at the Fifth Moon 
feast, they were thrown into the river to feed the scaly dragon 
(es fg, Chiao-lung). They are considered to be an excellent 
adjuvant to anti-malarial remedies. 

A kind of fried cake which was formerly made and eaten 
the day before the Feast of All Souls (about April 5th), and 
is still made to some extent, takes its name from the day above 
referred to, and is called 3€ H. (Han-chii), ‘‘cold articles.” 
It is said to keep for several months. Other names are 
#3 UA (Nien-t‘ou), ‘‘pick-ups,’’ #8 @ (Huan-ping), ‘‘ring © 
cakes,’’? and #4 (San). ‘They are nade of glutinous rice and 
flour, with a little salt, and are fried in sesamum oil. They 
are used as an antidote to tobacco smoking, are said to tone 
up the excretory organs, lubricate the intestines, warm the 
centers, and benefit the breath. Chronic dysentery is treated 
with them. 


STEAMED CAKES, #  (Chéng-ping), are made of wheat 
flour, and are of many varieties. ‘They are usually raised 
with leaven, and are eaten both hot and cold, being included 
among the cold foods above referred to. They are considered 
to be peptic, nourishing, anhydrotic, and eliminative. They 
are recommended in chronic diarrhoea, menorrhagia, colli- 
quative sweating, burns, scalds, fractures, and other injuries. 

SWEET-MEATS are known by the names fig ff (I-t‘ang) 
and §}§ (Hsing). They are made of a variety of grains and 
seeds; but that used medicinally is made of glutinous rice, 
with that made of maize sometimes employed. It is said to 
be best in the form of a thick treacle, like the Japanese mdsz 
ame. It is often made of malted grain, when it probably much 
resembles glucose. It is regarded as tonic, cooling, strengthen- 
ing, carminative, and expectorant. It is also regarded as an 
antidote to aconite poisoning. Externally it is applied to 
virulent sores and wounds. 


CAREX PACHYGYNA.— #8 (Yai-tsung). There is 
not much description of this. It is used with three unidentified 
plants S{f 3 jig (Chi-wéng-t‘eng), 4F J [el (Pan-t‘ien-hui), and 
D> Gy Pb (Yeh-lan-kén), as a woman’s remedy in wasting 
diseases, 


APPENDIX. 475 


CHARCOAL, VEGETABLE.—jé (Tan), & Be (Pai- 
t‘an). The Péztsao directs that charcoal for medicinal use 
should be made of oak wood. ‘The powder jx 4é (T‘an-mo) is 
directed to be mixed with water and taken after the accidental 
swallowing of coins or metallic substances. Mixed with honey, 
it is given in acute diseases of the throat, or is combined with 
other drugs in the treatment of dysentery. Charcoal dust is 
mixed with sesamum oil and applied to burns and scalds. It 
is mixed with water and used as an antidote to poisoning by 
mercury or calomel. Chinese families make it a practice to 
burn a portion of charcoal in their houses on the last night of 
the year to drive away evil spirits and noxious effluvia. 
Doubtless the carbon dioxide has some influence as a disinfect- 
ant, which makes the house a little more sanitary for the New 
Year’s day. There are frequent accidents from the inhaling 
of charcoal fumes; but they are fewer than would be expected 
from the frequency with which charcoal braziers are used in 
Chinese houses. Doubtless the open character of the house 
prevents this danger from being more serious than it is. 
Accidents of this kind to foreigners’ servants, who often sleep 
in close rooms which they try to heat with a charcoal fire, are 
more common than in the Chinese houses. 

Soor is called  ¥& 9H (Pai-ts‘ao-shuang), 966, and is 
used as an antifebrile, astringent, styptic, absorbent, alterative, 
deobstruent, and topical remedy. A ready supply is always 
found in the Chinese household, in that which may be scraped 
from the bottom of the ordinary cooking pot, and which is 
called & }}§ 28 (Fu-chi-mo). 


CHENOPODIUM Sp.—Several Chinese plants may be 
referred to this classification, Bf $6 3€ (Yeh-p‘o-ts‘ai), #2 Ye Se 
(Lo-han-ts‘ai), 7 3% (Shang-t‘iao), and # (Li). None of 
these are described in the Péztsao except the last. This: 
character is also applied to Veratrum and Aconitum ; but in 
this place is made the equivalent of #€ (Lai), which seems to 
be Chenopodium. ‘This is also called ££ wh 7 #2 (Hung-hsin- 
hui-t‘iao), ‘‘red-hearted-goose-foot,’’ #§ JH Hi (Hao-ting-ts‘ao), 
“‘crane’s crest vegetable,’? and fit J 3€ (Yén-chih-ts‘ai), 
‘‘cosmetic vegetable.’? It resembles Chenopodium album, but 


476 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


has a red heart. When young, it is used as food. When old, 
the stalk can be used as a staff. It is also called #3 # (Li- 
huo), and a remark made by Li Shih-chén suggests that this 
name was also applied to Sorghum vulgare (jf Yt, Kao-liang), 
and it may have been this which Fa Hsien saw, and by it 
recognised that he had once more reached the shores of China. 
The leaves and the stalk of the species under consideration are 
used in medicine; the former as an anthelmintic and insecti- 
cide, and the ashes of the latter as an escharotic in unhealthy 
grauulations and to remove warts. 


CONGEE.—5f} (Chou), BE (Mi). When this gruel has 
been boiled thick it is called f## (Chan), and when thin the 
name is fig (1). The number of these gruels is very large, and 
they are made from any of the cereal grains and other sub- 
stances, sometimes used alone and sometimes with an admix- 
ture of other drugs. The common congee is made of rice or 
millet, that made of the former being also known as Ff fix 
(Hsi-fan). This is almost the universal staple of the Chinese 
breakfast, being eaten with a relish of salted vegetables or bean 
curd. It is easily digested and fattening, and as a diet for the 
sick it is most excellent, being demulcent, cooling, easily 
digestible, and nourishing. Whena cemulcent is needed, as in 
bowel or bladder difficulties, there is nothing better, as it can 
easily be diluted by adding. boiling water, it can be strained, 
or meat broth, wine, or other substances can be added to it. 
It readily takes the place of, and excels, barley broth or 
barley water. To prepare it, a relatively small quantity of 
rice should be put to boil in a sufficiently large quantity of 
water, so that no water need be added to make the gruel of the 
right consistency. For this reason, it is better to use too 
much water rather than too little, as it rather improves the 
congee to boil it a long time until the water has sufficiently 
evaporated. ‘The gruel used for breakfast is usually much 
thicker than that given to the sick. ‘Two places where this 
gruel finds very practical use is in the case of nursing mothers, 
to increase the supply of milk, and in the case of hand-fed 
infants, as a useful addition to and diluent of cow’s milk. It 
should always be freshly made for this latter purpose. 


APPENDIX. 477 


Wheat Congee, )\, BE ih} (Hsiao-mai-chou), is considered 
to be cooling and is used in feverish conditions. 

Apricot Kernel Congee, called #€ @& if} (Han-shih-chou), 
is made of apricot or peach kernels and certain flowers. It is 
recommended for coughs, as a carminative, and stomachic. 

Congee made of glutinous rice, (f& 3k, No-mmi), glutinous 
Setaria ttalica (Ai HK, Shu-mi), and glutinous Panzcum 
miliacum (As Fk, Shu-mi), is used as a demulcent in diarrhceas, 
and vomiting, and is employed as a local application in small- 
pox in children. © 

Congee made of ordinary rice (ff 3%, Kéng-mi), Annamese 
tice (Al) 3€, Shan-mi), Indian corn (3£ 3K, Su-mi), and 
Sorghum vulgare (AK, Liang-mi), is considered to be diuretic, 
thirst-relieving, and nutrient. 

Congee of Phaseolus radiatus beans, Fp Jv FF Hf (Chih- 
hsiao-tou-chou), is diuretic, resolvant in dropsies, and: curative 
in gout. 

Congee of Phaseolus mungo beans, #& WH. tty (Lu-tou-chou), 
is cooling and thirst-relieving. 

Congee of poppy seeds, i HK Hf (Yii-mi-chou), relieves 
vomiting and benefits the large intestine. 

Congee of the kernels of Cozx lachryma, #8 YX E ay (I-i- 
jén-chou), is considered curative in rheumatism and beneficial 
to the digestive organs. 

Congee of lotus seed meal, iii -f- #} if (Lien-tzti-fén-chou), 
is tonic to the spleen and stomach, and astringent in diarrhoea 
and dysentery. 

Congee prepared of the meal made from the seeds of 
Euryale ferox, 3 '& ®t iH (Ch‘ien-shih-fén-chou), also called 
$8 HA jh} (Chi-tou-chou), is regarded as tonic and constructive, 
improving the vision and hearing. 

Congee made of the meal of the zwater chestnut, # "& Fp 
_ Kj (Ling-shih-fén-chon), is beneficial to the digestive organs, 
and cooling to the viscera. 

Chestnut Congee, 3 -f jf; (Li-tzii-chou), is tonic to the 
kidneys and strengthening to the loins and legs. 

Congee of Dioscorea quingueloba, SZ FA hy (Shu-yii-chou), 
is strengthening to the kidneys and virile organs, as well as 
to the digestive organs. 


478 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Taro Congee, 3£ if} (Yii-chou), is regarded as very nutri- 
tious. 

Congce made of the flour of Zly bulbs, Ty fp Bt Hy (Pai- 
ho-fén-chou), is moistening to the lungs and harmonizing to 
the centers, 

Radish Congee, #€ Bj if} (Lo-po-chou), is digestive and 
beneficial to the diaphragm. 

Carrot Congee, #} #€ 2 ik} (Hu-lo-po-chou), is carmina- 
tive and peptic. 

Purslane Congec, B %& jh} (Ma-ch‘ih-hsien-chou), is 
recommended for rheumatism and swellings. 

Rape Congee, i 36 yf} (Yu-ts‘ai-chou), is harmonizing to 
the centers and carminative. 

_ Pond weed Congee, FH ¥ Ze Hf (Chiin-ta-ts‘ai-chou), is 
strengthening to the stomach and beneficial to the spleen. 

Spinach Congec, }B BE SE i (Po-léng-ts‘ai-chou), is 
harmonizing and moistening to the viscera. 

Shepherd’ s-purse Congec, IR 3% i (Chi-ts‘ai-chou), 
brightens the eye and benefits the liver. 

Celery Congee, Fe ¥€ if (Ch‘in-ts‘ai-chou), is cooling in 
summer and beneficial to the intestines. 

Mallow Congec, 3© ¥ if, (K‘uei-ts‘ai-chou), is moistening 
in feverishness.and peptic. 

Mustard Congec, FE. 3 yy (Chieh-ts‘ai-chou), expels 
phlegm and prevents evil effluvia. 

Leek Congee, 3E 3€ ify (Chiu-ts‘ai-chou), is warming to 
the viscera. 

Salted onion Congee, AR Sk iy (Ts‘ung-shih-chou), is 
diaphoretic and lubricating to the muscles. 

Congee made of the meal of Pachyma cocos, {k 7 Bp Fy 
(Fu-ling-f€n-chou), is a general tonic and nutrient. 

Pine-nut kernel Congee, # F {= ify (Sung-tzii-jén-chou), 
is moistening to the heart and lungs, and harmonizes the large 
intestine. ; 

Wild jujube Congee, RE A te Hy (Suan-tsao-jén-chou), 
relieves fever and benefits the gall. 

Congee made of the seeds of Lyctum stnense, Hy HLF Hy 
- (Kou-chi-tzt-chou), is tonic to the blood and beneficial to the 
kidneys. 


APPENDIX. 479 


Scallion bulb Congee, # fy ty (Hsieh-pai-chou), cures 
“cold diarrhcea’’ in the aged. 

Ginger Congee, E #% if (Shéng-chiang-chou), is warming 
and antiseptic to the viscera. 


Red-pepper Congec, HE HR ih) (Hua-chiao-chou), prevents 
malaria and cold. 


Fennel Congee, JA Ff thy (Hui-hsiang-chou), harmonizes 
the stomach and cures hernia. 

Congee made with dlack pepper, #3 HR Hi} (Hu-chiao-chon), 
Congee of Boymia rutecarpa, Fz Ws ify (Chu-yti-chou), and 
Smart-weed Congee, $i HK ify (La-mi-chou), are all carmina- 
tive, and are recommended for pain in the bowels. 

Congee made of hemp seed, Jit — thy (Ma-tziti-chou), 
sesamum seed, #3 I} of} (Hu-ma-chou), or the kernels of - 
Prunus japonica $f} As {= Hy (Yu-li-jén-chou), are all moisten- 
ing to the intestines and cure rheumatism. 

Congee made of the seeds of Perzlla ocymoides, tie Oy 
(Su-tzii-chou), is carminative and benefits the diaphragm. 

Congee with bamboo-leaf decoction, {5 FE #; ify (Chu- he 
t‘ang-chou), is thirst relieving and purifies the heart. 

Congee with pig's kidney, FE Be tty (Ghu-sh@a-chioa), 
sheep’s kidney, > ¥F ify (Yang-shén-chou), or deers kidney, 
KE PS Hy (Lu-shén-chou), is thought to be strengthening in all 
wasting diseases of the kidneys. 

Congee with 4 bas liver, >f \¥F th; (Yang-kan-chou), or 
chicken’s liver, $3 JF ty (Chi-kan-chou), is cae used in 
diseases of the liver. 

Congee with mutton broth, 2 YH Fy (Yang- -chih-chou), or 
chicken broth, %§ {f+ hy (Chi-chih+chou), is recommended in 
wasting and shoinigiee 

age with duck broth, 8, + iy (Ya-chih-chou), or carp 
broth, Wh 4 YF yy (Li-yii-chih-chou), recommended in dropsy. 

Congee with mz/k, 4B FL iy (Niu-ju- fae is recommended 
for the thin and emaciated. 

Congee with milkcurd and honey, fig He Te (Su- mi-chou), 
is considered beneficial to the heart and lungs. ~ 

Congee to which has been added eb s horn hie cE 44 
RS A hy (Lu-chio-chiao-ju-chou), is eaten to benefit the vital 
principle and as constructive food. 


480 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA 


Congee to which drowned flour has been added, } ¥ A 
ify (Ch‘ao-mien-ju-chou), is used to cure “white dysentery.”’ 

Congee with baked salt, Be YS A, ify (Shao-yén-ju-chou), | 
is recommended in the treatment of bloody flux. 

Rehmannia glutinosa Congee, Hi Be yf, (Ti-huang-chou), 
is made by boiling the root with rice, and when it is nearly 
done adding curds and honey and boiling dry. ‘The mixture 
is afterwards boiled in water and eaten as a tonic to the blood 
and general constructive. 


COPAL.—It is not certain ‘that true copal has been 
brought to China in the past. Neither of the genera Zrachylo- 
bium nor Hymenea have been observed in this country, and if 
the substance itself has been brought in, it has not been dis- 
tinguished from gum anim, gum elemt, or dammar. 


CORCHOROPSIS CRENATA.—[f fifi (T'‘ien-ma). This 
grows in wild places, along water courses. The leaves are 
used in the treatment of cancerous sores, boils, and abscesses. 


CYNACHUM CAUDATUM.—yQ & # (Pai-t‘u-huo). 
Also called fy $§ (Pai-ko). This is a creeper growing in 
mountainous districts, and it somewhat resembles JZetaplexis 
stauntoni, It is not quite certain whether the root or shoot 
is used; one authority giving the former, another the latter. 
Its virtues are antagonistic to all forms of animal virus, and 
it is therefore used in all kinds of bites and stings. It is em- 
ployed internally in all kinds of infections. 


DAMMAR.—H ig jf (Pa-ma-yu). This is the translitera- 
tion of a Malay name, and is properly applied to the product 
yielded by Dammara australis and allied species. But with- 
out doubt it is often used for gam anim, gum elemz, copal, and 
other substances used in boat-caulking. In this way it came 
to be applied to coa/ tar. Dammar is imported into China 
from Borneo, Singapore, and indirectly from India, for caulk- 
ing seams in boats. Coal tar now largely takes its place. It 
is not mentioned in the Péztsao, is not known to be used in 
medicine, and is only mentioned here because it is sometimes 
confounded with gum elemi. 


APPENDIX. 481 


DECOCTIONS.—# #% #8 (T‘ang-yao-lei). While the 
character # is most commonly used for this class of prepara- 
tions, Ag (Chien) is also very frequently used, and with con- 
siderable less frequency we find # (Kéng) and #R (Yin), while 
4 (Ch‘a) and ¥ (Chih) are sometimes used for the same pur- 
pose. Most Chinese medicines are administered in decoction 
or infusion, but there are certain of these that have more or 
less of an officinal standing, of which the following are given 
in the Péztsao : 

Resolvent Decoction, 3% *P # (Chih-chung-t‘ang), com- 
posed of ginseng, Atractylis ovata, ginger, and licorice, and 
used in all diseases of the viscera, especially of the heart, lungs, 
and spleen. 

Tonic Decoction, W FF -f # (Ssi-chiin-tzt-t‘ang), com- 
posed of ginseng, Atractylis ovata, Pachyma cocos, dried 
licorice root, ginger, and dates, and it is used in all conditions 
of wasting or weakuess. 

Citrus-Atractylis Decoction, #8 ji % (Chih-shu-t‘ang), 
composed of Atractylis ovata and Citrus fusca, and prescribed 
in indigestion, flatulence, and derangement of the vital func- 
tions. 

Artemisia capillaris Decoction, fi B= (Yin-ch‘én-kéng), 
is recommended as a diuretic in fevers, especially in typhoid 
and malaria. 

Snow-fever Decoction, f% 32 2 % (Shang-han-hsiieh- 
chien), composed of Ephedra vulgaris, apricot kernels, and rhu- 
barb, boiled in snow-water by a complicated process, and evaporat- 
ed to the consistence to form pills. This is administered in 
typhoid and other fevers, and is said to produce diaphoresis and 
to check diarrhoea. 

Rehmannia glutinosa Decoction, fy te BL (Ti-huang- 
chien), made by decocting the root and evaporating the decoc- 
tion to the consistency to form pills. This is tonic, and 
is administered in hematemisis, hemoptysis, and _ cancer- 
ous swellings. Another decoction of the same is called fy 
#@ wy (Ti-sui-chien), and is composed of Rehmannia root, 
stag’s bone glue, ginger, honey, spirits and seeds of Perilla 
ocymoides. This is taken in the form of decoction as a tonic 
remedy. 


482 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Polygonum bistorta Decoction, 3 B % (Tzti-shén-t‘ang), 
composed of the root boiled together with licorice root, and 
used in dysentery. 

Anemone cernua Decoction, JA # & (Pai-t‘ou-wéng- 
t‘ang), composed of the root of this plant, Coptis teeta, Phel- 
lodendron amurense, and Fraxinus pubinervus. It is pre- 
scribed in inflammatory dysentery. In the case of post-partum 
bloody stools, licorice root and the medicinal glue known as 
pa} J (A-chiao) are added. 

Ophiopogon spicatus Decoction, BE PY & we (Mai-mén- 
tung-chien), composed of the fresh root and white honey 
decocted together, and prescribed as tonic and general con- 
structive remedy. 

Eclipta alba Decoction, 4> )& Fit (Chin-ling-chien), com- 
posed of this herb, raw ginger, and white honey. It is said to 
have the power of renewing a youthful appearance by chang- 
ing grey hair to black. 

Ague-checking Decoctions, # JE #% % (Chieh-nio-chu- 
t‘ang). Several formule for antimalarial decoctions are 
given, and the principal ingredient in these is Orixia japonica. 
The other ingredients vary with each prescription. 

Three cycle Decoction, = je 7% (San-chien-t‘ang), 
composed of the three forms of aconite recognised by the 
Chinese decocted together with ginger. It is considered to be 
vitalizing and depurative, and is recommended in difficulties 
marked by turbid urine. 

Roasted beans Purple Decoction, > Bo # # (Ch‘ao-tou- 
tzu-t‘ang), is made by roasting black beans, and digesting in 
clear spirits until the latter has a purple color. It is regarded 
as solvent to the blood, but can have no virtues except those 
of the spirits. 

Pien Chiao's three bean Decoction, fi #8 = B & (Pien- 
ch‘iao-san-tou-yin). Pien Chiao was a famous physician, and 
this is one of his prescriptions. It is composed of Phaseolus 
mtungo beans, Phaseolus radiatus beans, Glycine hispidia 
beans, and licorice root decocted together, and one may either 
eat the beans or drink the broth. It is supposed to be prophy- 
lactic to small-pox. 


APPENDIX. 483 


Deécoction of Orange peel, }& JR B (Chii-p‘i-t‘ang), is 
composed of orange peel and fresh ginger, and is prescribed in 
typhoid fever, vomiting, and cold hands and feet. 

Quickening the diaphragm Decoction, Pe BR & (K ‘uai- 
ko-t‘ang). This is composed of the peel of the unripe orange 
fruit, part of it having been digested in salt water for three 
days, part in plain boiling water, part in vinegar, and part in 
spirits, after which it is taken out and shredded and then 
roasted with salt toa brown color. ‘This is afterwards decocted 
with tea, and taken for hiccough and fullness after drinking 
wine. 

Fragant Orange Decoction, & Ki # (Hsiang-ch ‘éng-t‘ang). 
is made of coolie orange peel, fresh ginger, Artemisia vulgaris, 
and sandal-wood. It is first made into a sort of confection, 
and when it is wanted, a piece is taken and steeped in boiling 
water. It is carminative and antispasmodic. 

Red Dragon bark Decoction, Fp F~ JR HB (Ch ‘ih-lung-p ‘i- 
t‘ang). This is a simple decoction of oak bark, which is used 
on sores and ulcers. 

Belonging to the spleen Decoction, $i FR BS (Kuei-p‘i- 
t‘ang). This is composed of lungan fruits, date kernels, 
Astragalus hoangtchy, Atractylis ovata, Pachyma_ cocos, 
Aplotaxis lappa, and licorice root. It is recommended in 
mental anxiety, and nervous difficulties. 

Decoction of Roses, 4 2% - He (Chin-ying-tzi-chien). 
The flower heads are taken and decocted continuously until the 
decoction assumes the form of a syrup. A teaspoonful is used 
at a dose in the treatment of sluggish circulation and anzemia. 

Decoction of Lyctum chinense, *j #i BY (Kou-chi-chien). 
In the spring and summer the stalk and leaves are used, and 
in the autumn and winter the root and seeds. The drug is 
decocted several times and the decoctions put together and 
, evaporated to the consistency of a syrup. It is prescribed as a 
tonic and antifebrile Eoeey It is also said to abort cancerous 
swellings. 

Golden Marrow Decoction, 4 ‘ig Hy (Chin-sui-chien). 
Seeds of Lycium chinense are digested for two months in clear 
spirits, and this is evaporated on a sand bath until of a syrupy 
consistency. It is considered to be tonic and revivifying. 


484 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Decoction of Lindera and Lign-aloes, B i #; (Wu-ch ‘én- 
t‘ang). The two substances are decocted together with ginseng 


and licorice root, and the preparation is used in a great variety © 


of difficulties as a counter-poison, tonic, anodyne, antirheumatic, 
and antimalarial remedy. 

Decoction of Xylosma racemosa, *: 7R PR (Tso-mu-yin). 
The leaves of this tree, lotus leaves and petioles, root of 
Hemerocallis minor, licorice root, and Poterium officinale, 
are boiled together for the treatment of all kinds of swellings 
and abscesses. 


ESSENCES.—# #f #2 # (Ko-chung-yao-lu). Chinese 
druggists use the characters 7¢ # (Hua-lu) on their sign-boards 
to indicate the more aromatic of these preparations. But 
is not confined to volatile and aromatic extracts, but includes 
any preparation in which the ethereal part of the drug is 
supposed to reside. So some of these preparations are more 
or less fanciful, while in most cases their therapeutical applica- 
tions are based on imaginary virtues. The essences found 
mentioned in the Appendix to the /éxtsao, and which are 
those most commonly used, are given below. The method of 
preparing the aromatic essences by distillation was brought 
from the west at a comparatively late date, probably with the 
beginning of Dutch or Spanish commercial relations with 
China. The importation of foreign perfumes and essences is 
mentioned, as well as the fact that these come packed in bottles 
and jugs. It is said that these were to be distinguished from 
each other, not by the color, but by the odor. 

Gold and silver Essence, 4: $& HB (Chin-yin-lu), was dis- 
tilled from the flowers of Lonicera japonica, and is used medic- 
inally as a stomachic, carminative, antifebrile, and antiseptic 
remedy. It is especially recommended in small-pox. 

Essence of Peppermint, ¥§ Fiy #® (Po-ho-lu), is distilled 
from the fresh leaves of Mentha arvense, and used as a carmin- 
ative and antispasmodic. It is said that the weak should use 
it sparingly. 

Essence of Rose, t¢ $i # (Mei-kuei-lu), is made by distill- 
ing the flowers of Rosa rugosa. Its medicinal action is upon 
the liver, stomach, and blood. It drives away melancholy. 


ae 1 et 


APPENDIX. 485 


Essence of Citrus chetrocarpa, % = ¥ (Fo-shou-lu), is 
distilled from the fresh fruit, and is considered antispasmodic 
and warming. 

Essence of Citrus medica, % Wt Be (Hsiang-yiian-lu), does 
not differ materially from the last, either in method of prepara- 
tion or medicinal uses. It is also used as a tussic. 

_ Essence of Cinnamon flower, KE féE # (Kuei-hua-lu), is 
distilled from the fowers of Osmanthus fragrans, and is used 
as a deodorant for fetid breath, in toothache, and as a remedy 
in liver diseases. 

Essence of Jasmine flowers, ## H#\ ¥ (Mo-li-lu), is distilled 
from the flowers of Jasminum uae and is considered 
generally beneficial to the viscera. Prolonged use is apt to 
produce nasal catarrh. 

Essence of Rosa indica,  # % (Ch‘iang-wei-lu), 
brought from Indo-China, Java, and the Mohammedan countries. 
Its foreign name is [if ii) FF (A-tz‘ti-chi.) It is used as a heart 
remedy and in the treatment of melancholy. ‘There is alsoa 
native product which is used as a warming and antiseptic remedy. 

Essence of Eupatorium flowers, ¥§ 4é % (Lan-hua-lu), is 
used as a stimulant only. 

Essence of Ginger, #% 3 (Chiang-lu), is warming, anti- 
septic, antimalarial, and expectorant. 

Pepper Essence, ti #g (Chiao-lu), is stomachic, peptic, 
stimulant, and tonic to the spleen. 

Clove Essence, 7 # # (Ting-hsiang-lu), is warming and 
antispasmodic. 

Essence of Plum-flower, ti # (Mei-lu), is made of the 
fresh buds of the flower, and is considered counter-poisonous in 
epidemics, and is added to wine to impart a fragrance. 

Essence of Lyctum chinense root, ¥ JR % (Ku-p‘i-lu), 
is regarded as tonic to the muscles and bones. 

Essence of Betony,  # #% (Huo-hsiang-lu), is distilled 
from the leaves of Lophanthus rugosus. It is a remedy in 
sunstroke. 

Essence of White Lotus flower, fy tw fe # (Pai-ho-hua- 
lu), is a remedy in coughs and hemoptysis. 

Essence of Mulberry leaves, & 2 ¥R (Sang-yeh-lu), is 
used in diseases of the eye and colds. 


486 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Essence of Brunella vulgaris, 3 i Fi xg (Hsia-ku-ts‘ao- 
lu), is used in scrofulous glands and corroding ulcers. 

Essence of Evrtobotrya leaves, tj } BE ¥# (P ‘i-p‘a-yeh-lu), 
is a remedy in coughs and lung diseases. 

Essence of Chamomile, |! #j 4¢ 3% (Kan-chii-hua-lu), is a 
stimulant and sedative in headaches, dizziness, and colds. 


EUPHOLIA LITCHI.— fe #% (Lung-li). This is found 
in Faber’s list. Aupholza is the same as Nephelium, and the 
drug is mentioned under Nephelium Sp. (which see). It is 
probably not the lichee, but an allied species or variety. 


EXTRACTS.—& % #8 (Yao-kao-lei). The character 
% is used equally for an extract and a plaster. 4 7 also 
means opium ; but this is in line with its meaning of extract. 
In practice, there is not much difference to the Chinese 
between an extract and a pill mass; many of their extracts 
being administered as pills. However, there are a few of 
their extracts, simple and compound, that ought to be mien- 
tioned. 

Extract of Ginseng, \ & # (Jén-shén-kao). This is a 
watery extract made by fractionally decocting ginseng in 
water, and evaporating to a pasty consistency in a silver or 
porcelain vessel. The extract is kept in a closely sealed vessel 
until wanted for use, when it is combined with decoctions of 
other drugs, to bring out its tonic and constructive properties. 
Marvelous stories are told as to how this extract saved the lives 
of those in extremis. | 

Extract of Aristolochia recurvilabra, 4 jit % (Pai-shu- 
kao). This is also made by fractional decoction in an earthen- 
ware vessel. It is tonic and curative in diarrhoea and dysen- 
tery. 

Extract of Atractylis ovata, 3% jit # (Tsang-shu-kao). 
This is prepared by various washings, digestings, and decoct- 
ings, until an extract is procured, which is to be mixed with 
honey and the juice of Pachyma cocos, to be taken as a tonic, 
stomachic, and constructive remedy. 

Extract of Ginseng and Aristolochia, B& jh FF (Shén-shu- 
kao). ‘The drugs are taken in the proportion of four ounces of 


APPENDIX. 487 


the former to one catty of the latter. The extract is combined 
with honey and used as tonic. 

Extract of Leonurus sibiricus, Hm, BE RF (I-mu-kao). The 
whole plant, including the root, is taken, dried, cut into pieces, 
and decocted in water. The decoction, after straining, is 
evaporated to a syrupy consistency, and it is taken in all forms 
of puerperal and post-partum difficulties, fractures, internal in- 
juries, and obscure diseases. 

Myriad Crises Extract, 8% We % (Wan-ying-kao). ‘This is 
so named because the Chinese have such a fear of inflammatory 
swellings, all of which this preparation is supposed to cure. It 
is made of the root andleaves of Xanthium strumarium in the 
usual manner, care being taken to thoroughly strain the decoc- 
tion and to evaporate over a slow fire. It is used in boils, 
felons, carbuncles, infected sores, abscesses, cancers, and the 
like. 

Jade Extract, }§ E & (Chit-yu-kao). This is made of 
the juice of fresh Rehmannia glutinosa, ginseng, Pachyma cocos, 
and white sugar, and is properly a confection. It is credited 
with marvelous restorative powers in all wasting diseases, 
sterility, and cancerous swellings. 

Extract of Asparagus lucidus, F PY & FB (T‘ien-mén- 
tung-kao). This is prepared in the usual way, honey is added, 
and the preparation is used in obstructions, coughs, hemor- 
rhages, intestinal worms, and asa preventive in epidemic fevers. 

Extract of Seaweed, % 46 # (Shih-hua-kao). This is 
little more than a gelatine preparation, sweetened with white 
sugar. It is recommended as a demulcent in diarrhceas, 
hemorrhoids, especially those of heavy drinkers, and similar 
difficulties. 

Expectorant Extract, i} PE Ik WK = (Hsiao-t‘an-chih-so- 
kao). This is made of a strong decoction of Hyson tea, leaf- 
lard, and white sugar. It is properly a confection, and is used 
ad libitum for the relief of cough. 

Counter-hemorrhagic Rose Extract, 7% We fl he WE 
(Chih-t ‘u-hsiieh-mei-kuei-kao). The flowers are decocted twice, 
the decoctions mixed and evaporated, and then mixed with 
white sugar. ‘This is administered in hemoptysis, and is said 
to #k AE i% Wf, ‘‘save the life of this mortal existence.”? 


488 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Cocoanut Extract, ff) ~ (Yeh-kao). The natives of Namao 
are said to make an extract of the cocoanut shell, which they | 
employ as an application to ringworm. 

Substitute for Ginseng Extract, {% & % (Tai-shén-kao). 
The fresh root of Aristolochia recurvilabra from Hangchow is 
combined with Pachyma cocos, and an extract made, which is 
regarded as a fair substitute for ginseng, when the latter can- 
not be procured. 


FICUS ERECTA.— jl) 38 (T‘ien-hsien-kuo). This 
grows in Szechuan to the height of eight or nine feet, the leaves 
are likened to those of the lichee, but smaller. Like the Fizczs 
carica, it is said to have no flower, and the fruit is likened to 
the cherry, borne in the axils of the branches, and is very sweet. 
It may be used for the same purposes as the fruit of Fucus carica. 


FICUS RELIGIOSA.—3# #2 #4 (P‘u-t‘i-shu). This is 
the tree of intelligence, the dodhzdruma, called by the Buddhists 
the Bo tree under the shade of which Buddha spent seven years 
in penance. ‘The Japanese call this 7z/za mzqgueliana. It is 
not mentioned in the /éxtsao, but the Kuang-chiin-fang-pu 
gives a full description. It comes from Magadha, from the 
original temple of Buddhism. It is said not to shed its leaves 
ordinarily, but when Buddha underwent the metamorphosis 
(died), its leaves fell off and its bark changed color. About a 
thousand three hundred years ago, the first tree brought to 
China came by sea in a ship, and was planted at Canton in the 
court yard of the J # 3 (Kuang-hsiao-sstt) monastery. It is 
not used in any way medicinally. 


GRACILLARIA LICHENOIDES.—@4 7 3 (Shih-hua- 
ts‘ai). Quite a number of algal plants are found in China. 
This one is commonly kuown as Ceylon moss, and is used 
extensively in the East as food. It is included in the Péxtsao 
under the article on 7vzcomanes japonica. It is a demulcent, 
and is recommended in intestinal and bladder difficulties. It 
is also recommended in jaundice. 


GUM ANIMI.—This East Indian form comes from Borneo 
and Sumatra. It is said to be produced from certain dipter- 


APPENDIX. 489 


aceous trees. It exudes from the tree in a liquid form, and 
gradually becomes hard and dark with age. When fresh, it 
makes an excellent varnish. Dr. Williams says: ‘“T’here is a 
hard sort, found in big lumps under the trees, or on their 
trunks, in large quantities. It is mixed with a softer kind to 
make it less brittle. It is brought to China in native vessels.’ 
This is of a reddish yellow color, friable, and of a waxy luster. 
It is possible that it is sometimes confounded with dammar, 
and therefore goes by the name of ME M& jf (Pa-ma-yu). If 
so, it is used for caulking ships. No other use is given. 


GUM ELEMI.—## # (Lan-hsiang). This is the product of 
Canarium commune. hile it is probably the same as Wanzla 
elemz, it is not so clear as the latter, and is described in the 
Péntsao as a black, glue-like substance. It is used for caulking 
boats. See Canarzum and Dammar. 


GUM LAC.—3% gh (Tzt-k‘uang), 5% FR (Ch‘ih-chiao), 
Re tm (Tzii-kéng). This is produced by the Coccus lacca on 
a species of Arythrina. It is given in the /éztsao under insect 
products, and will not be further mentioned here. 


HERMODACTYL.— #f (Pei-mu). See Frztellarza. 
ILLICIUM RELIGIOSUM.—# #4 (Mang-ts‘ao). The 


first character is also wrongly written { (Mang); but this is 
Evrianthus japonicus. Another name is fy Ri (Mang-ts‘ao), 
and still another ft 7 (Shu-mang). This is a poisonous plant, 
producing unconsciousness in those who eat the leaves, and 
these are said to be used to destroy rats. There is considerable 
confusion in regard to the plant, some writers considering it an 
herb, while others say it is a tree or shrub. The leaves are 
the part used. They are employed as a counter-poison, 
anthelmintic, parasiticide, and anodyne. The decoction should 
not enter the eye, but the reason for this caution is not stated. 


IPOMGWA HEDERACEA.—# 4 (Ch ‘ien-niu-tzt). 
This is the same as Pharbitzs hederacea. In Japan the Chinese 
term is applied to Coxvolvulus vulgarts. Another name is & 
Ft (Hei-ch‘ou), 289, on account of the color of the seeds. The 


490 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


horary character + belongs to the zodiacal constellation 
Taurus, the ox. So this character is used instead of 4p. Li 
Shih-chén describes both the black and the white (fq Ff, 
Pai-ch‘ou) kinds, the latter of which is frequently cultivated, 
and is Zfomea nil. ‘This has cordiform, tomentose leaves, 
while the black kind has trilobed leaves. Both kinds bear 
a beautiful blue flower. The fruit, which is a capsule, is 
gathered while still unripe and roasted in honey, to be eaten as 
a sweet-meat. It is called FE Fj (T‘ien-ch‘ieh), which is also a 
name for Solanum nigrum. As seen in the Chinese shops, 
the seeds of the two kinds are usually found mixed together. 
Their properties are regarded as diuretic, anthelmintic and de- 
obstruent, and they are prescribed in dropsy, constipation, to 
promote menstruation, and to produce abortion. The seeds 
have a sweetish and subacrid taste, and contain an essential oil 
and brown, purgative resin. In the Indian Pharmacopeeia, they 
are recommended as a substitute for alap. Several preparations 
of the black seeds, which there go by the name of Kaladana, 
are found in India. 


LICHENS AND MOSSES.—Some kinds of these are 
found mentioned in the /éxtsao as being used in medicine. 
One of them, 4 #3 (Shih-jui), is found growing on the top of 
mountains, especially the 3 (Méng) mountain in Kwangtung, 
for which reason it is called 3 JW 2 (Méng-ting-ch‘a). The 
description is not very clear. The plant may be a Lzverwort. 
It is considered to be tonic, rejuvenating, and nourishing. Its 
use is recommended in fevers and as an expectorant. 

3% FE (Sang-hua), 4 # (Sang-hsien), is a lichen or moss 
growing on the bark of the mulberry tree. It is considered to 
be strengthening to the spleen, lubricating to the intestines, 
hemostatic in nose-bleed, hemoptysis, and menorrhagia, and is 
prescribed in coughs. 

Another found on old pine trees is called 3& # (Ai-na), 
and is similar to the above. One variety is used by Buddhist 
priests as food. 

Another moss of lichen is known as + B& 3 (T‘u-ma- 
tsung), and is likened to Zyicomanes japonicum. ‘The name 
means ‘‘earthy horse mane,’’ on account of its appearance. It 


APPENDIX. AQI 


grows on the shady side of old walls, in moist weather very luxu- 
riantly. It is antifebrile, hemostatic, and diuretic. Locally it 
is used to cause the hair to turn black, and as a treatment for 
eczema of the auricle. 

Dried Moss, % 7 (Kan-t‘ai), is sea moss, or sea alge, 
dried for use as food. Medicinally, it is recommended in the 
treatment of goiter, piles, intestinal worms, cholera, and vege- 
table and mineral poisons. 


UNCLASSIFIED DRUGS found in the Péztsao. 

£& # (Ch‘ang-sung), {ij $7 (Hsien-mao).—This grows in 
mouutain valleys, has a leaf resembling that of the pine, and 
this exudes a sort of viscid sap, which is sweet and is used 
by the natives. The root is fragrant and resembles that of 
Peucedanum. It is prescribed in colds, falling of the eyebrows, 
carious bones, and intestinal worms. 

we ff (YEn-chih).—This is the cosmetic pomade used by 
Chinese ladies on their faces. Four kinds are described. One is 
made of the juice of the safflower (Carthamus tinctortus) colored 
with white lead cosmetic. The second is made of the juice of 
Mirabalis galapa flowers colored with rouge. A third is derived 
from pomegranate flowers, and the fourth from fuid gui lac 
and cosmetic oil. The flowers of Basella rubra and Impatiens 
Salsamina are also employed for this purpose. It is used me- 
dicinally in the earache of children (warmed and dropped into 
the ear), as an application to simall-pox ulcers, cracked nipples, 
stomatitis in children, and excoriations of the vulva or anus. 

%@ (Jo).—This is a plant of south China which has the 
appearance of a small bamboo, the shoots resembling seeds. 
The leaves are dark green on the face, but paler beneath, and 
are soft all seasons of the year. They are used for making 
hats, wrapping groceries, and rice dumplings. They are also 
put into the soles of shoes. In Japan the Chinese character is 
applied to Bambusa kumasasa. In the classics it is applied to 
the cuticle of the bamboo. Medicinally, the leaves are used in 
all sorts of hemorrhages, and the ashes are used in ulcers and 
virulent sores. Urinary difficulties are also treated with it. 

4 ft 4 (Shih-lung-ch‘u). In Japan, this- is /wzcus 
balticus. It is a rush, much used in making mats. It is also 


492 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


called #£ $2 (Lung-hsii), and it is said that when Huangti, 
ascended to Heaven on a dragon, his ministers held on to the 
latter’s moustaches, pulling them out, and they dropped to the 
earth and produced this plant. ‘There are also other legends in 
the books referring to it. The plant is still cultivated in 
China for the manufacture of mats. The rush is considered 
to be diuretic, carminative, tonic, and anthelmintic. It is 
prescribed in gravel, rheumatism, and indigestion, especially 
that produced by intestinal worms. Old mats are considered 
to be a good remedy for suppression of urine. 

Be te Hi (Lung-ch‘ang-ts‘ao) is a gramineous plant grow- 
ing by river sides. It has a salty taste, and is used in rheumat- 
ism. 

i) f& BH (Kou-wei-ts‘ao) is a gramineous weed found 
growing in grain fields. Another name is # (Yu). It may be 
Setaria viridis, as the latter Chinese name is applied to this 
plant at Peking, where it grows plentifully. Or, it may be 
Setarta glauca, as Henry thought to identify Kou-wer-ts‘ao in 
Hupeh. It is used as a decoction in diseases of the eye, such 
as swelling of the lids, trichiasis, entropium, hordeolum, and 
the like. 

1# FR F (K‘o-t'eng-tzi). The plant is a creeper growing 
in the south of the Kuang provinces. Its fruit ripens once in 
three years, the pod being sac-shaped, and the seeds about the 
size of a hen’s egg, purplish-black on the outside, and lustrous. 
The kernel is used in medicine, in the treatment of hemor- 
rhoids, dysentery, and as a general counter-poison. The seed is 
also called # W (Hsiang-tou), ‘‘elephant-bean,’’ in reference 
to its size. 

7H AY -- (Yu-chih-tzti). This is evidently a leguminous 
plant, the pods resembling those of Gymnocladus, and the 
beans being a very dark red. Both the seeds and the root are 
used in medicine, the former as an anthelmintic, tonic, diuretic, 
and prophylactic remedy. It is directed to be used in epidem- 
ics, and locally in all sorts of bites and stings. The root is 
regarded as a sovereign remedy in the Az poison. 

ia He (Huang-huan), fg RR F (Lang-po-tzil). This is a 
leguminous plant which grows in Szechuan. The first name’ 
seems to refer to the root and the second to the seeds. The 


APPENDIX. 493 


description is not at all clear. The Hwang-huan is non- 
poisonous, and is considered to be antifebrile and counter- 
poison. It is also diuretic and is prescribed in dropsy, and 
also in profuse expectoration. The Lang-fo-tz%i is poisonous 
(emetic), and is only used externally in parasitic skin diseases. 
It is said to be able to poison fish. ; 

te Z# (Nit-wei). Li Shih-chén definitely says that this is 
not Polygonatum vulgare. ‘There is no description, however, 
except to say that the plant is a climber. In the /mferzal 
Encyclopedia there is a figure of the plant, which shows it to 
be a climber with two stems from a rhizome, with alternate, 
penniform, entire, acuminate, almost sessile leaves. It is said 
to resemble Vztzs sertanefolia. 'The stalk is used medicinally 
for dysentery and as a digestive; also in cholera, colds, flatu- 
lence, and in all diseases marked by diaphoresis. 

xe WH FF (P‘éng-ts‘ao-tzi). This is referred in the Péz- 
tsao to Hydropyrum setaria. ‘The first character is used for 
plants such as Artemisia, Erigeron, and others. In this case 
the grain is used for food, and its qualities are not different 
from those of ordinary rice. 

4 (K‘u-hu). The meaning is ‘‘bitter gourd.” “ao 
Hung-ching says that this is not a distinct species of gourd, 
but that.among the sweet ones occasionally there is found some 
that have a bitter taste. Others say that he is very much 
mistaken, as this is a distinct kind. It may be A/omordica. 
The pulp and seeds are used in medicine, and are considered 
to be poisonous. They are employed in dropsy and are emetic. 
Gravel, coughs, incontinence of urine, vomiting of nematode 
worms, chronic ulcers, parasitic skin diseases, and jaundice are 
treated with them. ‘The flowers are used in scrofulous ulcers, 
and the vine in leprous sores and favus in children. 

4. fy $F (Wu-lou-tzit). Some identify this as the true date 
palm, Phenix dactylifera; but Faber’s identification is Cycas 
revoluta (which see). ~It is probable that the former identifica- 
tion is the more nearly correct. 

AE #% (Jui-ho), also called fy #€ (Pai-sui), is the fruit (a 
nut) of a thorny shrub. It is not Polygonatum, as the first 
character might indicate, but this character refers to the 
drooping nature of the flowers. The tree grows in many 


494 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


places in China, but has not yet been identified by its Chinese 
name. ‘The kernel is used in medicine, and is said to be 
nourishing, cooling, and sedative. It is used in the treatment 
of eye diseases, epiphora, nasal polypus, nose-bleed, and con- 
stipation. Identifications suggested are Perberis or a Prunus. 

a Hf) (Luan-ching), also called 34 #J (Wan-ching), is prob- 
ably either Vztex or Rhododendron. 'The trunk and branches 
are light colored and the leaves are small and evergreen. There 
are two kinds, one bearing white flowers and the other bearing 
purple. The seeds are used in medicine, and are slightly 
deleterious. They are used in nervous and epileptoid diffi- 
culties, and are regarded as sedative and parasiticide. 

A K B (Mu-t'ien-liao). The /Pénxtsao describes three 
forms of this, a tree about twenty feet tall, a creeper, and a 
small shrub. They all grow in the mountain valleys of 
central China, have evergreen leaves, and agree in having a 
peppery taste like that of smartweed. The branches and 
leaves of the larger tree are slightly deleterious, and are 
recommended in colds and wasting diseases. The twigs and 
leaves of the smaller shrub are not considered poisonous, and 
are thought to relieve all forms of numbness and rheumatism, 
“‘the disease coming out of the skin as though it were a worm 
crawling out.’’ The seeds are also tonic and corrective, and 
the root is used in decayed and aching teeth. 

fy i (Chan-ssti). Also called 7X fy BF (Mu-chan-ssit), pe 
Je (Tan-pi), and 3 $& # (Liang-wu-chi). Some say that this 
is an epiphyte growing on the camphor tree ; others that it is 
the bark of a tree resembling the Magnolia hypoleuca, found 
growing in Shensi and Shantung. The fleshy hull of the 
walnut is also sometimes called Chan-ss#. It is counter- 
poisonous, antimalarial, eliminative, and healing to wounds. 
Its use is thought to promote fecundity, and to cure menstrual 
difficulties. Locally, it is applied to chapped feet and hands 
due to the action of water. 

%& A (Chu-ling), 214. "These are tuberiform bodies of an 
irregular size, and compared by the Chinese to pig’s dung, 
Rx #% BR (Chia-chu-shih). Other names are AX 3 (Shih-t‘o) 
and $4 & pk (Ti-wu-t‘ao). They are said to grow pleutifully 
on the roots of Lzgiudambar formosana and other trees. They 


APPENDIX. 495 


are covered with a thin, dark brown, roughened cuticle, are 
often worm eaten, and are lighter than Pachyma cocos, which 
they somewhat resemble. The interior is of a yellowish-brown 
color, and very much resembles cork. ‘They have no taste or 
smell, and do not contain starch. They are produced mostly 
in Hunan and Szechuan, and are considered counter-poisonous, 
antimalarial, diuretic, and constructive, and are administered 
in typhoid fever, epidemics, gravel, gonorrhoea, leucorrhcea, 
and incontinence of urine during pregnancy. 


REMARKABLE DRUGS.—The Chinese use a number 
of peculiar substances, ‘‘not so nice by half?’ as those already 
mentioned. Most of these are derived from the animal king- 
dom; but some come from the vegetable kingdom, among 
which may be mentioned the following : 

Jf OF 38 Hi (Ching-k‘ou-pien-ts‘ao). This is the grass 
growing in the mouth of an old well. Dried and placed under 
a baby’s sleeping mat, the mother will not hear the latter cry 
during the night. 

‘St JL Pp HE (Shu-k‘ung-chung-ts‘ao) is the grass growing 
in a hole in a tree. It is placed over the bed room door, to 
relieve colic in an infant and to stop its crying in the night. 

BE BE ae A RE EE HE (Ch‘an-ssu-fu-jén-chung-shang-ts‘ao). 
This is the grass from the grave of a woman who has died in 
child-birth. It is decocted and used as a mouth wash in 
aphthous sore mouth in infants. 

we BE EG (Vén-ju-ts‘ao) is the grass growing in a swallow’s 
nest. It is dried brown, powdered, and swallowed for noctur- 
nal incontinence of uriue. 

Sit Bz Ei (Chi-k ‘o-ts‘ao), or grass from a chicken’s nest, is 
placed under an infant’s mat to prevent night crying. 

#%i 3 Hi (Chu-k‘o-ts‘ao), grass from a pig’s wallow, is used 
for a similar purpose. 

4: Wf G Ei (Niu-ch ‘ih-t‘ai-ts‘ao) is a cow’s cud, and is. 
recommended in vomiting and choleraic difficulties. 

Kk He KE AK (Ch ‘éng-tung-fu-mu), rotten wood from east 
of the city is considered to be astringent and carminative, and 
a decoction in spirits is applied in centipede bites and in 
numbness and prickling of the extremities. 


496 CHINESE MATERIA. MEDICA. 


He 3 SE BE Ae (Tung-chia-chi-ch‘ih-mu), the family 
chicken perch is burned, and the ashes taken with water for 
aphonia. 

4 Ja) 7K (Ku-ssii-mu), the wood from an old privy is 
incinerated, and the ashes used as a preventive of evil effluvia 
and epidemics. It is a final resort in difficult labor and 
cholera. 

Hh i 4% (Ku-ch‘én-pan) is the wood of an old coffin, the 
older the better, and it is thought to drive away all evil 
effluvia, especially if taken in decoction with an east-extending 
branch of a peach tree. 

fe 7K (Chén-shao-mu) is the wood of a tree that has 
been struck by lightning, and is given to those who have been 
frightened by a conflagration. It is also hung at the door to 
prevent the house catching fire. 

ii] 3 AX (Ho-pien-mu) is drift wood, and if placed in wine, 


the latter will not cause intoxication. 


UNIDENTIFIED DRUGS.—The following plants and 
medicinal substances are mentioned in the /éz/sao, but are of 
lesser importance. Some of the Chinese names have already 
been mentioned, but they are again placed here so that the list 
may be complete. And as the same name is often used for 
different substances, notwithstanding the fact that a certain 
name has already been mentioned, the product may be a totally 
different one. The list suggests practical possibilities in 
systematic botany. 


A-p‘0-lé bil Ph say Chi-hou-ts ‘ai SE Re Se 
Cha-érh-ts‘ao 4] HH Chi-li-ts‘ao 5A 
Cha-mu-p‘i AM AR OR Chi-mu BB 
Ch ‘ai-tzti Bb we Chi-nieh Sie 264 
Chan-t‘ang-hsiang & #F #F Chi-wéng-t‘éng  S& # HR 
Ch‘an-tzii he Ch ‘i-p‘o-t‘éng mS 2 HR 
Ch ‘ang-li-chih- Ch ‘i-ts ‘ao bi 

sh ‘éng e BZ 4A | OCh‘i-tun-kuo ye 1 FR 
Ché-k ‘uei ke Jk Ch ‘iao-ch ‘iao fe 7 
Ché-shang-mu i BK Ch ‘iao-i-ts‘ao BH 
Chén-niao-chiang f& By Wt Ch ‘iao-mei E Ke 
Chi-chio-ts ‘ao SE Yi BE Chieh BF . 


APPENDIX. 


Chieh-ch ‘€-hsiang 
Chieh-hsin-ts‘ao 
Chieh-hua 
Chieh-p‘o-fu 
Chien- chung-hsiao | 
Chien-shui-ts ‘ao 
Chien-tzii 
Ch‘ien-chin-li 

Ch ‘ien-chin-t ‘éng 
Ch ‘ien-nien-ai 

Ch ‘ien-sui-tzi 
Chih-chang 
Chih-chu-hsiang 
Chih-han 
Chih-té-lé 


x 


fs oo tit 


Gm We Go iam 


= 
’ 


Sf S&S: Be PD i WW 


oe a siemes 4a aeee seus 
a 


Ch‘ih-chu Hh 
Ch ‘ih-hei Dib 
Ch ‘ih-nieh 7H 
Chin-ch ‘uang-hsiao- 

ts‘ao He Jy 
Chin-kén xe 
Chin-léng-t ‘ng j= Tg 
Chin-ti-lo His £2 
Chin-tzi-kén Ff Hh 
Ch ‘in-ti-li jk 
Ching-fu-tzii Re -F 
Ching 
Ch ‘ing-féneg-t ‘Eng fal We 
Ch‘ing-tz‘t IE 
Chio-lo-mu-p‘i ¥E 7 
Chiu-hsien-ts‘ao till 
Chiu-li-hsiang-ts‘aojL Hi & 
Chiu-lung-ts‘ao— Ju ig F4 
Chiu-niu-ts ‘ao I 
Chiu-pei-t ‘€ng-tzi 74 A je - 
Chiu-shé-jén-ché x die A 
Chiu-shu-ts ‘ao iA 
Chu-fu Vy tf 
Chu-lan-tzii Re Be fF 


G 


be 


Chu-yao-tzii 
Ch‘uan-hung 
Ch‘ui-hu-kén 
Chung-ts‘ao 
Chii-ts ‘ao 
Ch ‘ti-yii 
Ch ‘ii-shé 
E-hsiang-ts ‘ao 
E-pao 
Erh-huan-ts‘ao 
Fan-hun-hsiang 
Fang-chang-mu 
Fén-lan 
Féng-hua 
Féng-liu 
Féng-yén-mei 
Fo-chang-hua 
Fou-lan-lo-lé 
Fu-chi-tzu-kén 
Fu-fang-téng 
Fu-pi-kén 
Fu-pien-tzit 
Hai-chiang-yin- 
ming 
Hai-hung-tou 
Hai-wu-tzu 
Hai-yao-shih-kén 
Han-ch ‘un-t ‘éng 
Han-shui-t ‘éng 
Ho-chien 
Ho-hsin-imu 
Ho-t ‘€ng-tzit 
Ho-tzt-ts ‘ao 
Hcu-sao-tztt 
Hsi-lo 
Hsi-mi-tzu 
Hst-wang-léng 
Hsiaig-niao 
Hsiao-€rh-ch ‘iin 


497 


mm ON 


LASHRA SRS Rapes Sw 
aoa i 


me oth at 


ISB PY eS Dea eR ad eS 
= 


AS 


SRS 

| tt RS 
oy 
Fa 


aA iE 


=) 


>See Se Ft 
pis 


EY O 


ost bo HH SB gp SE NB SM ses De aH a BE 


sit a ROP 
BH Ate BRM eae 


E 


a 


te 


498 


Hsiao-wén-chiu 
Hsien-hsia-ts ‘ao 
Hsin-chi-mu 
Hsin-ts‘ao 
Hsii-huang 
Hsiieh-mu-ho 
Hstieh-t ‘eng 
Hsiin-ho 
Hu-chin-ts‘ao 
Hu-mien-mang 
Hu-t ‘éng-lei 
Hu-ts‘ao 

Hua 

Huai-mu 


Huan-ch ‘ang-ts ‘ao 


Huang-hsiao 
Huang-hu-ts ‘ao 
Huang-hua-liao 
Huang-huan 


Huang-liao-lang 


Huang-pai-chih 
Huang-p‘i-kuo 
Huang-pien 
Huang-shu 
Huang-t‘éng 


Hung-mou-ts ‘ao 


I-chtieh-ts‘ao 
J-nai-ts ‘ao 
I-nan-ts‘ao 

J-t ‘ai-ts ‘ao 
I-ts‘ao 
Jang-shih 
Jén-mien-tzti 
Kan-chien-tzu 
Kan-t‘o-mu-p 4 
Kan-t ‘eng 
Ko-chu-ts‘ao 
Ko-kung 
Ko-mu 


Sf ES He 
yet 
3h tt 


He DRESSY WAa Sweet Re 


1 
_ 
— 


Sy beh SRE eee ook Se BE AS Se ao BoD BD EY DBA Di OE OGG OG i OE Nik GSS Se SS SS SS 


BE 


Ro 


Sil Ss 1 


EHS AG 


=o 
Sp 


fy OF 4 0 40 


BGS yD ne hop wh 
NH 


N 
4 


CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA, 


Ko-shan-hsiao 
K ‘o-ch ‘ti-shih 
K ‘o-yao 
Ku-huo 
Ku-lu-chih 

K ‘u-chieh-tzu 
Kua-t ‘eng 
Kuan-ts ‘ao 

K ‘uang-shih 
Kuei-ch ‘ih 
Kuei-po-t ‘eng | 
Kung-imai 
Kuo-kung-tz‘u 
Lan-t‘éng 
Lei-pi 
Li-chih-ts ‘ao 
Li-ko-ts ‘ao 
Li-lou-ts ‘ao 
Li-mu 
Liang-t ‘a 
Liao-ch ‘iao 
Lieh-chieh 


+ . ¢ 
Liug-ch ‘uang- 


shang-kuo-tztt 


Ling-shou-mu 
Ling-yu-tztl 
Lo-kuang-tzu 
Lo-wang-tzu 
Lo-yén-mu 
Lo-yén-ts ‘ao 
Lu-chin-ts‘ao 
Lu-ching 
Lu-chio-ts ‘ai 
Lu-ku-tzu 
Lu-liang 
Lu-shih 
Lu-yao 
Lu-mu 
Lung-chu 


ha wl a 
Wy Ae TT 
ee 
Mit 
iy Be 3 
i IF F 
UN 
He 
Ui 


St 


= 


ZEB RS aes 
SEF Shs GRE Pb BE ol SE ED SS tO SS ON I SS SO RE 


i 
40; iO} i 


2S 


“ 
. 
©, 
© 


Lr 
7a 
dy 


BS 
A Nt 


Grr Se DE SS ay BS BS) SS AS 


St PbS ON Mal oe at Ss 


Lung-hsii-ts ‘ai 
Lung-shé-ts ‘ao 


Lung-shou-t ‘éng 


Ma-ch ‘ang-kén 
Ma-ch‘i 
Ma-féng 
Ma-pin-lang 
Ma-po 
Ma-ssu-ta-chi 
Ma-tien 


APPENDIX. 


3 Se do 


= 
= 


©. 


oF 2mm 2 Bi Bi 
25 Om DD Ge SE 


Os 


Ma-yang-mu-kén- | 


pi 


Man-yin-shih 
Man-yu-t‘éng 
Mao-chih-wu 
Mao-kao-ts ‘ai 


Mei-chih-wang-mu 
Méng-niang-ts ‘ai 


Mo-ch‘u-tzti 
Mo-t‘ou-hui 
Mu-chu-tzti 
Mu-ho 
Mu-hsi-hsing 
Mu-kan-ts‘ao 
Mu-ma 
Mu-wei-tzit 
Na-ch‘i-hsi 
-Nan-t‘€ng 
Niu-chih-lé 
Niu-ling-t ‘eng 
Niu-nai-t ‘eng 
Niu-shé-shih 
Nu-ché 
Nu-hui-tzit 
Nu-ko-sa-érh 
O-érh-chih 
O-hsi-érh 
Pa-chi 


ly 


Fi i ARIZ 
Man-chiang-hung #§ 70 #0 


ia) 
i 


BW SH NEA 


' 
g 


CASS SS FFARR AAAAAM SH SM Ska 
SSO Se MR Sh St 


Set Om eT Up mp SY ON SS GR Sp SOS, Sot BS BS aha 


Pa-chu 


; a 
Pai-chang-ch ‘ing 


Pai-hsing 
Pai-hua-t ‘éng 
Pai-léng-t ‘eng 
Pai-lung-hsu 
Pai-lu-tzti 
Pai-ma-ku 
Pai-nt-ch ‘ang 
Pai-pei 
Pai-shan-kén 
Pai-shih 
Pai-yao-tsu 
Pai-yén-ts‘ao 
P ‘ai-p‘u-mu 


P ‘ai-ts‘ao-hsiang 


Pan-chu-t ‘eng 
Pan-t ‘ien-hui 
P ‘€ng-ts‘ao-tzil 
Pi-li-hsiang 
Pi-o 

Pi-ssu-lé 
Pi-ssti-ta 

P ‘i-hui-lei 

P ‘i-li-ching - 
Pieh-chi 
Pien-chi-ch ‘ai 
Ping-k‘u 
Po-lo-ch ‘iung 
P ‘o-lo-té 
Pu-li-ts‘ao 
Pu-tiao-mu 
Pu-sa-ts‘ao 
San-chio-féng 
San-yeh 
Sang-kén-shih 


Shan-p ‘i-p ‘a-ch ‘a1 


Shan-tsao 
Shan-tz ‘u-shih 


EEE WWE NAKERESSR eRe SES OMNROD OOP OAD one 


499 


- zit 


GR SS ant WE SE A eb OF 
Sa OF on Gi Sh SH 


pee 
cr 


fa HS 4h OH SE Se A ON SI OS 


fae 


= 


oH 
a 


HAs a SER a Sl fo SNS Oh OP 
ER Ht eae 


¢ HRS ANA Ae = 


OS att SS 
DN 


500 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Shé-yén-ts ‘ao Bye AR ee 
Shé-yu-ts‘ao he 1 EA 
Shén-hu-ts‘ao qh ee ET 
Shén-kuo-kén Be UL Hh 
Shén-mt fe 7K 
Shéne-kua-ts‘ai AE IR 3% 
Shéng-téng 4 ik 
Shih-chi A EI 
Shih-chien-ch‘uan 7 Fl 
Shih-ching Ay ipl 
Shih-ch ‘ui Ai ie 
Shih-ho-ts ‘ao Ae 
Shih-hsi fii Z 
Shih-hsiang-ju AGF 
Shih-hsien A 
Shih-hsiao-yao. 4 38 3% 
Shih-hua-ts ‘ai Ai tE # 
Shih-kua A IM 
Shih-shun Ay BE 
Shih-tz ‘ti-mu A Hi AR 
Shih-yiin ips 
Shu-hu-lan ket oH Vid 
Shu-ku BR 4g 
Shu-t ‘Eng i We 
Shuang-t‘ou-lien S A i 
Shui-yin-ts ‘ao Ik HG 
So-ch ‘ien a 
Sst-wei-kuo i 
Su-ti ee 1 
Suan-ts‘ao ime 
Suan-wu he Fe 
Sui-mi-ch ‘ai RE KE Be 
Sui-yang-mu 3 PE ZK 
Ta-mu-p ‘i KA JE 
T‘ang-i HE 
Té-ch ‘ing-kuo fia See 
Ti-ch ‘ieh-tzti th Jit 
Ti-chin th $e 
Ti-hsiu Re 


Ti-hu-ts ‘ai he Si Se 
Ti-lung-t ‘éng TW HE Ja 


Ti-p4 I IK 


Ti-wu-kung-ts‘ao ph We Wh Ee 


T ‘ieh-ko gh Bs 
T‘ien-chieh-ts‘ai JR ZF SE 
T‘ien-hsien-lien  jjl 
T ‘ien-hsien-t‘€nge F 
T ‘ien-hsiung-ts ‘ao 
T ien-hua 

‘T ien-mu-ts ‘ao 

T ‘o-ku-ts ‘ao 

T ‘o-té-hua 
Tou-mu-hsiang 
Tou-na-hsiang 

T ‘ou-shan-kén 
Tsai 

Ts‘ao-ch ‘ih 

T's ‘ao-hsi 
‘T'so-na-ts ‘ao 

'T ‘so-shih-ho-ts ‘ao 
Tsui-hsing-ts‘ao 
Ts‘ui-féng-shih 
Tu-chio-hsien 
Tu-chiieh-tzu 
Tu-hsien-tzu 
Tu-nien-tzu 
Tu-yung-chiang- 


= 


SH 
sae OBA oh ehh dot dak SR 


PEE BERNESE ESSA OS He 


oy 


G Pe BS WAVER se? we 


Be 
Tung-ch ‘iang 

Tung-féng-ts ‘ai 
T‘ung-ku-ts‘ao 


$2 sat sat ME ERS LH SH BS BO SR ih te oo 


chiin i 
Tu-yung-t ‘Eng pi 
Tu-ch ‘ih wi 
T‘u-kan-ts ‘ao it 
T ‘u-lo-ts ‘ao yA 
T ‘u-tsao ea 
Tuan-kuan-ts‘ao iE 
Tui-lu Nik 

iG 
Hii 
oH 


HOF 7 


i 


1c 


Tzu-chi 
Tzu-chin-t ‘éng 
Tzt-lan 
Tzu-pei-chin-p‘an 
Tz‘u-hu 
Tz ‘ti-mu-chih-yeh 
Wan-i-t ‘éng 
Wang-ming 
Wei-chih 
Wei-i 
Wén-shih 
Wén-t ‘éng 
Wu-fén-tu-yao- 
ts‘ao 
Wu-hsin-ts‘ao 
Wu-hsing-ts ‘ai 
Wu-ma 
Wu-mu-ma 
Wu-sé-fu 


APPENDIX. 

ue eh Wu-tzit-shih 
4a 4 IR Ya-chio-ch ‘ing 
Se BE Yang-mao 
ye 3G Ay fe | Yang-shih 
HR) RE Yang-shih-ch ‘ai 
Ze EE Ae HE «=| Yang-yao-tzu 
By — RR Yao-shu 
x WY Yao-wang-ts‘ao 
Ke Yeh-chu-wei 
Zhe Yeh-hsia-hung 
aay Yeh-lan-kén 
1B jig Yeh-sui-ts‘ao 

Yén-ch‘ih 
4m. Js y#e #4 | Ving-ts‘ao-hua 
am Sy FS Yu-tien 
i XK Vit-chib-tzit 
us iit Yiian-tzti-lé 
EE dit Viieh-wang-yii- 
Ee & FF suan 


501 


Eh A 


wey fe i SPP te 


aoe 
=a 


OR Se Se oe Se he 


Git Se Ses 4h a SA al EER a EH 


A 
7 


Sl Sah RR 


& 
HH 
so 
ss 


INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. 


The list of Unidentified Drugs at the close of the Appendix, being 
arranged alphabetically, is not included in this index. 


- A-chiao [iy 
A-la-chi Bry HR FE 
A-shih-mo-chieh-p‘o pay 7X par fy UE 
A-tsang pay FEAL 
A-tz‘ii-chi pay ak 
A-weli fay 
A-yu [ny BE 
Ai pa 
Ai-ién EO} 
Ai-fu Xt TF 
Ai-hao Baden 
Ai-jung Ze HK 
Ai-kang IF fe 
Ai-mien Dae 
Ai-na x iH 
Ai-na-hsiang XO 
Ai-pa XH 
Ai-p‘ien EVE 
Ai-t‘iao Ke te 
Ai-yeh Be OWE 
Ai-yu x ih 79, 
Ai-yii-tzti as TE -F- 
An-hsi-hsiang RA 
An-hsi-yu RB ith 
An-hua-ch‘a Fe 4b Be 
An-lo-kuo He HE EE 
An-lo-shu He #2 ti 
An-li He FA isl, 
An-mi-lo He TH HE 
An-mo-lo-ka-kuo = #§/BRYATEE 
An-mo-lo-ka-kuo = #E PERRET RE 
An-mo-lé He GE Bh 
An-nan-tzti Fé 78 
An-pien-kuei Fe 3 FE 
‘An-shih-liu Fe KY 
Ang a 
Cha ig 
Cha-hua th 7E 
Cha-tztt te 
Ch‘a lati ae 81, 82, 

 Ch‘a-chin-tiiao - 28 @(K 
Ch‘a-chii-mo “SR ii pe 


482 
419 
34 
174 
485 
173 
173 
52 
70 
54 
52 
52 
289 
53 


Ch‘a-hua Fe 16 8r 
Ch‘a-mei-hua SE ME TE 18 
Ch‘a-t‘ien-piao fai fil BE 383 
Ch‘a-tzii-ping aR F ff 81 
Ch‘a-yeh Ze ee 82 
Ch‘a-yeh-shu ae ME iit 166 
Ch‘a-yu aR yh 8I 
Ch‘ai-hu 22 76 
Ch‘ai-tzt-ku oN fe jhe 249 
Chan t¥ 476 
Chan-chu-lan Hf he AY 94. 
Chan-hsiang EO 45 
Chan-p‘o-ka py YS ihn 264 
Chan-p‘o-lo ii UE He 117 
Chan-ssti a DF 494 
Chan-t‘an be FY 394 
Chan-tao ri f8 296 


Ch‘an-chih-mu-tan #8 *% +f FF 80, 125 
Ch‘an-ssti-fu-jén- 


chung-shang ts‘aoze seit At LAt4g5 


402 


Chang RE 87 
Chang-ch‘ai FE 4p 88 
Chang-érh-hsi-hsin $% Jf #) 3¢ 105 
Chang-mu-p‘i RE AR BE 88 
Chang-mu-tzit RE A 88 
Chang-nao RE IS 88 
Chang-nao-p‘ien #£ #§ JE 88 
Chang-t‘ou fix pe 273 
Ch‘ang ‘i 138 
Ch‘ang 8 12 
Ch‘ang-ch‘u fe ae 14, 60 
Ch‘ang-ch‘un-téng #§ 4 WR 457, 458 
Ch‘ang-ch‘un-wan + # Zt 323 
Ch‘ang-hua TE 319 
Ch‘ang-jung AS 12 
Ch‘ang kuo-tzt shu & 3 fy 96 
Ch‘ang-p‘u A WH 12, 54, 221 
Ch‘ang-p‘u-chiu = Hii 79 433 
Ch‘ang-shan ae ul 292 
Ch‘ang-shéng-kuo 3 4 470 
Ch‘ang-shéng-pu- 
ssti-ts‘ao EAA 

Ch‘ang-sung fe 


49 Fd ve 


504 
Ch‘ang-ti ae EE cee ey 
347, 355 
Chao jih-k‘uei fa 203 
Chao-tou-t‘éng JZ 0 RR 460 
Ch‘ao-nao 4 iS 88 
Ch‘ao-kou-tztt HE By 366 
Ch‘ao-mi-t‘ang Kb ke A 205 
Ch‘ao-mien-ju-chou b> 3 A He 480 
Ch‘ao-tou-tzii-t‘ang kb BW 3B 482 
Ché Ti 137 
Ché a 386 
Ché-érh th 137, 272 
Ché-huang th te 137 
Ché-kén-chiu oh fh 28 435 
Ch‘é-ch‘ien HE hi 335 
Chén tR 129 
Chén AL 236 
Chén-chu-ts‘ai PEAR 252 
Chén-chu ts‘ai ft ok 2B 252 
Chén-chu-ts‘ao Eaee ae 318 
Chén-jéa BRE 129 
Chén-po WS TB 264 
Chén-p‘o om 264 
Chén-shao-mu Fz BEA 496 
Chén-t‘an i fa 394 
Chén-t‘ou-ka $a py tht 153 
Chén-tzit Ks 129 
Ch‘én-hsiang Wt 44 
Ch‘én-hsiang-mu = jt FF AK 45 
Ch‘én-p‘i Bie RE II2 
Ch ‘én-sha-wu- 
hsiang-wan ebnet 322 
Chéng-ping 2 (UF 445, 474 
Ch‘éng fs ELI 
Ch‘éng-chi 7s 403 
Ch‘éng-ju +E FL 259, 428 
Ch‘éng-kao ft 113 
Ch‘éng-kao KE 403, 
Ch‘éng-liu BE 428 
Ch‘éng-lu Tf Be 66 
Ch‘éng-tung-fu-mu $& He AE OAK 495 
Chi Aa 229 
Chi bot 305 
Chi-chao-lan-hua 28 BYTE 105 
Chi-chao-tzii 2B MF 209 
Chi-ch‘ang-ts‘ao Ze ib Ht 
165, 423, 443 
Chi-chi IN 105 
Chi-chih-chou FE t+ Wa 478 
- Chi-ch‘ih-t‘ang HE a Bl 388 
_Chi-chio-ts‘ao Pe A) 203 


a 
ean 


na. 


CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Chi-chii 2B t@ 209 
Chi-chii-tzti By pe =f 209 
Chi-chiin 20 18 273 
Chi-hsiang-ts‘ao— ME mE AL 119 
Chi-hsiang-ts‘a0 = if & 372 
Chi-hsieh Ze 24 
Chi-hsin-tzti a fe F 215 
Chi-hsiieh-ts‘ao fa =H 
124, 210, 281 
Chi-kan-chou 28 FF 479 
Chi-k‘o-ch‘eng A hE II5 
Chi-k‘o-ts‘ao Ae Se AL 495°: 
Chi-kou RR 45) 209 
Chi-ku-hsiang 28° 7 45, 428 
Chi-kuan £2 ick Ior 
Chi-li Pe Bi 441 
Chi-lu wet BA 94 
Chi-mu FER 384 
Chi-ni we f2 16, 17, 18 
Chi-ni-nung-lu ae ite 16 
Chi-ning wie ee 268 
Chi-p‘o-lo i HK OE 258 
Chi-sang Be SS 267 
Chi-shé-hsiang et Te iF 95 
Chi-shéng ay 4A 162, 247, 455 
Chi-shih a 122 
Chi-shih Ft 440 
Chi-sun i 221 
Chi-t‘ou SE PE 170 
Chi-t‘ou-choeu 26 BM 477 
Chi-ts‘ai His OR g2 
Chi-ts‘ai-chou HK AEG 478 
Chi-tsung Re HE 273 
Chi-t‘ui-mo-ku 38 HEE HK = 273 
Chi-tzti-chiao Bt f- #5 270 
Chi-wéng-téng 2, 3 RR 474 
Chi-yin-fan-hun-tan ¥¥[2ikaiyt 324 
Ch‘i i 395 
Chi = 306 
Chi #. 377 
Ch‘i Es 377 
Chi Pid 208 
Ch‘i-ai He XX 52, 428 
| Ch‘i-hsien-tan + fili #F 352 
Ch‘i-ku-ts‘ao 8 4a 388 
Ch ‘i-li-hsiang tHe = 7 
h‘i-li san ds #¥ tk 352 
Ch‘i-lin-chieh Re BE DR 79 
| Ch‘i-pao-mei-jan-tan ¢ ScgFF —- 329 
Ch‘i-pao-san 4c ik 352 
Chfi-shih ia fh I5r 


i 


EE —— “<< - ——- 


INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. 505 


Ch‘i-t‘ou-hao HE SA 51 {| Chiao-hung AL HT, 462, 463 
Ch‘i-yeh-shu - BE if 19 | Chiao-hung-wan = #& #1 Ht, 326 
Chia A 83 | Chiao-kan-tan me AM FE 321 
Chia th 99 | Chiao-lu hl #8 485 
Chia EE 317 | Chiao-lung ee tH 474 
Chia iB 303, 433 | Chiao-mi ZE 3h 211 
Chia-ch ‘ing-tzti e+ 358 | Chiao-mu aR OA 463 
Chia-chu-shih i 3% RR 494 | Chiao-pao 2 210 
Chia-hao HE HE 160 | Chiao-pai Zz A 210 
Chia-liao 5 3H 342 | Chiao-po-chiu AR A HG 439 
Chia-ling 494 | Chiao-sun 3E 210 
_ Chia-mi HE SK 453 | Chiao-ts‘ao 26 £4 210 
Chia-mu-yao 1 12 4 62 | Chiao-yu #é yh 270 
Chia-pai-ho RA 240 | Ch‘iao-érh-su 92 Gi aK 161 
Chia-su 1 RR 393, 429 | Ch‘iao-mai 2 2B 59, 164 
Chia-wa-lung in 2 # 425 | Ch‘iao-mai #4 = 171 
Chiang ue 195 | Ch‘iao-mai ce I7i 
Chiang = 366 | Ch‘iao-mei E te 355 
Chiang i _ 465 | Ch‘iao-nao-hsiung # fi§ 124 
Chiang es 465 | Ch‘iao-p‘iao #2 =I 299, 264 
Chiang-chén-hsiang f% BH 428 | Ch‘iao-pu-tao iy A FA 471 
Chiang-chiu iw 439 | Ch‘iao-tou i 154 
Chiang-chu YL ER 34 | Ch‘iao-yao ie 232, 454 
Chiang-chin We aE 374 | Chieh A 408 
_Chiang-chiin-fu- Chieh-chiang FF 408 
chan-tan Tee 330 | Chieh-fén efi Bt 279 
Chiang-huang ra we 139 Chieh-hung *G 3 Iiz 
Chiang-li rae Be 403 Chieh-hsii-ts‘ao # te c=3 163 
Chiang-Iu Hz 485 | Chieh-kéng i BR 15, 18, 337 
Chiang-mang-chiieh- Chieh-kou a ky 209 
ming EER) «96, 231 | Chieh-ku ¥§ 4h 389 
Chiang-nan-ta- ’ | Chieh-ku ee 154 
. ch‘ing WwBK HE 217 | Chieh-ku-mu A 393 
Chiang-nou-ts‘ao |=. 3% 1 429 | Chieh-ku-ts‘ao Be 393 
Chiang-p‘i Br 465 | Chieh-li fe PME 120 
Chiang-tou it 155 | Chieh-man-ching Fp SH. 75 
Chiang-ts‘ao HF LL 210 | Chieh-nio-chu-t‘ang jE # HB 482 
Chiang-yu we oh 195 | Chieh-nio-wan # FE Fu 322 
- Chiang-yu 74 wh 466 | Chieh-p‘i' ta 
-'Ch‘iang-huo 3 IF 314 | Chieh-p‘o-lo-hsiang #% 2 
‘Ch‘iang-mi yas RE 120 | Chieh-t‘ang Fi He 
Ch‘iang-mi 8 BE 380 | Chieh-ts‘ai-chou FF AR HH 
Chiiang-t‘ao 5é bk 223 | Chieh-tu fe Tie 
Ch‘iang-wei #5 7% 380 | Chieh-tu-tzii fie. tie F 
Ch‘iang-wei-lu #5 2% BZ 380, 485 | Chiieh ‘ ri 
Ch‘iang-wei-shui #§ #% 7k 380 | Ch‘ieh-chih tn tk 
Chiao Zé 141 | Ch‘ieh-ting th FE 
Chiao 26 210 | Chien AB 
-Chiao-chia-chih BE im 209 | Chien Ril 
- Chiao-chia-wan ZB In Ft 320 | Chien-chih Bie 5 
Chiao-chih-kuei Se Bik HE 1o8 | Chien-chin-lo See 
Se Bt 


506 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Chien-ch ‘iu-lo Hl fh HE 249 | Chih-mu Fl BE: 40 
Chien-ch‘un-lo BY fe BE 249 | Chih-shéng-tan =p Up fF 325 
Chien-hung-lo By a0 249 | Chih-shih A St 116 
Chien-hung-sha at xr 249 | Chih-shu-t‘ang tw 481 
Chien-kén i FB 205 | Chih-shu-wan AM ot 3 322 
Chien-lo-hua GY 38 7é 249 | Chih-tsao A Fe 209 
Chien-nii-yiian 4h br pe 56 | Chih-ts‘ao KH 52 
Chien:tao-ku ai 77 Ae 230 | Chih-t‘u-hsiieh-mei- 
Chien-tao-ts‘ao ay 7] tx 266, 389 kuei-kao THM MBM 487 
Chien-ts‘ao: gy AL 249 | Chih-tztt He 183 
Ch'ien ry 250 | Chih-tzii-kén He + th 184 
Chien hie 381 | Ch*ih-chao ax IN 131 
Ch‘ien-chén-ts‘ao =F gf #1 rig | Ch‘ih-chao-tzti Ts RE gs 
Ch‘ien-chin-ts‘ai F- AR 229 | Ch*ih-ch‘é-shih-ché 9 Ai ff AF 161 
Ch‘ien-chin-ts‘ao. J #& 44 168 | Ch‘ih-ch‘éng A PE 428 
Ch‘ien-hu At HY 42, 314 | Ch‘ih-chiao Ie WE 489 
Ch‘ien-li-chi FB I 403 | Ch*ih-chieh As Bit 4II 
Chiien-li-kuang ==> HY 403, Ch‘ih-chien A iit 184 
Ch‘ien-li-mei-hua- Ch‘ih-chih rises 271 
wan HME 330 | Chtih-chin Ay 4% 206 
Ch‘ien-nien-ai + 4p HE 52 | Ch‘ih-ch‘in Ase 42, 129 
Ch‘ien-nien-po F- 4B A 251 | Ch‘ih-chu Fie BR 413 
Ch‘ien-nien-sung f ae ee 251 Ch‘ih-hsiao-tou at ZN Bg B50 I16 
Chiien-nien-tsao =F 42 #B 140 | Ch‘ih-hsiao-tou- 
Ch‘ien-niu-tzt He 4p 125, 489 chou Fe ST HH 477 
Chtien-shih mE ¥6g | Ch‘il-kén-ts‘ai Ay AR 417 
Ch‘ien-shih-fén- | Ch*ih-kuo vies 439 
chou BREE FO 477 | Ch‘ih-liao A BE 344 
Chtien-sui-lei + i & 457 | Ch‘ih-lung-p‘i-t‘ang AR ad BEB 483 
Ch‘ien-ts‘ao pa 381 | Ch‘it-mu wg Hd: 41 
Chih #1 19, 116 | ch: ih-pao' viet 431 
Chih tr 481 | Ch‘ih-sung A FS 333 
Chih a 271 | Ch‘ih-ti-li Fe Hy Fi 341 
Chih-chia-hua sp 7€ 232  Chih-wang Ae Hid 140 
Chih-chung-t‘ang FH hh 481 | Ch‘ih-yao Fe 3% 118 
Chih-chung-tu-kao 3§ fff # # 337: | Ch*ih-yén-lao-mu- 
Chih-chii AL AL 209 ts‘ao FE EE 225 
Chih-chii-tzit a eh 209 | Chin i 43 
Chih-érh S fit “272 | Chin fz 178 
Chih-érh-lei 3S th FG 179 | Chin-chan-hua & SE7E 80 
Chih-ho SF tf 280 | Chin-chan-yin-t‘ai 4 3 ji! BE i 
Chih-hsien-ti-i-ling- 277, 395 
tan JAR —eRPF 336 | Chin-ch‘ai > xX 148 
Chih-hsing IEG 441 | Chin-ch‘ai-hua & S16 249 
Chih-ju-chiu a 2h 435 | Chin-clr‘ai-ku & He ye 249 
Chih-k‘o He 116 | Chin-chén-ts‘ai > ot BR 204 
Chih-li Bas Hee 270 | Chin-chi-lé & UH th 107 
Chih-li-hsiang-lien- Chin-chiao A> HR 464 
wan ThA AMIt «= «321 | Chin-ch‘iao SR 142 
“y Chih-lien 125 | Chin-ch‘iao-érh- 
Chih-ma IK It 243 |. chiao 2 S$ BRR 149 


Chin-ch‘iao-mai 
Chin-ch‘ien-hua 
Chin-ch‘ien-chii 
Chin-chih 
Chin-chio-nao 
Chin-ch ‘iu 
Chin-chu 
Chin-chit 
Chin-féng-hua 
Chin-hsien-ts‘ao 
Chin-hsing 
Chin-hsing-ts‘ao 
Chin-hu 
Chin-hu-tou 
Chin-hua-chiu 
Chin-hua-ts‘ai 
Chin-kan 
Chin-kang-kén 
Chin-kou-mu 
Chin-kuei 
Chin-k‘uei 
Chin-kung-hua 
Chin-kuo 
Chin-li-chih 
Chin-lien-hua 
Chin-ling-chien 
Chin-ling-tzti 
Chin-lti-mei 
Chin-niu-ts'ao 
Chin-pu-huan 
Chin-sang 
Chin-shao-yao 
Chin-shih-li-tung- 
kao 
Chin-so-t‘ien 
Chin-ssti-t‘ao 
Chin-ssii-ts‘ao 
Chin-ssii-yén 
Chin-su-lan 
Chin-sui-chien 
Chin-t‘ao 
Chin-téng 
Chin-tou 
Chin-ts‘ai 
Chin-tsan-ts‘ag 
Chin-ts‘ao 
Chin-yin-lu 
Chin-yin-t‘éng 
Chin-ying-tziti 


Chin-ying-tzti-chien 


Chiu 


Si KD > E> > Bat RD BH KD BD > HD BD RD MD HD > > BD BD > > > BD HD > So > YR Sz > MD BD RD ED BP BD HD RD RD BD RD RD BRED BD & BD DD 


INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. 


2 OF 


Pe 


He 


140, 


mots | 


m i 


108, 


GOALS SSRN RH PRESS HHESMHVERISENB RH 


He SSNS 


B 
SHERRY E 
2H 


phot 
~ 


i 


Be SE BS AO me 7 nl Bb SE BR Ss SE SS 


WN SS 
_ 


ELS. | 


409 
209 
296 


395 
141 
265 
446 
482 
261 
203 
228 
201 
267 
300 


337 
241 
2II 
342 
284 
zO5 
483 
356 
292 
ELL 
455 
429 
344 
484 
246 
380 
483 

42 


———ES EES ES EEE ESS Eee 


Ch‘in-chiao 
Ch‘in-chiao 
Ch‘in-p‘i 
Ch‘in-ts‘ai 
Ch‘in-ts‘ai-chou 
Ching-chieh 
Ching-chung-t‘ai 
Ching-hsiung 
Ching-k‘ou-pien- 
ts‘ao 
Ching-li 
Ching-mien-ts‘ao 
Ching-san-léng 
Ching-sang 
Ching-t‘iao 
Ching-tien 
Ching-t‘ien 
Ching-tzit 
Ching 
Ch‘ing-chieh 
Ch‘ing-ching-fan 
Ch‘ing-chi-p‘i 
Ch‘ing-hao 
Ch‘ing-hao-chiy 
Ch‘ing-hsiao-tou 
Ch‘ing-hsiang 
Ch‘ing-jang 
Ch‘ing-ko-fén 


Ch‘ing-kuei-hsiang 


Ch‘ing-kuo 
Ch‘ing-liang-mi 
Ch‘ing-liao 
Ch‘ing-mei 
Ch‘ing-mei-san 
Ch‘ing-mu-hsiang 
Ch ‘ing-6-wan 
Ch‘ing-pai-su° 
Ch‘ing p‘i-ho 
Ch‘ing-p‘i-tzti 
Ch‘ing-ping-p‘ien 
Ch‘ing-tai 

Ch ‘ing-t‘ai-i 
Ch‘ing-t'an 
Ch‘ing-t‘ang 
Ch*ing-t‘ang 
Ch‘ing-yang 
Ch‘ing-yu 
Chio-ch ‘iu 
Chio-chuang 
Chio-hao 
Chio-shu 


SES PB ED het set ht my wy SH oh ah a HE hE EH aE EK oh mh aE ah a ya ME oo} BE BE ES SE 


SG ot 


Hie 


2} 5 Si Fe Te BH BS HE 


= 
ie G 
a 


| we 


~*~ mS 


WH SRSCRRSKHARRO SHR ESR SRR BAD fH RY 


OTF Nis SH of oy RE 


ie 


225 
462 
178 
42, 289, 
478 


393, 429 
270 


508 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Chio-tz‘ti-ch‘a $4 Hl 2& 87, 213 | Chu-lan ze BY 84, 105 
Chiu aE 27 | Chu-lan-ch‘a PE BY Se 105 
Chiu ry 417 | Chu-ling Bi 45 35, 494 
Chiu-chiao Wi we 233 | Chu-luan Je 113 
Chiu-hsien-to-ming- Chu-ping-lang af FR 47 
tan Aes 326 | Chu-sha-chit tk Bb ta IIL 
Chiu-lei 1 433 | Chu-sha-kén tek ab HR 471 
Chiu-li-hsiang-ts‘ao 7 7 HE = 269 | Chu-shen-chou wa I'S 479 
Chiu-li-ming 7u OW 403 | Chu-shun ak HE 73 
Chiu-lung-tan Ju #8 FF 326 | Chu-t‘ao = Bk 358 
Chiu-mu 7 BF 233 | Chu-tzii ik 366 
Chiu-ts‘ai-chou SE 2a 478 | Chu-ya-tsao-chia RR BR 188 
Chiu-ts‘ao KH 52 | Chu-yang-yang ii; BL 181 
Chiu-ts‘éng-ta Ju ig 33 289 | Chu-yeh-chiu vy iG 434 
Chiu-tzitt tt F 275 | Chu-yeh-t‘ang-chou 47 3699 == 479 
Chiu-yu #6] wh 424 | Chu-yeh-ts‘ai ify BE BB 123 
Ch‘iu tit 98, 242 | Chu-yii-chou a 479 
Chiiu #R 366 | Chu-yiian-sui 4 fal 23 173 
Ch‘iu-hai-t‘ang RK Ts 66 | Ch‘u ahs 456 
Ch ‘iu-k‘uei KB 206, 257 | Ch‘u Hk 204 
Ch‘iung-shu fo ta 42 Ch‘u 2 20, 21 
Cho-ts‘ai Rei Ae 265 | Ch‘u #8 75 
Chou ih 294, 476 | Ch‘u-k‘uei at 38 289 
Chou # 366 | Ch‘u-ma 25 itt 70 
Chou pat 417 | Ch‘u-pei-lo-hsiang #} 2 426 
Ch‘ou-ch‘éng ity 113 | Ch‘u-p‘1 ea 2I 
Ch‘ou-ch‘u SL 2 20 | Ch‘u-shih-tzit #% @F 75 
Ch‘ou-chii Et 8 116, 469 | Ch‘u-tao KE BK 75 
Ch‘ou-ch‘un 5 HE 20 | Chu ei III 
Ch‘ou-hao LE 50 | Chu Li} 306 
Ch‘ou-p‘u 5. 447 | Chi be 360 
Ch‘ou-su SL ik 268.| Chii-chiang 3H i 102 
Ch‘ou-wei SL 235 | Chu-hua 3 7€ 106 
Ch‘ou-wu-i SL BEE 449 | Chii-hua-chiu 2B 7é 7 435 
Chu a yo | Chii-hung th #2. II2 
Chu Ay 277 | Chii-jo oh ay 124 
Chu + 366 Chiu-ling-ka 5 t iy 359 
Chu tf 366 | Chii-liu #2 fill 360, 449, 464 
Chu-ché eit 255 | Chii-lo fa 133 
Chu-ché Ay WR 386 | Chii-ma Ht iit go 
Chu-chiao Ex 464 | Chii-pai 14 113 
Chu-chieh-wu-t‘ou fy i & HA 8 | Chu pti HE <tr 
Chu-chin BR 206 | Chii-p‘i-t‘ang ake » 483 
Chu-huang ye #E 64 | Chii-shéng ER 269 
Chu-jou me 64, 273 | Chii-shéng-chiu Be 7 437 
Chu-ju ay 64, 273 | Chii-shéng-tzil ER 269 
Chu-kao-mu aS AF 1: 407 | Chii-t‘ien-p‘4i PARK 204 
Chu-kén Ay 177. | Chii-ts‘ai yA 2B 208 
Chu-ko-chin 2h JE 27 Chii-tsao ZK Pa 276 
| ah SE EE 495 | Chit ia, 4 233 
As bal 338 | Ch‘ii-chieh-ts‘ao AH ff) HE 404 


a Se 


~~  — — 


INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. 509 


Ch ‘ii-mai ga as 149 , H-ch‘ang-ts‘ao REE EY 423 
Chi-yu-kao -Fq Te 487 I}-mao-yii-feng-hua EERE 203 
Chuan-tzii-lien i SH 118 | K-mei-tou i Jet Ae 155 
Ch‘uan Be 82 I}-pu-shih-ts‘ao BABE 275 
Ch‘uan-chiao Nl AR 463 | Erh in 98, 271 
Ch‘uan-fu Mi RG 7 | rh Ail, ith 271 
Ch‘uan-hsiung Jil 123 Erh BE 473 
“Ch'uan-hsii-tuan Jj] [Bh 154 | Erh-ch‘a &L Ee 2 
Ch‘uan-lien-tzi Jil ee _ 261 Erh-ch‘i-wan = & Fh 330 
Ch‘uan-niu-hsi Jil 2E 6 | Erh-hua-san = 76 Be 353 
Ch‘uan-pei-hsieh )i] Hi 150 | Krh-huang = 283 
Ch‘uan-tang Mi) 18 | Erh-ts‘ao 5a Et a 
Ch‘uan-ti-t‘ai Bl ps Je 270 
Ch‘uan-t‘u Wt 309 Fa-pan-hsia "EPR - 332 
Ch‘uan-wu I& 7,8,9,11 | Ban . 52 
Ch‘uan-wu-t‘ou INS BR 8 | Fan AE 294, 295 
Chiian-érh 4= 461 | Fan-ho 3 of 263 
Chiian-po aE HY 402 | Fan-hung-hua ae om 76 131 
Chiian-tan 485 FF 240 | Fan-kua a Oh 93 
Ch'tian pie 317 | Fan-kua AK 136 
Ch‘iian-shén 2 341 Fan-li-ts‘ao oe He HE 206 
Chiieh BR 172, 297,359 | Fan-lu & 66 
Chiieh-i DA itt 467 | Fan-lii HB 423 
Chiieh-kuang 3% 36 96 | Fan-mu-pieh ar ak RF 425 
Chiieh-ming 5 wy 97 | Fan-pai-ts‘ao Wa 348 
Chiieh-ming-tzi BY =F 97 | Fan-shih aE th 251 
Chui-li SE BA 98 | Fan-tou RF 4II 
Ch‘ui-hou-san WR We He 351 | Fan-tsao wt R I4I 
Ch‘ui-ssit-liu ie £& gy 428 | Fang-chi Be 120 
Ch‘un HE too | Fang-féng Bi JEL 315, 407 
Ch‘un-chieh #& FF 408 | Fang-féng-tang- ; 
Ch‘un-chiu #14 418 shén Wi a Be 17 
Ch‘un-ch‘u i 20, 100 | Fang-hsiang FOF yee 
Ch‘un-hai-t‘ang Fe Ue 66 | Fang-k‘uei bh 315 
Ch‘un-hua 4% 76 254 | Fang-tang-shén By a 17 
Ch'un-kuei if 28 257 | Fei HE. FR. YE 439 
Ch‘un-p‘i- HE HZ 21 | Fei-chu-tzii KE 3k 395 
Ch‘un-sha-hua BG 38 | Fei-lien AR fie 92 
Chiin es) 271 | Fei-shih HE £2 439 
Chiin-ch ‘ien-tzii A + 153 | Fei-tsao Ke Yt rag 
Chiin-chung-i-nien- Fei-tsao-chia AE 198 
~ ehin.  ith—#4 ~—-38r_'| ‘Fei-tsao-ho 8% 199 
Chin-hsiin-chin = & jj 419 | Fei-tsao-t‘o Re ¢ 199 
Chiin-shé BG 384 | Fei-tsao-tou Ss 199 . 
Chiin-ta-ts‘ai Xe aR 68 | Fei-tsao-tzi . Ee + 
Chiin-ta-ts‘ai-chou #¥ $@ 28} = 478 | Fei-yang-ts‘ao We by Fe 
Ch‘iin-kuei Bi té Io7 | Fén iH 
Chung-k'uei xk BE 66 | Fén-chieh-ts‘ao et fii Be 
Chung-ssii-tsao th FA BB 467 | Fén-ch‘ing-wan y He Tt. 
‘Ch‘ung-pai-la #4 af 237 | Fén-chiu Ww 
Ch‘ung-wei BF 235 | Féng Shy a 


510 


Féng 

Féng-chén 
Féng-chieh-érh 
Féng-hsiang-chih 
Féng-hsien 


nas ‘ rhs 
Féng-huang-ch‘ang 


Béng-hung-shu 
Féng-jén 
Féng-lan 
Féng-pén 
Féng-pi 
Féng-pi-yao-chin 
Féng-p‘1 
Féng-p‘i-tang 
Féng-tzti-kuei 
Féng-wei-chiao 
¥ éng-wei-sung 
Féng-wei-ts‘ao 


Féng-yao 
Fo-chia-ts‘ao 
Fo-ch‘ieh-érh 
Fo-chien-hsiao 
Fo-érh-ts‘ao 
Fo-sang 
Fo-shou-chiao 
Fo-shou-kan 
Fo-shou-kan 
Fo-shou-lu 
Fo-shou-p‘ien 
Fo-tso-hsii 
Fou 
Fou-lan-lo-lé 
Fou-ling 
Fou-mai 
Fou-p'ing 
Fou-shih 
Fu-chi-mo 
Fu-ch‘i 
Fu-hsiung 
Fu-i 

Fu-jung 
Fu-k‘uei 
Fu-li 

Fu-ling 
Fu-ling-chiu 
Fu-li 

Fu-mu 
Fu-niu-hua 
Fu-pei 
Fu-p‘éu-tzii 


CHINESE 


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MATERIA MEDICA. 


244 
244 


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Fu-p‘ien 

Fu-sang 

Fu-shén 

Fu-tzit 

Fu-tzt 
eFu-ya-t‘u-lu-t‘'éng 

Fu-yang 


Ha-hsi-ni 
Ha-la-huo 
Hai-chin-sha 
Hai-érh-ch‘a 
Hai-hung 
Hai-lo 

Hai-na 
Hai-sung 
Hai-sung-tzit 
Hai-tai 
Hai-t‘ang 
Hai-t‘éng 
Hai-ts‘ai 
Hai-tsao 
Hai-tsao 
Hai-tsao-chiu 
Hai-tsung 
Hai-yun 
Han-ch ‘in 
Han-chu 
Han-fang-chi 
Han-kua 
Han-lien-ts‘ao 
Han-lien-tzit 
Han-ma 
Han-meti 
Han-mi 
Han-pai 
Han-shéng-ts‘ao 
Han-shih-chou 
Han-tan 
Han-t‘ao 
Han-ts‘ai 
Hang-chu-hua 
Hao 
Hao-fei-sun-hsiieh 
Hao-ting-ts‘ao 
Hao-ying-piao 
Hei-chih 
Hei-ch‘ou 
Hei-fu-tzit 
Hei-kou-chi 
Hei-pai-wan 


Wt he 7, 10 
kK 20, 206 
1K ip 298 
i 7-11 
itt 399 
$k HE a BE eR 102 
BK 376 
Wy Er Ye 173 
ver Bk Ye 459 
HE EP 173 
5% GE 2, 450 
Vy. AL 365 
Uy HE 24 
45 215, 232 
3 RS 333 
: He 333 
UB Att 24 
UB SE 365 
Ue 183 
He AR 23, 24 
HE HK 23, 24, 396 
Ve FR 14L 
Hi 3K 7G 438 
Hy: 2 I4I 
Ye HA 24 
Ar 42, 43 
se A. 474 
i BE 120 
Ze 110 
#h $di FX 160, 177 
+t 5k Z; 177 
Pc Oy (a go 
Be JE 383 
HK 295 
Sh Fe 304 
Pome 402 
aS fe Mi 477 
A 278 
& 358 
YE 2B 28 
i HE 106 
m 5 
£6 iti TA ht = 284 
a 475 
ih Ht 383 
a> 271 
™ FA 489 
A ht 9 
Mt fh) FF 460 
my HL 322 


INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. Eek 
Hei-shén we 400 | Hsi-t‘u py + 309 
Hei-sung Mf, 333 | Hsi-t‘ung-wan Re Hd Ht 330 
Hei-tou ey 189 | Hsi-yeh-sha-shén i #6 j>38 = 460 
Hei-ts‘ao OB 153 | Hsi-yeh-tung-ch‘ing #y BE FF 213 
Hei-t‘u oe 309 | Hsi-yit py HS 285 
Hei-yu-ma SS yeh Site 404°! Hsia 3H 278 
Hén-shan ta 292 | Hsia-chieh a 408 
Héng-ts‘ai A 2B, 7] GE 24 | Hsia-chu B 115 
Ho Any 278 | Hsia-ku-ts‘ao BHA 75, 353 
Ho-ch‘ien af 32 280 | Hsia-ku-ts‘ao-lu BARS 486 
Ho-hsiang me 247 | Hsia-pu BT 70 
Ho-huan > # 22 Hsia-ts‘ao-tung- 
Ho-hun A> & 22 ch‘ung SR 126 
Ho-kan He Fi 296 | Hsiang pf 366 
Ho-li-lé any 22 3) 430 | Hsiang-ch‘éng-t‘ang# fF # 483 
Ho-lin I 428 | Hsiang-chiao 269 
Ho-lun-lé-t‘o WY be BH BE 212 | Hsiang-ch‘un He 2f, 100 
Ho-ming-ts‘ao 4 Ay A 97 | Hsiang-ch‘un-chih 7 #F # 100 
Ho-pi op 280 | Hsiang-ch‘un-kén # # # 100 
Ho-pien-mu yi} 3% 496 | Hsiang-ch‘un-pi 4 fF & 21 
Ho-shih i Hl 94 | Hsiang-fu-tzit Mi 141, 142 
Ho-shou-wu fit 342 | Hsiang-hao e& 50 
Ho-t‘ao RE Bk 222 | Hsiang-hsin F 272 
Ho-t‘ao $= Bk 357 | Hsiang-jih-k‘uei fy H 3 203 
Ho-tzti Sa 430 | Hsiang-ju 4B 161 
Ho-yeh 4oy TRE 278, 280 | Hsiang-kai tt 259 
Hou-cha Ie WE 130 | Hsianyg-kua & 134 
Hou-chiang ie 1 345 | Hsiang-kuo He 123 
Hou-k ‘uei ie BE 199 | Hsiang-liao fe 2 344 
Hou-p‘o kes ff 254 | Hsiang-ma ite 40 
Hou-p‘o-chien-wan Je fh Hi dt 325 Hsiang-ma Te it 469° 
Hou-shan-ch‘a @ iy 4 172 | Hsiang-mao ie 197 
Hou-shu We AL 277 | Hsiang-mu 4 AK 390 
Hou-t‘ao tee Hk 254 | Hsiang-p‘u ii 447 
Hsi my 35 | Hsiang-shih i 367 
Hsi ips 454 | Hsiang-ssti-tzti *A ES I 
Hsi-chang-tan HE He FF 47 | Hsiang-ssti-tou 1): ae 2 
Hsi-ché PY HE 386 | Hsiang-su FE hE 
Hsi-érh x 461 | Hsiang-sui # 4E 
Hsi-érh-kan ft = yt 295 | Hsiang-tan IG 
Hsi-fan i fi 476 | Hsiang-tan-ch‘a WH je SE 
Hsi-hsiu a 7B. 55 | Hsiang-tang FR BK 
Hsi-hsiung mS 124 | Hsiang-t‘ien-ts‘ao [Rh] K HE 
Hsi-kua Py II_ ' Hsiang-tou RE 
Hsi-kuo-lo-kua BE $a RE i 249 *siang-ts‘al # a 
Hsi-lien Ri 3% 407 | Ki\‘ang-yu ® ih 
Hsi-mi WE 56 453 | Hsit\, '-yii-p‘i # hi 
Hsi-ming aa 432 fa, vilan FF a 
Hsi-sha-tou tn ob 37 | Hsiang-ytian ‘u = 
Hsi-tang py RK 18 | Hsiang-wan-t2\ Ki ti 
Hsi-tsao-hua UE GE TE 265 | Hsiao-ch‘ao-ts‘ai ~ me 


Ee 
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512 


Hsiao-chi 
Hsiao-ch‘ing 
'Hsiao-ch ‘ing-p‘i 
Hsiao-chti-kao 
Hsiao-huan-ch‘ai 
Hsiao-hui-hsiang 
Hsiao-kuei 
Hsiao-mai 
Hsiao-mai-chou 
Hsiao-mai-ch‘ti 
Hsiao-mi 
Hsiao-po 
Hsiao-suan 
Hsiao-suan-ts‘ai 
Hsiao-t‘an-chih-so- 
kao 
Hsiao-ts"ao 
Hsiao-tu-pao-ying- 
tan 
Hsiao-t‘u 
Hsiao-yang 
Hsiao-yeh-chu-hua 
Hsiao-yuan-shu 
Hsieh 
Hsieh 
Hsieh-hao 
Hsieh pai 
Hsieh-pai-chou 
Hsieh-pao-yeh 
Hsieh-p‘o-ts‘ai 
eHsien 
Hsien 
Hsien 
Hsien-chih 
Hsien-ch‘uan-p‘an- 
t‘ao-wat. 
Hsien-hu-tou 
Hsien-jén-chang 
Hsien-jén-chang 
Hsien-jén-t‘ao . 
Hsien-jén-ts‘ao 
Hsien-ling-p‘i 
Hsien-lo-chiu 
Hsien-mao 
Hsien-mao 
Hsien-mao-chiu 
Hsien-mao-wan 
_ Hsien-mi 


CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Ay Rij 118, 120 
nS a 472 
yf FE II2 
ini 336 
> 3B EX 148 
7). Tal rg 176 
Ay KE 108 
my 443 
ay BE ht 477 
> BE By 233 
7h k 405 
|. EE 67 
Wy 27, 28 
BA 297 


1 TR wb ORK AF 487 
yy 338 


i ie TH SA FE 323 


“Wat 309 
My AG 391 
7 iF 48 TE 106 
Ay 7c ait 49 
aE 25 
Ee 262 
Al 405 
aE A 26 
BE BG 479 
fie EE HE 172 
aH UE AE 2302 
ca 33, 347 
fe 236 
Aus 294, 296 
BE 3 184 
fill 5 aR PE Fu 323 
fie fF} = 148 
fly A ak 250 
fill A. 3% 291 
fi A #4 251 
fi) A Ht 118 
fil) Be Ae 4 
ve HE 7 420 
fil) 212 
fil) 34 491 
fill FF AP 
fill 4 Ft 324 
fll 2K 477 
fill 307 
ho41< 240 
"7B Bad 376 


Hsien-shih wk BE 
Hsien-ts‘ai BA 33 
Hsien-tsao {il 4B 467 
Hsien-ts‘ao tin Se 376, 470 
Hsin mea 27: 
Hsin-i ae Fe 253 
Hsin-li Se op 98 
Hsin-lo-sung-tzi  F#MF 333 
Hsing ar 40, 353 
Hsing f= 234, 241 
Hsing fi 387, 474 
Hsing-chin-tan as Ft 321 
Hsing-ch ‘ti 1G iE 173 
Hsing-jén-t‘ang BEB 354 
Hsing-jén-yu. a it 354 
Hsing-su ay BRK 354 
Hsing-ts‘ai SE OE 241 
Hsing-yeh-sha-shén 7F #E p> B 15, 16 
Hsiung-ch‘iung eS fe 123 
Hsi EF I20 
Hsii a 417 
Hsii 7 366, 367 
Hsii-ch‘ang-ch‘ing #% & i 362 
Hsii-chin-kén at fi TR 80 
Hsii-ku-mu el Ep AS 393 
Hsii-tuan et [Bh 154 
Hsii-yii a ER 12k 
Hstian a 204 
Hsiian-chih ae 271 
Hsiian-fu-hua We 7E 16 29 
Hsiian-hua he ié 80, 125 
Hsiian-kou-tzu RS $4 -F 382 

» Hsiian-shén Ye 15, 303, 400 
Hstian-ts‘ao vemos 204 
Hstieh-ch‘a es 86 
Hsiieh-chieh min HS ES 
Hsiieh-chien-ch‘ou ft H, #& © 382 
Hsiieh-ch‘iu SR 453 
Hsiieb-chu ii ft 366 
Hstieh-t‘éng mii Rm. — 382 
Hsiin 7K | 262 
Hsiin Es ih 
Hsiin-ch‘i RE .44b ‘173 : 
Hsiin-lu-hsiang we Re Ws = =671, 291 
‘Hsiin-ts‘ao me 262 
Hu a 28 
Hu a (231 
Hu a 366 
Hu-chang pe 48 
Hu-chang BE 34I _ 

-Hu-chén-tzu By te F 334 


INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. 513 


Hu-chi Ray 119 | Hua-hung iE AL 364 
Hu-chiao By AR 334 | Hua-k‘uei it 3S 257 
Hu-chiao-chou By AR 479 | Hua-lu iE 484 
Hu-chieh by GF 408 | Hua-mu BE AC 68 
Hu-chin-ts‘ao Be & 455 | Hua-mu tH AS 68 
Hu-ch‘iung By 123 | Hua-shéng 1E 470 
Hu-érh-ts‘ao ER 397 | Hua-shéng-yu 4é 22 ith 471 
Hu-hsin-san 28 aby Ie 351 | Hua-wang 1t = 300 
Hu-huang-lien BY te He Huai hil ° 415 
65, 22TH 284, 319 Huai-chih-chiu Pil RE 74 438 

Hu-hsii-ts‘ao Bae 224 Huai-chio Bi 74 415 
Hu-jo i 367 Huai-hua hi 1E 415 
Hu-kan ae Hi 113 | Huai-hua-ch‘ing Pi 7E FF 96 
Hu-kao iS 4o7 | Huai-hsiang i 214, 331 
Hu-kua HW 135 | Huai-hsiang i 337 
Hu-lo-po Hy 28 Si 147 | Huai-mi Bil k 415 
Hu-lo-po-chou #1 2 Bi 478 | Huai-shan-yao ite 1 3% be en 
Hnr-lu #1 136 | Huai-teti ML 415 Y 
Hu-lu ite J 231 Huati-yeh-p‘in Pik we EA 393 
Hu-lu-pa Wi faa | een ith aie 
Hu-ma #] Iii 90, 243, 404 Huan-chiin 2 273 
Hu-ma-chou BA ite ay 479 | Huan-lan Fa Bel 264 
Hu-mén-mang Wi 3 372 | Huan-ping TE (VF 474 
Hu-pa-ho WE 263 Huan-shao-tan se I> FF 329 
Hu-po-ho te 28; | Huan-t‘ung-tzii i it 185 
Hu-p‘o ae sti ayes) eee We & 472 
Hu-p‘o-san ye RK 25, 349 Huang-ch‘i uw =e 57 
Hu-shéng-ts‘ao 6 a EY 92 Huang-ch‘iao-hua te fe iE 142 
Hu-shih i 367, | Muang-chih; «tee 271 
Hu-su HY ek 367 Huang-chih-tzii tt te 184 
Hu-suan ES 2g | Huang-ch‘in mi 400 
Hu-sui Hy 48 127 Huang-ching ic KF 339 
Hu-t‘ao HI BE 223 | Huang-ching i HH 456 
Hu-t‘ao-wan By pe Ft 331 | Huang-ching-chiu 3¢ fy 7H 437 
Hu-tou Bee 269 | Huang-chiu sa 74 420 
Hu-tou We 453 Huang-chu-hua a AE 106 
Hu-ts‘ai WE 74 | Huang-chi-p‘i a A BL II2 
Hu-ts‘ao he 292 | Huang-hao ree 197 
Hu-ts‘ung By AR .26 | Huang-hsin ob 255 
Hu-tzit Mh 231 | Huang-hua i HE 261 
Hu-t‘ui-tzii wy i F 16x | Huang-hwa-hao, Rm ES 50 
Hu-tzii-t'ung BEF ta 156 | Huang-hua-ti-ting ¢ 7E fh T 429 
Hu-tz‘tt ie Hl 143 | Huang-hua-ts‘ai = #¢ JE 2B 231 
Hu-yén-chih HA ie WG 66 | Huang-huan *< 1 492 
Hua-chiao TE AR 88, 462 | Huang-kua OM 135 r; 
Hua-chiao-chou 4E A 479 | Huang-kua-ts‘ai i 4 231 
Hua-ch‘iao 16 & 171 | Huang-lan 3 
Hua-chieh * 16 FF 408 Huang-liang eH 
Hua-chou-chi- Huang-liang-mi Ew; 

hung 1b Wt 4£ =116 | Huang-lien 3 
Hua-chii-hung {bk ta #0 115 ' Huang-lo-po 3G HE 


514 
Huang-lu 


CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


re 18 


Huang-lien-pi-kuan- 


wan 
Huang-ma 
Huang-mei-hua 
Huang-mi 
Huang-p‘i-kuo 
Huang-p‘i-tzti 
Huang-po 
Huang-po 
Huang-shih 
Huang-shu-hsiang 
Huang-shu-k ‘uei 
Huang-tou 
Huang-ts‘ao 
Huang-ching-yeh- 
kou-wén 
Huang-tu 
Huang-tu-chiian 
Huang-t‘ung 
Huang-yang-mu 
Huang-yao-chiu 
Hui-ch‘uang 
Hui-hsiang 
Hui-hsiang-chou 
Hui-hsiang-chiu 
Hui-hsien 
Hui-hui-mi 
Hui-hui-ts' ung 
Hui-mien 
Hui-t‘iao 
Hui-t‘iao-ts‘ai 
Hun 
Hun-ts‘ai 
Hung-ch‘a 
Hung-ché 
Hung-chiao 
Hung-chih-tzii 
Hung-chih-chu 
Hung-ch‘ii 


Hung-hsin-hui-t‘iao 


Hung-hua 
Hung-hua-ch‘a 
Hung-hua-ts‘ai 
Hung-lan-hua 
Hung-lo-po 
Hung-mao-ts‘ao 
Hung-mo-li 
Hung-pai-ho 


_ Hang-p‘i 


_ Hung-pai-lien-hua 


Bae SL 


x jit 90, 91, 


BE 
RE ES Bh 
a a 


1 
Tm, 


iF SS AS ag SS 
ye TH 


oH 


PU 


2 


Se A PA Sl Bl ah OO ON SES Se SP 
Sek iH 


cc 


+t SE BA SR EME Be 
iH 


Bat 


~_ 
¥ 


FL. 


ak Ot OF ot 


ot 


EHMHHA HH HRAN HK AAA A AS SS BS Ee OG OB oe ee BOE ee ae SS Dae Date OO Dt 
o> BoM OO 


Se Ty HK MS 


I5I, 


4, 


co 
= 


377 


_T-sang 


Hung-shih 
Hung-tang 
Hung-t‘ang 
Hung-tou 
Hung-tou-k‘ou 
Hung-ts‘ao 
Hung-tu-chiian 
Hung-yao-tzt 
Huo 

Huo-chiu 
Huo-hsiang-lu 
Huo-ma 

Huo-mu 
Huo-shih-k‘o-pa-tu 
Huo t‘an-mu-ts‘ao 
Huo-yén-ts‘ao 


I 

I 

1k 

T-chih 
I-chih-chien 
I-chu-tzti 
I-i-jén 
J-i-jén-chiu 
I-i-jén-chou 
I-li-chin-tan 
I-ma 

T-inu 
I-mu-kao 
I-nan 
I-p‘in-wan 


I-t‘ang 
I-ts‘ao 
I-t‘ung 
I-tzti-ts‘ao 


Jan-chiang-tzt 
Jan-chih-chia-ts‘ao 
Jan-fei-ts‘ao 
Jang-ho 
Jao-hua 
Jén-hung-wan 
Jén-shén 
Jén-shén-chiu 
Jén-shén-kao 
jJén-tung 
Jén-tung-chiu 
Jén-tung-kao 
Jén-t'ung 


ee i 152 
A 18 
AL HH 388 
ian I, 316 
AL DE 32 
ar 343 
Ac #L AB 375 
AL 35 -F 118 
= 316 
K 419 
Fe = 485 
IK Sit go 
Ft Bf 41 
KAZE 425 
kK pe He Ht 264 
Kk aR Ae 140 
= 278 
Fat 99 
Ste 476 
eB 282 
— hk i 251 
tk 122 
ra a 122 
FUE 435 
ot 477 
— hier 326 
SE iti go 
Sr #3: 235 
. EE 236, 487 
i 204 
= mn Ft 326 
RB 267 
ta BA 474 
Be et 52 
Fei Hel 312 
Bt 289 
ie 3 66 


tS as 

a 
ey 

x 

fe 

3 


Ye Be 382 
BS oy 464 
#5 iE 460 
A A Ht 325 
K ® 15, 16, 301 
KBD 437 
KE 486 
mh & 246 
RB & ii 247, 436 
Se Se 247 
¢ Ha 159 


I —————— 


a 


INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. 515 


Jén-ts‘ao 


je El 283 | Kan lu-tzit H EF 259, 422 
Jén-shu TE AL 189, 190 | Kan-mi BF OK 122 
Jih-chi HR 2c6 | Kan-mu-hu ae AK MRF 148 
Jo se 491 | Kan-shéng-chiang #% 4 & 465 
Jo-t‘ou 33 BE 124 | Kan-shu We es 
Jou-hsin A = 272 | Kan-shu-chiu WT 4 ia 436 
Jou-hsing A 4 353 | Kan-sui W 169 
Jou-kuei AY RE 108, 109 | Kan-sung-hsiang +f 278 
Jou-huo Al 276 | Kan-t‘ai ae 491 
Jou-huo-hua A RiEe 276 | Kan-ti-huang 8¢ Hh BE 371 
Jou-tou-kén Ae ko 276 | Kan-tsao WR 466 
Jon-tou-k‘ou Al sz 276 | Kan-ts‘ao qi) 196 
Jou-tsao A as 128 | K‘an-li-wan 2K ME Ft 322 
Jou-tsung-jung A HE 4 293 | Kang-t‘ung Wii} ad 156 
Ju ii 63 | K‘ang HE 294 
Ju oi 417 | Kao ¥F 289, 320, 335 
Ju-hsiang aL 71, 291 | Kao fs 473 
Ju-t‘ang SL Gf 387 | Kao-chou-fu wy NF 32 
Juan-tsao i 3B 152,153 | Kao-liang i 416, 476 
Jui-ho RE HZ 493 | Kao-liang-chiang HH ® 31 
Jui-hsiang im 144 | Kao-liang-chiang- 
Jun-hsia-wan a 325 tzii wat 32 
Jung Li 175 | Kao-lu Se. 99 
Jung-hsii Ke FR 175 | Kao-pén BK 286 
Jung-k‘uei Ke 33 | K‘ao te 337 
Jung-mu If E: 197 | K‘ao-hua *E 7E 258 
Jung-shu Fe AL 189, 190, 335 | K‘ao-kuo te 258 
Jung-t‘ung BR Hel 312 | K‘ao-p'i FE BE 258 
Kéng fed 294 
Ka-kou-lé it yh 276 | Kéng Bi mae 
Ka-lo-p‘o-chih Yn Fe We 198 | Kéng Ea 481 
Ka-shih-tso iin gin SB 443 | Kéng-hu-nu Fs Re AL 296 
Kai # 271 Kéng-mi bed * 477 
Kai-lu =z 283 Kéng-tzt Tk = 8 
Kan Ht IIl Ko o 299, 361 
Kan iti 126 | Ko ry 366 
Kan-ché iy He 386 | Ko-chung-yao-lu 4% f§& 38#2 484 
Kan-ché oF TK 386 | Ko-fén #8 Bt 299 
Kan-ché W he 386 | Ko-hua-ts‘ai % IE 272 
Kan-ch‘i a Ys 377 | Ko-ju FL 272 
Kan-chiang _ ee 465 | Ko-ku we 299 
Kan-chiao We 269 | Ko-ku-lu-tsé aM 65 
Kan-chu Wr 63, 64 | Ko-pu ey Ai 
Kan-chii-hua TT 4 7E 106 | Ko-shu rol tat 
Kan-chi-hua-lu WT Bivé # 486 | Ko-ts‘ai sR 
Kan-kua Tt 134 | Ko-ts‘ung Ee 
* Kan-lan Kit RE 8&9 | K‘o-liu Ye ia. 
Kan-lan HW 219 | K‘o-mai ee BE 
Kan-lu WT 258 | K‘o-ping yy 
Kan-lu-mi Wt = 258 | K‘o-t‘éng-tzit 1S ie 
Kan-lu-t‘éng H Eu 259 | Kou-chi ka Fa 


516 


Kou-chi 
Kou-chi 
Kou-chi-chien 
Kou-chi-chiu 
Kou-chi-tzii-chou 
Kou-chiao 
Kou-chieh 
Kou-chi 
Kou-ju-ts‘ao 
Kou-kao 
Kou-ku 


Kou-li 
Kou-shé-ts‘ao 
Kou-t‘eng 
Kou-yao 
Kou-yuan 
Kou-wei-ts‘ao 
Kou-wén 

Ku 
Ku-chén-tan 
Ku-ch ‘én-pan 
Ku-ching-ts*ao 
Ku-chung 
Ku-féng 
Ku-hsieh 
Ku-mii 

Ku-pei 
Ku-p‘i-la 
Ku-shih 
Ku-shou 
Ku-shu 
Ku-ssti-mu 
Ku-sui-pu 
Ku-ts‘ai 
Ku-tu-tzi 
Ku-tzt 
Ku-tzt 

Ku-ya 
Ku-ying 
Ku-yitan-tan 
K‘u-ch‘a 
K'‘u-ch‘iao 
K‘u-ch ‘iao-mai 
K‘u-chieh-kéng 
K‘u-ch‘ieh 
K‘u-chih 
K‘u-chin 

kK u-ch‘in 


CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


K‘u-chit 
K‘u-hsin 
K‘u-hu 
K‘u-kua 
K‘u-kua-kan 
K‘u-li 
K‘u-lien 
K‘u-mai 
K‘u-mi-ch‘é 
K‘u-pan 
K‘u-shén 
K‘u-shén-shili 
K‘u-shén-tzii 
K‘u-shih-pa-tou 
K‘u-téng 
K‘u-téng-ch‘a 
K‘u-ting-ch‘a 
K‘u-ting-hsiang 
K‘u-tou 

K ‘u-tsao 
K‘u-ts‘ao 
K‘u-ts‘ai 
K‘u-t‘u 
K‘u-t'u 
K‘u-yao 

Kua 

Kua-lou 
Kua-lou-jén 


| Kua-lu 
| Kua-ti-san 


Kua-tzt 
Kua-tzti-jén 
Kuai 


K‘uai-ko-t‘ang 


Hy FR 156 
i) FF 344, 460 
Kay il Hil 483 
ka #3 436 
Ka td 478 
Hi] BR 464 
4h) ZF 156 
Fay 4 116, 117, 469 
Yo) FL St 429 
1) 407 
45) 

162, 166, 213, 291 
ey BE 366 
Ht 7G Ee 403 
£4) Hie 450 
Fa SE 119 
Ral ie III 
4) HE 492 
£4 Wy 185, 377 
Fk 210, 271 
El RAF 58, 323 
Ty Hil A 496 
ie Fig 165 | 
Th 198 
Jal 320 
HS is 25 
Hh OK 2I1 
fr A 198 
A 485 
ie 75 
Hh = 210 
ie tat 75 
Ty Wl AS 496 
Ee ttf 345 
riiqeans 210 
HF 175 
Fk F 273 
me 405 
pe BF 256 
i fA 295 
fal 7c FF 330 
we Se 82 
Be 171 
Ts ee 171 
Ti Hi $B 337 
TH hn 411 
vy Hae 312, 319 
re 379 
Bi 43, 289 
“iG 454 
47 63 


K‘uai-ts‘ao 
Kuan-chieh 
Kuan-ch‘t 
Kuan-chung 


Kuan-yin-lien 
Kuan-yin-liu 
K‘uan-chung-wan 
K‘uan-tung 
Kuang-chit 
Kuang-lang © 
Kuang-lang-mien 
Kuang-mu-hsiang 
Kuang-t‘u 
Kuang-wu 

Kuei 

Kuei-ch ‘ai 


Ty 


229, 230 
41 

493 

265 

265 

178, 238 
261 

230 

Wye 278 


cS 


#0 


A A AE OO Dk fe DAE ED ODE OE OO OE De DS Oe OE De Ihe 
BPSK e eR SRa RAR S 


BESS NNR A 


ESRI SRE SS BRERSSARARAA 
RH > 8S RR ok my 


ke & 
\ 
‘ 


INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. Bly 


Kuei-chén-ts‘ao oh 68 | La-chung Lael 238 
Kuei-chien Ca 166 | La-huang We BE 183 
Kuei-chien-ch‘on J% 5, 395 | La-mei ES Ae 105 
Kuei-chih #E #{ 108, 109, 110 | La-mi-chou PR OK 479 
Kuei-chiu A 154 | La-shu aS Ast 236, 239 
Kuei-chu = 4 63,64 | La-ts‘ai-yu oR OR ith 462 
Kuei-hsin KE 108 | La-tztt hit F 238 
Kuei-hua FEE 108 | La-tsti aK -F 462 
Kuei-hua-lu FE 7E 485 | Lai Ae 104, 475 
Kuei-hua-yu #E 7E ih 296 | Lai He 128 
Kuei-jén RE f£ 313 | Lai BK 443 
Kuei-kai HL te 273 | Lai 7K 443 
Kuei-li Si B47, 441 | Lai-ch‘in K 364 
Kuei-man-t‘ou HL fd BR 175 | Lai-fu A Mk 370 
Kuei-mu bi =| 384 | Lai-hsing as AF 353 
Kuei-pi KL 273 | Lai-mei-ts‘ao We FE Fi 209 
Kuei-p‘i rE 108, 109 | Lai-p‘u-tao HA il FE 265 
Kuei-p‘i-t‘ang Big Me Z 483 | Lan Us 217 
Kuei-ting RT Iog | Lan Bi 255, 262 
Kuei-t‘ou KL Bey 124 | Lan-ch‘ang-ts‘ao il Bb Be 186 
Kuei-tsao-chia HL va BE 188 | Lan hsiang Bo go 
Kuei-tu-yu , SL RB i 253 Lan-hua Wa 4 69 
Kuei-tzii tE tog | Lan-hua Bi 3 Ly 
Kuei-yu-ma BL ih File 160 | Lan-hua-lu Mi 7c 485 
Kuei-yiian-chiu Ba 7c i 420 | Lan-hua-mi BY 7E 2k 20 
K‘uei aE 256, 257 | Lan-hua-yén BY 7E 44 284 
K‘uei-ts‘ai-chou BE AR phy 478 | Lan-t'ang i HS go 
j K‘uei-tsii-yu aE yh 203 | Lan tien ac 218 
| K‘un-lun-ché BE 386 | Lan-tien Be ex 218 
' K‘un-lun-ts‘ao BAe too | Lan-ts‘ai HE aR 219 
K‘un-pu BL 4 24 | Lan-ts‘ao wi =e 167 
Kung-fén-t‘ang HOt Be 388 | Lan-ts‘ao fe A 217 
Kung-kao L. & 309 | Lang A 200 
Kung-mai KH 207 | Lang-mao I # 200 
Kung-mai-nieh i 2 YZ 208, 256 | Lang-pa-ts‘ao 2 68 
Kung-pan-t‘u XE + 309 | Lang-po-tzit ie BF 492 
Kung-pu BR 299 | Lang-tang i a3 2IL, 399 
Kung-t‘u + 309 | Lang-tu I i IL, 257, 370 
Kung-yén , BB 309 | Lang tu-t‘ou it ae BE 
K‘ung-hsien-tan = # jE FF 322 | Lang-wei-ts‘ao et Fe Ee 
Kuo-chiao-wan $5 AB Sh 329 | Lang-ya IR 
Kuo-kua aI 134 | Lang-yii BR hii 
_ Kuo-lao A + 196 | Lao-chiu % ia 
Kuo-lo. Be 441 | Lao-hu-hua #ER TE 
@Ku0-p‘'i RE BE 112 | Lao-hu-tz't SE JE hl 
Kuo-shih-chiin 20 Gk F 368 | Lao-kuan-ts‘ai HER 
Lao-ling BE 
La-cha wes 5 237 | Lao-shu-lé ERA 
La-ché his RE 386 | Lao-shu-tz‘tt a | 
La-chiao BE HY 92 | Lao-tou ms 
La-chieh HS FF 408 | Lao-ya-san SE Fe 


Eos x4 
AS 


518 


Lao-ya-yén-ching- 
ts‘ao 


Lé-ché 
Lé-ts‘ao 
Lei-pi 
Lei-wan 
Lei-wan-ts‘ao 
Léng-fan-t‘uan 
Léng-tan-huo 
Li 

Li 

Li 

Li 

TA 

Li 

Li 

Li-ch‘ang 
Li-chih 
Li-chih-nu 
Li-ch‘un-ts‘ao 
Li-fu 

Li-hsieh 
Li-huo 

Li-1n 

Li-mu 

Li-shih 
Li-shih 
Li-t‘ao 

Li-tou 

Li-tou 
Li-tzi-chou 
Li-yii-chih-chou 
Liang 

Liang 

Liang 
Liang-chiang 
Liang-chou 
Liang-mi 
Liang-t‘ou-chien 
Liang-tsao 
Liang-tzi-mu 
Liang-wu-chi 
Liao 
Liao-chiu 
Liao-lan 
Tiao-tou 
Lieh-tang 
Lien 


CHINESE 

eM A 
388, 

ymis 

uy Et 

At 

& 201, 

ra ee 

Ye te 

AK 

i 

*i 104, 

=e 

ca 

fig 

ut 364, 

fal FE 160, 

H ¥ 

He RE AL 

we fF At 

Be Fe 

Te 

Ri 

i 

He 

am 

w 

2 Bt 356, 

oF 

Be =f iy 

AD FH 

Lind 

BAS 

Ez 

HE 

Zr spp | 

UE ok 

PA BA 

HR 

fi Fk 

Bl Ht th 

Ess 233, 

24 7B 

3x RE 217, 

HE 

Bll ts 293; 

3 

wd 

sé 


MATERIA 


413 
386 
209 
407 


MEDICA. 


Lien-chiang 
Lien-ch‘iao 
Lien-ch ‘ien-ts‘ao 
Lien-fang 
Lien-hua 

Lien-i 
Lien-jui-hsit 
Tien-mu 

Lien-ou 
Lien-p‘éng-fu 
Lien-shih 
Lien-tzitt 
Lien-tzt-fén-chou 
Lien-tzti-hsin 
Lien-yao 
Lin-ch‘in 

Lin-ch in-ch‘ao 
Lin-hao 

Lin-mu 

Lin-shih 

Ling 

Ling 

Ling-chih 
Linug-chih-tan~ 
Ling-chih-wan 
Ling-chio 
Ling-hsiang-ts‘ao 
Ling-hsiao 
Ling-hsiao-hua 
Ling-ling-hsiang 


Ling-shih-fén-chou 


Ling-t‘iao 
Ling-t‘ung 
Ling-yu 
Ling-yu 
Ling-yii-tzt 
Liu-chi-nu 
Liu-chi-nu-ts‘ao 
Liu-chi-shéng 
Liu-chiao 
Liu-chih 
Liu-hst 
Liu-hua 
Liu-kuei 
Liu-ytieh-ling 
Liu-yiieh-shuang 
Liu-su 
Lo-chieh-ch‘a 
Lo-han-kuo 
Lo-han-mu 
Lo-han-sung 


ei 
EN 


& 


HoH +H ine fe ae 


al 


313, 


BH BS 
ra 


bani 
a 


4 
24 


27 i, 


Sant WH SS 


G 


Ne EER SP SR Sb Se AR OS NTS 
HS SSH 


a 
r= 


Be Oe wad SRE De DE SS SS Dp SS BS BS oh hg ABR NO Se SES PR Tt PS FDS DS 
to 


SS eS Sue 
Se eg 


a 


Lo-han-ts‘ai 
Lo-hua-shéng 
Lo-k‘uei 
Lo-lé 
LLo-mo 
Lo-po 
Lo-po-chou 
Lo-po-jén 
Lo-shih 
Lo-su 
Lo-su 
Lo-yén-ts‘ao 
Lou-lan-tzti 
Lou-lu 
Lou-wei 
Lu-chiai 
Lu-chio-chiao-ju- 
chou 
Tu-chio-ts‘ai 
Lu-chu 
Lu-chu 
Lu-chii 
Lu-hsien 
Lu-hui 
TLu-huo 
Lu-ju 
Lu-jung-chiu. 
Lu-k‘uei 
Lu-li 
Lu-li-kén 
Lu-sang 
Lu-shén-chou 
Lu-su 
Iu-tang 
Lu-ti-ts‘ao 
Tu-tou 
Lu-t‘ou 
Lu-ts‘ao 
Lu-ts' ung 
Lu-ying 
Lii 
Li-ch‘ai 
Lu-chiao 
Lji-hao 
Lii-kao 
Li-lan 
Lii-li 
Lii-sung-kuo 
Lii-sung-ma 
Lii-tou 
Lii-tou-chou 


INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. 


HE ER 475 
4 iE A 479 
15 3 66 
HE Bh 289 
BE 264 
Be al 37° 
HE ST NH 478 
HAE 147 
mal 378, 440 
Bs PSK 412 
YE ik 412 
Re SE 157 
ty HF Sant 
ey Jf 160, 408 
ty FG 388 
ie 38 318 
KE #4 FE A OM 479 
I fq RE 199 | 
Je (T 63 
= Vr 344 
ee tG LIl. 165 
WE Sy 403 
i & 29 
Ki # 378 
ii Ee 344 
i te 78 437 
Fe 257 
ie 3 365 
RE Be te 160 
BS 266, 267 
eS ay 479 
i 416 
Bs 18 
BE Sie 362 
Be 378 
Jz DE 337 
i 196 
HE 2% 204 
Be BE 393 
= 52 
kB 373 
¥k E 373 
££ 52 
ek 373 
te HE 89 
eH 253 
ma AR 425 
A Mit 19 
hE 315 
so 477 


Liu-ts‘ao 
Lu-yeh 


Lii-yeh-lti-hua-ts‘ao 


Lu-yu 

Luan-ch‘a 
Luan-ching 
Luan-hua 

Lun 

Lun-pu 
Lung-ch‘ang-ts‘ao 
Lung-chao-su 
Lung-chi-ch‘a 
Lung-ching 
Lung-chu 
Lung-hsien 
Lung-hsit 
Lung-hsii-ts‘ao 
Lung-k‘uei 
Lung-li 
Lung-lin-pi-li 
Lung-nao-hsiang 
Lung-nao-po-ho 


Lung-shé-ts‘ao 
Lung-tan 
Lung-ya-ts‘ao 
Lung-yén 


Ma-ch‘ang-kén 
Ma-chieh 
Ma-ch‘ien 
Ma-ch‘ien-san 
Ma-ch‘ih-hsien 


Ma-ch'‘ih-hsien-chou /& 


Ma-ch‘uang 
Ma-fén 
Ma-hsien-hao 
Ma-hsien-hsiung 
ch‘iung 
Ma-huang 
Ma-jén-chiu 
Ma-k‘u-ping 
Ma-lan 
Ma-lan 
Ma-liao 
Ma-liao-tou 
Ma-lin 
Ma-pien-ts‘ao 
Ma-p‘o 
Ma-p‘o 
Ma-shih-hao 


BH 209 
ae He 103 
ek SE BR GE AL 168 
BE th 103 
aS 2K 87, 376 
8 Hi] 494 
qe 227 
il 231 
Ai Ai 24 
i ae 492 
Be 8 305 
Ri #f 3 85 
Bi FF 84 
BH BR 413, 413 
fH 187 
Ba 5a 492 
fH 54 Et 472 
va 3s 388, 413 
fH 292, 486 
Hl GE RE 458 
Fa AS 7 157 
fd AS HR tof 
263, 422 
Be 24 
Hi IG 186 
ioe 452 
He HE 282 
i a TE 452 
BaF 408 
Bi 425 
He Bil WC 351 
ey 347 
i BH ©6478 
120 
go 
ra 313 
SH 124 
I6I 
if 434 
(OF 405 


RELA SSerHS yeesew 
{fl 


RARFRRRRRSZSEER gBe 


it 


520 


Ma-t‘ang 
Ma-ti-chiieh-ming 
Ma-ti-fén 
Ma-ti-hsiang 
Ma-tou 
Ma-tou-ling 
Ma-tsao 
Ma-tzti-chou 
Ma-tzu-jén-wan 
Mai-ch‘ao 
Mai-fu 
Mai-fu-tzii 
Mai-hu 
Mai-mén-tung 


Mai-mén-tung-chien 


Mai-nu 
Mai-tzti-mu 
Mai-tzt-mu 
Mai-ya 
Man-chiang 
Man-ching 
Man-ching 
Man-kua 
Man-t‘o-lo 
Man-t‘ou 
Mau-t‘ou-lo 
Mang 
Mang-ts‘ao 
Mang-ts‘ao 
Mang-yi 
Mao-cha 
Mao-chi 
Mao-chin 
Mao-chén 
Mao-érh-luan 
Mao-érh-tz‘u 


Mao-érh-yén-ching 


ts‘ao 
Mao-hsiang 
Mao-hsien 
Mao-ju-ma 
Mao-kén 
Mao-kén 
Mao-k‘o 
Mao-kuan-chung 
Mao-li 
Mao-liao 
Mao-shih 
Mao-ti-huang >. 


> Mei 


CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


150 
97 
399 
45, 54 
79 

49 
276, 348 
479 

Su 322 
446 
444 
444 
148 
291 
jl = 482 
168, 446 
221 


=F ‘ 
Dy Bs 


Nx & 


RR 


SERA SBM RANE SSSR ye ee ol 
> > 


Seo Sp Sid ih SBS SMG rh BBE SOE Hk FRE aS BY Who as Ae Som A NAS ot Oo 
mt | BN 


2Y 


al 
ah 
ii 


x 


mt 


cae Se WE MR OY Sk Pod as SS mn Sh Se 
ro) 


ja 150, 


Se SF dH cH A Se A cH cH SH Si Ht Se BS 


ot 


Mei-hua-tien-shé 
tan 
Mei-jén-chiao 
Mei-kuei-ch‘a 
Mei-kuei-hua 
Mei-kuei-lu 
Mei-kuei-yu 
Mei-lu 
Mei-t‘ao 
Mei-t‘ao-tan 
Mei-tsao ~ 
Mei-ts‘ao 
Mén 
Mén-t‘ou-hua 
Mén-tung 
Méng 
Méng-kuo 
Méng-ting-ch‘a 
Mi 
Mi 
Mi 
Mi-chih-kou 
Mi-chiu 
Mi-ch‘u-lii 
Mi-ch‘a 
Mi-chiieh 
Mi-fén 
Mi-hsiang 
Mi-hsien 
Mi-hou-t‘ao 
Mi-kan 
Mi-kan 
Mi-méng-hua 
Mi-nao 
Mi-pu 
Mi-shén 
Mi-sui-lan 
Mi-tieh-hsiang 
Mi-ts‘ao 
Mi-tzt 
Mi-wu 
Mien 
Mien-chin 
Mien-chu 


‘Mien-ch‘ii 


Mien-fén 
Mien-hua 
Mien-hua-jén 
Mien-hua-tzti 
Mien-hua-tzii-wan 
Mien-mu 


is 
nh 
+ 


381, 


sR oe eS 


= 


356, 


HEMESSE>m 


We NK NK BR SE RE SSS SE 
xa 


SI pm Hot 


= 
ot 


R 


é 


By A NE BY 
a 
F 


mw 


197; 


oH m~ & 


ae: H oh bi 3B i BB BR SESE oS RS OA Ss Se Rt 
a 
a 


2 BS 2S pe Pm RE Be SR as BZ Oe DB sR SR RG A eB 


KT 


> ot OF OF oF SS GE SY SR 
& 


ee 


eS 


a 


Mien-pao 
Mien-ya 
Mien-yin-ch‘en 
Ming 
Ming-cha 
Ming-tang 
Ming-tang-shén 
Ming-ts‘ai 

Mo 

Mo-chia-t‘o 
Mo-ku-hsin 
Mo-kuang-san 
Mo.-1é-hsiang 
Mo-li 

Mo-li-lu 
Mo-mo 
Mo-shih-tzt 
Mo-ts‘ai 
Mo-t‘u-tsé 

Mou 

Mou 
Mou-ching 
Mou-kuei 
Mou-hao 
Mou-méng 
Mu-chan-ssit 
Mu-chan-ssit-san 
Mu-chih 
Mu-chin 
Mu-érh 


Mu-fang-chi 
Mu-fu-jung 
Mu-hsi 
Mu-hsi-hsin 
Mu-hsiang 
Mu-hsieh 
Mu-hsing 
Mu-hsing 
Mu-hu 
Mu-huan-jou 
Ma-huan-tzt 
Mu-kua 
Mu-kuei 
Mu-lan 
Mu-lan 
Mu-lan-tzit 
Mu-lan-ya 
Mu-luan-tzit 
Mu-li 

Mu-li 


VELELMHHMYSSSSSSSANN HAHAH PSP SSR MMSE 


INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. 


Saar 


a 
ea 
We 


are 


q 


co 
= 


Me ON Ge SS ok aS 
@ oF HM WE a oF 


a A 
al 
[e} 
S 


i: 
E 


3S HEMOoDY 
FF 
Re 


335 


170, 179, 


tel 


108, 


8 a a 
tt 


a SE Ot Se BR oh 


E 


+ 


93, 


dy at ae Se Se GE EA 
ECE 


+ 


Mu-lien 
Mu-lien-hua 
Mu-man-tou 
Mu-mei 
Mu-mi 
Mu-mien 
Mu-mien-shu 
Mu-pa-chio 
Mu-pi 
Mu-pieh-tzt 
Mu-shan-hu 
Mu-shao-yao 
Mu-shih-tzit 
Mu-so-t‘iao 
Mu-su 
Mu-tan 
Mu-t‘ao 
Mu-t‘ao-érh 
Mu-t‘ien-liao 
Mu-ting-hsiang 
Mu-tsei 
Mu-t‘ung 
Mu-yao 
Mu-yao-yu 
Mu-yao-tzti 


Nai-hua 
Nai-tung 

Nan 
Nan-chiao 
Nan-chu 
Nan-kua 
Nan-t‘ien-chu 
Nan-tsao 
Nan-t‘u 
Nan-wu-wei 


Nang-chieh-ch‘ieh 


Nao-yang-hua 


Nao-yii-hua 
Ni-ping-p‘ien 
Niang 


Niang-p‘u-t‘ao-chiu 


Niao 

Nieh 

Nieh-mi 
Nien-chu-wan 
Nien-hu-ts‘ai 
Nien-t‘ou 


Niu-ch ‘ih-t‘ai-ts‘ao 


Niu-érh 


PACES BMPR R SSD 


Se oF 
iS 
n 
= 


TMs 


MHA RE 


260, 


437) 


TH \E 


aos 


MHRGYHRAAHAGARAAHAAAHAAAAY 
Ms eS MS es SE od SE SE Se SON Ot SB aR Se SB 


ne 


223; 


RTF 


Hit aes HAS 
i 


We => 
—7 
at at S$ 


1 
= 


sm? 
F 


ra 
BS 
he 


#3 


522 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Niu-hsi 2E BS 6 | Pa-chio-lien W fa 3 154 


Niu-hsi-chiu Ae 433 | Pa-chio-yu \ Fa ith 215 
Niu-hsi-wan AE EE ty 329 | Pa-ho 263 
Niu-hsin-ch‘ieh-tzii 4F > GH F413 | Pa-hsien-ou-fén J\ fill BB 280 
Niu-ju-chiao AE BL, 7E 270 | Pa-lu \ 464 
Niu-ju-chou Ze SL A 479 | Pa-ma-yu -NE WS ih ©6480, 489 
Niu-li 4 A 373 | Pa-mang Bt 164 
Niu-p‘ang-chiu 4e Be i 434 | Pa-mao Be + 164 
Niu-p‘ang-tzti 4f 3B 45 | Pa-pao-érh NK 4ol 
Niu-pien Es -II, 187 | Pa-tan-hsing EL BAF 40, 354. 
Niu-shé-t‘ou EG BR 384 | Pa-tou Ee 132 
Niu-shé-ts‘ai “FG A 385 | Pa-wang-ts‘ao RE 164 
Niu-shou-chan-t‘an 4 7f fi #2 = 360 | ~Pa-yiieh-chu ABR 331 
Niu-ts‘ai spe 46 | Pai Fi 304 
Niu-wel-yiin “F $a 276 | Pai HE 439 
Niu-yiin-ts‘ao 4p 3 Et 260 | Pai-chan-t‘an Ki be #2 394 
No i 294 | Pai-ch‘ang He 12, 221 
No-hui WW 29 | Pai-chi Hk 69 
No-mai es 207 | Pai-chi emia 301 
No-mi te OK 477 | Par-chi-li A Be 441 
No-tao-hua tf 16 295 | Pai-chiang Hs 466 
No-tao-kén if fA 8 295 | Pai-chiang We 2& 312 
Nou-tien-piao +e 383 | Pai-chiao-hsiang 4 [BE #& 245 
Niu-chén &K W213, 238 | Pai-ch‘ien ad 454 
Nii-chén-pi-chin #& Kj 436 | Pai-chih ie AI, 271 
Ni-chén-tztii RAF 237 | Pai-chih-hsiang Bo 41 
Nu-ch‘ing ke 299 | Pai-ch‘ih Hi 4 
Nii-ch‘i x 234 | Pai-ch‘in BaF 133, 
Nu fu K tf 56 | Pai-ch‘ou = Yai f 490 
Nu-hui QF 29 | Pai-chu aE 229 
Nii-lo K 248 | Pai-chii-hua 4 4 1é 106 
Nii-sang KR 267 | Pai-fu-tsii Hw 9, 223 
Nii-wei KB 493 | Pai-hao Bee ae 52 
Nii-yiian Kp 56 | Pai-hao Hs 83. 
Pai-hao-hsien i fil 180. 
O-fang Say Fy 307 | Pai-ho He 240° . 
O-fu-jung by EE 307 | Pai-ho-fén H #240 
O-hao SE a - 313 | Pai-ho-fén-chou Hat 478 
O-p‘ien Bay He 307 | Pai-ho-hua-lu Hi tr 7E SE 485. 
QO-yiieh-chiin-tzi = fig Yi = 3334 _:«||:~Pai-ho-kan Be%z ° "240° 
Ou = 278 | Pai-hua HEHE gg. 
Ou-chieh Fe Gi 279 | Pai-hua-ts‘ai gw 7E 28 200° 
Ou-fén #8 it 280 | Pai-hsiang-kao BRB 324 
Ou-ho RE tof 280 | Pai-hsien Gi & 2) SBAG* 
Pai-hsing 6 & 953+ 
Pa ry 229 | Pai-hsiin-mu =, ee 9 
Pa-chi-t‘ien a ae 338 | Pai-jih-hung BH 8 # 197 
_ Pa-ch‘ia eee 409 | Pai-jo HW 33 gay 
seetico fe FE 269 | Pai-kén i fk - 458 
J 44 3 259 | Pai-ko Ae 480 
AV #6 Wei @ = 0-214 | Pai-ku-ting Be - 429 


EE ————ma=« rr hl 


INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. 


Pai-kua HK 67 
Pai kuo ie 187, 390 
Pai-kuo-chiu BH 3 435 
Pai-la-wan Bi BE Sy 240 
Pai-li Bu 364 
Pai-liang-chin - BZ 300,472 
Pai-liang-mi Hi ¥ 2k 405 
Pai-lien i aX 458 
Pai-lung-hsii A ti 8& 259 
Pai-ma 4 itt 469 
Pai-mai-kén | TK ines 248 
Pai-mao Siea 216 
Pai-mao-hsiang H # 7 40, 207 
Pai-mien a 444 
Pai-pa-ch‘ia eae 4il 
Pai-p‘in Al Ei = 
Pai-pu Ht 422 
Pai-pu-chiu FY ik 7 439 
Pai-sang Hs 267 
Pai-sha-t‘ang i yb fi 387 
Pai-shan HR 149 
Pai-shén As 15 
Pai-shih A th 152 
Pai-shih-mu BG A 209 
Pai-shu 8 alt 
40, 59, 57, 5 

Pai-shu-kao Hot ¥ 86 
Pai-su A atk 313 
Pai-sui Hi kK 493 
Pai-sung A t& 333 
Pai-t‘an Ai fe 475 
Pai-ti-li A he 389 
Pai-tieh A eh 198 
Pai-tou A 4II 
Pai-tou-k‘ou AD os 36 
Pai-t‘ou Hoe: © 460 
Pai-t‘ou-wéng A baw 41 
Pai-t‘ou-wéng-t‘ang 4 if HY 282 
Pai-tu-chiian Ai kL AB 375 
cet ag H i # 55, 480 
Pai-t'un i td 312 
Poe BH 73 
Pai-ts‘ao-shuang_ Hi fe a5 475 
Pai-wei © El fet 454 
Pai-yang A ts 346 
Pai-yang-pii-chiu 4% Ki 438 
Pai-yao BH 2 442 
Pai-yao-tzii BS) 442 
Pai-ying A 412 
Pai-yu-ma Fi vit Sit 404 
P‘ai-ts‘ao oe i 252 


P‘ai-ts‘ao-hsiang 
Pan-chang 
Pan-chiao 
Pan-hsia 
Pan-hsia-ch‘ti 
Pan hsia-fén 
Pan-hsia-ping 
Pan-kuei 
Pan-li 
Pan-pien-lien 
Pan-pien-shan 
Pan-t‘ien-hui 
P‘an-tao-tséng 
P‘ang-ta-hai_ 
P‘ang-wéng-t‘sai 
Pao-chén-wan 
Pao-niang-hao 
Pao-t‘ai-wan 
Pao-tang 
Pao-tou 
Pao-ylan-tan 
P‘ao 

P‘ao 
P‘ao-tung 
P‘ang-wéng-ts‘al 
Pei 

Pei-hsieh 
Pei-ma 

Pei-mu 
Pei-shih 
Pei-shu 
Pei-tsao 
Pei-wu-wei 
iPrei 

Pei 

Pei 

P‘éng 
P‘éng-hao 
P‘éng-lei 
P‘éng-nung 
P‘éng-o-mou 
P‘éng-o-shu 
P‘éng-ta-wan 
P‘éng-ts‘ao-tzit 
Pi-ch‘an-hua 
Pi-ch‘éng-ch‘ieh 
Pi-chi 
Pi-chi-fén 

Pi-li 
Pi-lii-chiu 
Pi-po 


523 
BE 252 
BE pL 341 
Ay #8 270 
ae 332 
cP SE 7a 332 
SL tt 332 
4 SL (oe 332 
A HE 108 
x SR 98 
Pi Si 246 
4p WW 231 
eR il 474 
SE fh] 8 472 
HE OK Vi 397 
JB 35 AR 46 
te Ft Ay 327 
du WE OR 409 
t& JH Hu 327 
fi, 18 
ey 425 
te 7G PE 327 
ey 136 
ey, 254 
1, Hil 312 
Be 55 46 
HE 439 
OE RE 150, 411 
SE it 378 
Al PE: 489 
AE BE 151 
AH hit 122 
dt AR 466 
dt Ti, wR 226, 398 
Ke 182 
FE 306 
iy 417 
E 164 | 
7 106 , 
EH 383 o 
é 317 4 
ME FE TG 227 hs 
26 HE SE 227 af 
Ka Kk BE 210 4s 
x6 Hi -F 493 
a WR TE 443 
SE WE Gin 144, 
He Bt ) 
HE ‘ty 
a i 
RR 


524 


Pi-po-li 
Pi-p‘o-mu 
Pi-tzti 
Pi-wén-tan 
Pi-yén 
P‘i-p‘a 
P‘i-pa-yéh-lu 
P'i-ling-ch ‘ieh-tzu 
Piao 
P‘iao 
Pien-chiao-san-tou- 
yin 
Pien-ch‘ien-niu 
Pien-chii 
Pien-fu-tz‘t 
Pien-po 
Pien-hsti 
Pien-tou 
P‘ien 
Ptien-chu 
Pin 
P‘in-kuo 
P‘in-p‘o 
Ping-kung 
Ping lang 
Ping-lang-hsin 
Ping-lang-kao 
Ping-lu 
Ping-p‘ien 


Ping-p‘ien-kao-yao 7 


Ping-t‘ang 
Ping-t‘ao 

Ping 
P‘ing-p‘éng-ts‘ao 
P‘ing-shu 

Po 

Po-fu-lan 

Po-ho 

Po-ho-lu 
Po-ho-ping 
Po-hsiang-sui 
Po-hsieh 
Po-hui-hsiang 
Po-léng-ts‘ai 
Po-léng-ts‘ai-chou 
Po-lo-chiiing 
Po-lo-ma- 
Po-lo-mi 
_Po-lo-hui 


CHINESE 
Se HER 103 
Ee 3) YZ 104 
BEF 439 
hit 3k PF 328 
os HH 285 
At 48 164 
At te HE E486 
a etn | 144 
B 383 
ad 231 
mi — De 482 
{ii Be °F 46 
thi 230 
bg a FR 46 
lt 44 138 
mS 341 
im 155 
if 448 
ka TT 311 
#R 210, 234, 260 
1 364 
wm 364 
Rp He 209 
Biwi 46 
FA tBu 3, 46 
A OF 3, 46 
PF HE 102 
AK Fe 157 
Ik Fe FR -336 
IK £8 387 
BF BE 357 
¥F 287 
SE Ze 287 
tL = 49, 58 
A 138, 432 
iA KB 132 
i tT 263 
24 tof BE 484 
iH tot vk 263 
a 432 
8 449 
aA tel 214 
Vik 7% AR AI7 
SEER 478 
fh #4 34 379 
PE ME litt 20 
We He 54 
TB Fe Fd 473 
HE Ae 316 
Mi 432 


MATERIA MEDICA. 


417 


Po-ssti-ts‘ao ve Dt HE 
Po-ts‘ai oh AR 4u7 
Po-tzti-jén mM FE 432 
Po-yel-chiu a 3 iS 439 
Po ke IoI, 366 
P'o Al 420 
P‘o-chi ay iit 399 
P‘o-ku-chih De He we 359 
P‘o-ku-chih YE TB) He 359 
P‘o-lo-mén-shén VE MEP] O22 
P‘o lu-hsiang UE ft 157 
Po-na-so YE Fh 32 54 
P‘o-p‘o-chén-hsien- 

pao YE EE oh BR 4 264 
P‘o-p‘o-chén-tai-erh % YE BR 48 FI 264 
P‘o-sstt-kan-lan VE OE BLE 89 
P‘o-su RE OK 367 
Pu-fei-wan AA Siti Sy 325 
Pu-ku-chih i EAE 359 
Pu-ku-chih-wan ti A Ae = 328 
Pu-kua 46 Ds 248 
Pu-lao-tan A = Ft 327 
Pu-shih-hua Ar bee FE 246 
Pu-tiao-ts‘ao A 338 
P'u TH 12 
P‘u-chien wh Sa 54 
P‘u-ch‘ui wh BE 447 
P‘u-érh-ch‘a ae 7H St 85 
P‘u-huang wh Be 447 
P‘u-jo iH 33 447 
P‘u-kung-ying wh ZA BE 429 
P‘u-liu 38 Hl 391 
P‘u-o wh 447 
P‘u-sun wh Ay 447 
P‘u-t‘ao 4 458 
P‘u-t‘ao wh BE 458 
P‘u-t‘ao-chiu il 7 7 459 
P‘u-ti-shu #2 HH 432, 498 
P‘u-ti-tzi HEF 395, 432 
P'u-t‘o-ch‘a Me PE SE C(t é8E 
P‘u-yang i By 392 
Sa-chih-lo-p‘o- 

hsiang ARE 245 
Sa-fa-ang dat YE Fh 132 
Sa-shé-lo-p‘o-hsiang KERAHE EA 245 
Sai-pi-li-ka 5 Fj i = -260 
Sai-ts‘ao i 276 
Sen ria 349 
San rise 474 
San-ch‘i = 45 201, 304 


A 


‘= 


San-chien-t‘ang 
San-chio-féng 
San-ch‘un-liu 
San-ho-fén 
San-hua-tan 
San-huang-wan 
San-lien 

San-nai 


San-pai-liang-yin- 


yao 
San-pai-ts‘ao 
San-pu-wan 
San-p‘o 
San-shao 
San-tao-mien 
San-ya-hu 
San-ya-ts‘ao 
San-yeh-lan 
Sang 
Sang-chi-shéng 
Sang-hsien 
Sang-hua 
Sang-kén-pai-p‘i 
Sang-shang-chi- 
shéng 
Sang-shén-chiu 
Sang-shén-kao 
Sang-shén-tzi 
Sang-yeh-lu 
Sao-chou-ts‘ao 
Sén-mu 
Sén-shu 
Sha-hsing 
Sha-huang 
Sha-jén 
Sha-jén-hua 
Sha-jén-k‘o 
Sha-li 
Sha-mu 
Sha-shén 


Sha-t‘ang 
Sha-t‘ang-kuo 
Sha-ytian-chi-li 
Shan 

Shan-cha 
Shan-cha-ch‘iu 
Shan-cha-jou 
Shan-cha-kan 
Shan-cha-kao 
Shan-cha-ping 


INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. 


SE gw 


DOL LAU DOL LOE ET que fat Lu 
St} 3H BE nt o> oh oe A 
+E 


2) ob 
war 


i 
e Bae 


’ pa) I 


i 


SS SE SBF SW BM ow mt ae de dee Ce dr Se LE 
1 AH oy 


= 
ie Pe aE TR TC TUB SS BE Db UU a ER GE be 


Y 


s$ 


te Oe 


pit ot 


2 
a 
2 


15, 16, 17, 18, 


we 


es 


BEEFEEE 
Pas ak ok Se A 
RAS SS 


it 48 
rs 


137 


393 


137 
129 
130 
130 
130 
130 
130 


Shan-ch‘a 
Shan-chi-chu 
Shan-chiang 
Shan-ch‘iao-mai 
Shan-ch‘ieh-érh 
Shan-chih-tzii 
Shan-ch‘i 
Shan-ch'‘in 
Shan-chiu 
Shan-ch'iu 
Shan-chu-yii 
Shan-chit 
Shan-chiin 
Shan-fan 
Shan-hei-chih 
Shan-hsi-hu-ma 
Shan-hsing 
Shan-hu-t‘ao 
Shan-hu-chiao 
Shan-lai 
Shan-li 

Shan-li 

Shan-li 
Shan-li-hung 
Shan-li-kuo 
Shan-mei 
Shan-nai 
Shan-niu-p‘ang 
Shan-pai-chu 
Shan-pei-hsieh 
Shan-p‘i-p‘a- 
Shan-pien-tou 
Shan-p‘u-t‘ao 
Shan-sang 
Shan-shih-liu 
Shan-suan 
Shan-ta-huang 
Shan-tan 
Shan-ti-li 
Shan-tou-kén 
Shan-tsao 
Shan-ts‘ung 
Shan-tzi 
Shan-tzi-ku 
Shan-tzti-shih 
Shan-yang-ti 
Shan-yao 
Shao-chiu 
Shao-hsing-chiu 
Shao-kua 
Shao-nao 


525 
Wy 4E 81 
Wi 2a Fe Sha 
Wh 30, 31 
ly ee 341 
ID on 5 145 
Wi He -F 183, 184 
ly 201 
WG; 133 
1 4E 27 
Wt 245 
Vr 24e FX 128 
1 Wi ris 
42 BY 138, 272 
iy 8 427 
Wy 3 He 184 
Wi Pe BY Ji = 243 
ey 353 
Ws BA 224 
WL Be) AR 241 
IL #ef 226 
Wy Be 98 
iy 4 365 
i 373 
I) Sf 46 130 
Wi fe Ae 130 
Wl) BE 382 
hz 226 
Ili 4 ae 119 
Oe = 64 
WL) ie fee 150 
1 AE 42 162 
Wy a 96 
Ws ai] 28 457 
iy 267 
Wt 47 #2 361 
WW # 470 
I A Be 384 
1 240 
iy 3h SE 410 
WW FR 79 
Wh He 466 
Wi 2% 452 
BF 305 
Wi 22 4 292, 446 
a 452 
Wy 26 Fi 384 
iy 3 
EE 
mA HL 
| 
WA Me 


526 


Shao-p‘u-t‘ao-chiu 
Shao-tzti 
Shao-yang-tan 
Shao-yao 
Shao-yén-ju-chou 
Shang-ch‘ing-wan 
Shang-han-hstieh- 
chien 
Shang-lu 
Shang-shén-tzt 
Shang-tang * 
Shang-tang-jén- 
shén 
Shang-t‘iao 
Shé 
Shé-chien-ts ‘ao 
Shé-ch‘uang 
Shé-han 
Shé-hsien 
Shé-kan 
Shé-mei 
Shé-ni 
Shé-t‘an-yii-ts ‘o- 
chiu 
Shé-wang 
Shé-yén-ts‘ao 
Shén 
Shén 
Shén-chien 
Shén-ch‘ti 
Shén-kuo-kén 
Shén-lu 
Shén-mu 
Shén-shu-kao 
Shén-t‘ao 
Shén-ti-huang 
Shén-ts'ao 
Shéng-chiang 
Shéng-chiang-chou 
Shéng-chin-ts‘ao 
Shéug-ma 
Shéng-ma-jou 
Shéng-ma-t‘ou 
Shéng-shu 
Shéng-ts'‘ai 
Shéng-tu 
Shih 
- Shih-ch‘an-hua 
Shih-ch ‘ang-p‘u 
-ch‘ang-shéng 
chi-ming 


E MATERIA MEDICA. 


CHINES 
RE BIW = 459 
w+ 281 
> BFF 328 
AT 3G 300 
BE HA A i = 480 
-h tf Fu 324 
BIeBM 481 
Pa fe 319 
Ss TF 267 
Ek Be 16 
LEAS 16 
Wa #2 475 
ak 83 
KE Ry Be 343 
KE HK 130, 402 
KES 187, 349 
KE Ey 187 
St 311 
KE 4 177 
WE Se 120 
mISERV 418 
St i 8 
we ie Ee 199 
7E 267 
z 415 
WE iit 166 
wh 24 234 
RE 452 
2 304 
int Ac 299 
Et 486 
met pe 357 
4 Dh ie 3872 
mh Be 301 
+B 465 
- = is 478 
A 251 
Fr Wit 13, 431 
Ft ik 14 
Fr it BE 14 
7B ait 49 
es See 229 
we Fe 120 
= ; 5 
A HE 443 
A ES iis 12 
AR 19 
A 268 


Shih-chieh 
Shih-chieh 
Shih-chien-ts‘ao 
Shih-chu 
Shih-chu-yii 
Shih-chiieh-ming 
Shih-chti 
Shih-chiin-tzit 
Shih-ch‘tian-wan 
Shih-érh 
Shih-fa 
Shih-fan 
Shih-ho-yeh 
Shih-hu 
Shih-hu-sui 
Shih-hua 
Shih-hua-kao 
Shih-hua-ts‘ai 
Shih-hsii 
Shih-i 

Shih-jui 
Shih-kan-ts‘ao 
Shih-kao 
Shih-li 
Shih-lien 
Shih-lien-tzti 
Shih-lo 
Shih-lung-ch‘u 
Shih-lung-jui 
Shih-ma-tsung 
Shih-mi 
Shih-nan 
Shih-p‘i 
Shih-ping 
Shih-po-ho 
Shih-shou 
Shih-shuang 
Shih-suan 
Shih-sung 
Shih-t‘ai 
Shih-ti 
Shih-t‘o - 
Shih-tou 
Shih-ts‘ao 
Shih-wei 
Shibh-yin-ch‘en 
Shih-yu 
Shou-ch ‘i 
Shou-t‘ien 

Shu 

Shu 


HBG ANSE NS AAAS HANS NANA NASA NAS SAA NAAN AN NASR AAR AAA 


+N Se wf 


274, 


(HRS SHSM RHR RRR YR 


i 
: 


wR OR 


i 


oy St 


ae 4 


Sees ee eer ean ee 


i 
bo 
# 
$ 
Sd 


te 


Shu 
Shu 
Shu-chiao 
Shu-chiao 
Shu-ch‘i 
Shu-chieh 
Shu-ch‘in 
Shu-chiu 
Shu-ch ‘ii-ts‘ao 
Shu-érh 
Shu-ko 
Shu-kua 
Shu-k‘uei 
Shu-k‘ung-chung- 
ts‘ao 
Shu-li 
Shu-mi 
Shu-mi 
Shu-nien 
Shu-pai-p‘i 
Shu-shu 
Shu-suan-tsao 
Shu-ti-huang 
Shu-wei-ts‘ao 
Shu-yang-chtian 
Shu-yao 
Shu-yén 
Shu-yii 
Shu-yii-chiu 
Shu-yii-chou 
Shui-an-hsi-hsiang 
Shui-ch‘ang-p‘u 
Shui-chiao 
Shui-chih 
Shui-chin ~ 
Shui-chin 
Shui-chin-hua 
Shui-ch‘in 
Shui-ch‘ing 
Shui-chu 
Shni-chiieh 
Shui-hsiang 
Shui-hsieh 
Shui-hsien 
~Shui-huai 
Shui-kan-ts‘ao 
Shui-k‘uei 
Shui-k‘u-mai 
Shui-la-shu 
Shui-liao 
Shui-li 


INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. 


ae A oe RE Sy The KS 
tt 


WW 
523 
oo 


ON 
On 


eee WH Oh oh As Ae ae 


eS 
ea as 


fed SH on Se 2H BEE eo SA EE BE A Sa Be ay Se BE St 
fil 


" 
et 


et OS a se 


Int ost a a 


PIN yA a Ne 
Se Se en Se GS 
= 
We 
to 
on 
2) 


BR ES fe SE NG 


ae 
A HE AST 
ak 2 
ak 


395 
406 
268 
463 
292 
408 
129 
434 
197 
197 
274 

93 

33 


495 
373 
477 
477 

46 

21 
416 
128 
372 
392 
4it 
227 
310 
220 
436 
477 
427 
221 
270 

67 
289 
290 

76 


, 289 


392 
319 
360 
144 

24 
277 
414 
470 
241 
230 
238 
342 
440 


Shui-li-lu 
Shui-li-tzt 
Shui-lien 
Shui-lo-po 
Shui-ma 
Shui-mi 
Shui-mien 
Sbhui-mu-hsi 
Shui-pai 
Shui-p‘ing 


Shui-sha-lien-ch‘a 
Shui-shén P 
Shui-su 

Shui-su 

Shui-sung 
Shui-tien 
Shui-ts‘ai 
Shui-tsao 
Shui-tsé-hsieh 
Shui-yang 
Shui-yén 
Shui-ying 
Shui-yiin 

Shun 

Shun 

Shun-ts‘ai 

So 

So-hsing 
So-kén-chiu 
So-lo-mu 

So-lo-tzit 

So-mu 
So-sha-chiu 
So-sha-jén 

So-sha-mi 

So-t‘iao 

So-ts‘ao 

So-yang 

Sou 

Sou-su 

Sou-yao 
Ssi-ching-wan 
Sstt-chih-hsien-shu- 
* san 
Ssii-chiin-tzi-t‘ang 


Ssti-kua  -* & 


Sstt-kua-lo 
Ssu-kua-pu 
Ssti-léng-shu 
Ssii-mao 


7k BS Vee 236 
7k HEF 287 
fife Sez 288 
ak #8 al 371 
Ak Dit 252 
7k 3K 295 
7K it 270 
Ik Ak He 233 
ak F4 304 
7k YE 
210, 234, 266, 389 
ak > Hi SE 87 
mk & 41 
7k 3 287 
7K ii 422 
Ak 196, 429 
Wk fie 218 
He 3 263 
7k %H 276 
Ik FE tb 25 
Wk #5 391 
7k 4 285 
ak He 42, 289, 320 
7k # 276 
Bt 73, 241 
ret 417 
uf AE 73 
Vb 389 
Se ie 222 
ys fe 7H 436 
32 HE AR 406 
Ai xe 19 
Bi AK 389 
ee i 434 
awe 38, 39 
ee & 38 
Esa "393 
Ht 141 
i 61 
382, 
big. 148 
ai 454 
his *u 324 


528 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA, 


Ssti-mien £% Hh 198 | Sung-kao i oF 333 


Ssii-pao-ta-shén-tan POPE iPr 324 | Sung-lan ih RE 217 
Ssit-shén-wan Py ith! Sy 324 | Sung-lo fk BE 140, 248, 455 
Ssii-shéng-tan py Hap 336 | Sung-tzii-jén-chou #8 $— (ij 478 
Ssii-yeh-ts‘ai po 3 AR 260 | Sung-yang RS HB IoIl, 128 
Su HK 366 | Sung-yeh-chiu #2 EH 437 
Su we 405, 406 : 
Su we 417 | Ta-ch‘a-yeh-t‘éng 34t HER 185 
Su-chi-mi-lo-hsi Fe CREM 36 | Ta-chi K HK 44, 169 
Su-chih See 271 | Ta-chi , RR 119 
Su-ch‘in te 400 | Ta-chi K tk 432 
Sa-fang-mu fie i AR 78 | Ta-chieh K GF 75, 408 
Su-ho Tit 4p 243 Ta-chiao ‘K AR 462 
Su-ho-hsiang fk O 243 | Ta-ch‘ing Ke 217 
Su-ho-hsiang-wan #7, 244, 329 | Ta-féng-ch‘i K I FR 201 
Su-ho-yu Fi TH 243 | Ta-féng-tza K ial 200 
Su-mi BE OK 477 | Ta-féng-yu A Fal yeh 201 
Su-mi-chou fk BE A 479 | Ta-fu-p‘ K WE 47 
Su-mu fie IK 78 | Ta-fu-tzit K WEF 47 
Su-mu-k‘ang He HK ORE 78 | Ta-hai-tzit K VE 397 
Su-nao SE AS 158 | Ta-huang Ke 374 
Su-nieh Me ye 256 | Ta-k‘u RE 118 
Su-t{ien-wéng fa 200 | Ta-k‘ung AS 259 
Su-tzti-chou fie 479 | Ta-lao-€rh-wan FT 5b Su 322 
Su-tzti-yu fie th 313 | Ta-li-tzti ie ae 45 
Su-ya ae OE 256 | Ta-liao Ke 341 
Suan Aah 27, 28 | Ta-ma K Ki go, 9I 
Suan-chiang we 3 297 | Ta-mai KE 207 
Suan-chiang pas ME “319 | Ta-mai-ch‘t K 2 233 
Suan-chiang-shih- Ta-mai-nu KE 208 
wan RRL Ty 32 Ta-shih K iki 156 
Suan-chio He Fy 376 | Ta-suan K 27, 28 
Suan-mo fie HE 384 | Ta-tou : AS 189 
Suan-mu HE BE 384 | Ta-tou-huang-chiian kK OH 190 
Suan-tsao he FB 153, 466 | Ta-tou-nieh-san K DB ik «©3550 
Suan-tsao-jén Wie 3a {2 466 | a-tou-shih Ke IQL 
Suan-tsao-jén-chou }# #5 (Hj 478 | Ta-tsao K 466 
Sui-ku-tzit re 247 | Ta-t‘u FOE 309 
Sun-hsing #8 ob 284 | Ta-t‘ung-kuo Ai # 307 
Sun-jung Bez 284 | Ta-wan-hua FT mfE = 125 
Sung is 73 | Ta-yeh-li ARB 367 
Sung rit 333 | Tai-shén-kao REG 488 
Sung-chiao FR FE . Cheeta te eee) we 236, 270 
Sung-chieh RE fifi 333 | Tai-fu & ii 270 
Sung-chieh-chiu RE BT 7G 439 | T‘ai-hsiung 2s I24 
. Sung-chih RS NK 333 | T‘ai-ts‘ai BR 129, 270 
Sung-fang AR BG 333. | Tap FF 320 
- Sung-hsiang RE B33in|) ban gy 394 
iE 334 | Tan-chih Fe 271 
AR TE 334 | Tan-chu LE aT 63 
AR Gia 333 | Tan-chu-yeh Ds yp HE 247 


Tan-hsu 
Tan-kén 
Tan-kuei 
Tan-li 
Tan-pa-hsiang 
Tan-pa-ku 
Tan-p‘ing-chiao 
Tan-pu-lo 
Tan-shén 
Tan-shén-shan 
Tan-shih 

T‘an 

T‘an 

T‘an 

T‘an 
T‘an-hsiang 
T‘an-huan 
T‘an-ma 
T‘an-mo 
T‘an-pi 
Tang-kuei 
Tang-kuei-chiu 
Tang-shén 
Tang-tzit 
Tang 

T‘ang 

Tang 
T‘ang-chiang 
T‘ang-ch ‘iu 
T‘ang-ch ‘iu-tzii 
T‘ang-hu-lu 
T‘ang-li 
T‘ang-méng 
T‘ang-shuang 
T‘ang-ti 


T‘ang-ti 
T‘ang-ts‘ai 
T‘ang-t‘ang-ch ‘ing 
T‘ang-yao-lei 
Tao 
Tao-kua-t‘éng 
Tao-nieh 
Tao-tou 

T‘ao 

Tao 
T‘ao-chi-shéng 
T‘ao-chiao 
T‘ao-chu 
T‘ao-chtieh 
T‘ao-fu 


INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. 


Fh 3a 301 
Ft i 301 
PE EE 108, 296 
FE 5 281 
aA & 406 
AE Hk 283 
NE HR RE 270 
ie AS HE 117 
FE 3 15, 303, 392 
AE tt 352 
VR 192 
ha 143 
yal 236 
Hit 267 
pre 475 
fd # 143, 394 
‘a Fa 316 
Se Mitt 451 
pre AS 475 
he BE 494 
ry Bit 45, 133 
ea Br 7 435 
fe 2 16, 17, 18 
tid = 462 
Se 365 
He 386 
£5 386 
ME BE 465 
ME 130 
te RF 130 
He OA 130 
ae He 362 
JE Be 140 
i Fa -387 
Be BE 

126, 227, 355 
JE RR 355 
Hi aR 388 
Bie 402 
BSE Hi 481 
a 294 
Al Bb HR 450 
7A BE 256 
IE go 
t# 251 
BE 355 
Be AF ZE 357 
ES 268,357 
Bk TT 64 
Bk BR 357 
Bk Ft 357 


T‘ao-hsiao 
T‘ao-nu 
T‘ao-p‘i-chiu 
T‘ao-tu 

Té 
Téng-hsing-ts‘ao 
Téng-léng-ts‘ao 
T‘éng-huang 
T‘éng-k‘uei 

aby 


Ti-ch‘ien-ts‘ao 


Ti-chih 
Ti-chiao 
Ti-chin 
Ti-chin 
Ti-ch‘in 
Ti-ch‘iu 
Ti-érh 

Ti-fu 
Ti-fu-jung 
Ti-hsin 
Ti-hstieh 
Ti-huai 
Ti-huang 
Ti-huang-chien 
Ti-huang-chiu 
Ti-huang-chou 
Ti-i 
Ti-ku-p‘i 
Ti-liang 
Ti-mei 
Ti-mi-ts‘ai 
Ti-ni 

Ti-po 
Ti-shén 
Ti-shén 
Ti-sang 
Ti-sui-chien 
Ti-sun 
Ti-sung 
Ti-t‘ang 
Ti-ts‘an 
Ti-wu-t‘ao 
Ti-yang-mei 
Ti-yu 

el 
Tiao-chang 
Tiao-hu 


AS we 


YS aH BS 
a to 


nS 


zl 


2S ie ae BY A ES Be Rae Wo SR HE SHS RSM 
By & 


SSE EERE SREE EERE ESSER ESSSSSSSESASESESSEES SFSRPRARKHSSRS 


os 


il 


245, 382 


159, 374 


126, 227 


ao” 


Tiao-lan 
Tiao-t‘eng 
T‘iao . 
Tieh-chu 
T‘ieh-hsien-lien 
T‘ieh-kao 
T‘ieh-ling-chio 
Tieh-mu 
T‘ieh-sao-chou 
T‘ieh-sé-chien 
T‘ieh-sien-ts‘ao 
Tien 
Tien-ch‘ieh 
Tien-ch ‘ing 
Tien-hua 
Tien-lé 
T‘ien-ch‘a 
T‘ien-ch‘iao 
T‘ien-ch‘ieh 
T‘ien-ch‘ieh-tzii 
T‘ien-chu 
Ttien-chu 
T‘ien-chu-huang 
T‘ien-chu-kan- 
chiang 
T‘ien-chu-kui 
T‘ien-hsiang-ts‘ai 
T‘ien-hsien-kuo 
T‘ien-hsiung 


T‘ien-hu-sui 
Tien-hua-fén 
JT“ien-hua-hsin 
T‘ien-hua-ts‘ai 
T‘ien-kua 
Tien-kua-ti 
T‘ien-k ‘uei 
T‘ien-liao 
T‘ien-liao-chiu 
T‘ien-lo 
T‘ien-ma 
T‘ien-ma 
T‘ien-ma-wan, 
T‘ien-nan-ching 
T‘ien-mei 
T‘ien-mén-tung 


T‘ien-mén-tung-chiu 
T ‘ien-mén-tung-kao 


T‘ien-ming-ching 

T‘ien-nan-hsing 

_ Tien-p‘ao-ts‘ao 
Re 


CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


bY 289 
HG OR 450 
1 113 
BY 366 
fel HR SHE 118 
NE 335 
BL Ze F4 409 
Be AK 389 
BY tap ae 220 
ek t fit 251 
Be PR Ft 18 
id 156 
fi Bit 58 
BF 218 
Ae ic 218 
i Ph 55 
alt 48 391 
at % 171 
R it 490 
Ktn— 58, 413 
R 277 
KR 238 
KM HE 64 
K* ee 466 
K * FE 109 
KER 230 
K ili H 488 
R ite 

Foley LOgd 2 
RK 275 
KR iE HH 442 
Rit & 272 
RIE R 272 
ay 134, 135 
att DN #8 135 
R 163, 256 
RK 340, 343 
KE iG 437 
RK #¥ 248 
4 Sic 480 
R Mite 184 
KR Hi Fy 324 
RK SF 94 
att fi 353 
KPA 55 
RAYA W 434 
RAZ H 487 
KB ts 94 
KH 47 
Ri 413 


T‘ien-shih-li 
T'ien-sst-kua 
T‘ien-t ‘ai-wu-yao 
Tien-ting 
T‘ien-tou 
T‘ien-ts‘ai 
T‘ien-ts‘ai 
T‘ien-tsé-hsiang 
T‘ien-tzt-ts‘ao 
Ting-hsiang 
Ting-hsiang-hua 
Ting-hsiang-lu 
Ting-li 

Ting-na 
Ting-tzti-hsiang 
To-chia-lo-hsiang 
To-ku 

To-ts‘ai 

To-wu 

Ato) 

Tou-fu 
Tou-huang 
Tou-k‘ou 
Tou-ling 
Tou-lo-p‘o-hsiang 
Tou-nieh 

Tou-ya 

Tou-yu 
T‘ou-féng-mo-san 
T‘ou-huang 
T‘ou-ku-tan 
T‘ou-ku-ts‘ao 
T‘ou-pai-nan 
T‘ou-t‘ung-hua 
Tsa-chi-shéng 
Ts‘ai-kua 
Ts‘al-yu 


Tsan-ts‘ai 


Ts‘an-chien-ts‘ao 


; Ts‘an-tou 


Tsang-hung-hua 
Tsang-lien-wan 
Ts‘ang-shu-kao 
Ts‘ang-shu-san 
Ts‘ang-érh 
Ts‘ang-lung-nao 
Ts‘ang-shu 

Tsao 

Tsao-chi 
Tsao-chia 


| Tsao-chia-hsin 


fa (Sap AS Da a Oe MME NE SE BO a Wt 2G a BRE EY SE A SK SS SS 


19 


A fie FE 
RK OD 248 
Rake we 145 
Se Ii. 188 
Ke 79 
HH Ze 68, 250 
Fe 68 
Rie 71 
FA oe 260 
ITF 95,166 
TB 197 
TFs 485 
BS 278, 409 
BE 3A 245 
T+F 95 
4 th HE A 71, 72 
can 36 
fe 2 273 
Se 446 
8 64 
a AG 194 
ae Be 193 
BSE 30 
Se gr 49 
eRe 337 
oe BE 190 
stk ZF 190 
7H I9L 
i JE HK = «35 
rig 283 
f FF 326 
Se 263 
AA HH 314 
ji 1 143 
ay 4B 455 
UN 134 
i. 74 
aR 235 
a 342 
B 453 
Al 4E 132 
# Hu 33 
at 486 
mt ix 349 
7 461 
His  «=—-158 
at 58 
420, 466 
RR - 120 
BE 188 
Be 272 


Tsao-chio 
Tsao-hsiu 
Tsao-jou 
Tsao-p‘i 
Tsao-shén-wan 
Tsao-sun-chieh- 
chung-chiu 
Tsao-tao 
Tsao-ti-chiu 
Tsao-tou 
Ts‘ao 
Ts‘ao-ch‘ih-t‘ou 
Ts‘ao-chueh-ming 
Ts‘ao-hao 
Ts‘ao-huan-tan 
Ts‘ao-kuo 
Ts‘ao-li-ju 
Ts‘ao-mi 
Ts‘ao-mien 
Ts‘ao-pa-chio 
Ts‘ao-san-léng 
Ts‘ao-shé-hsiang 
Ts‘ao-shih-ts‘an 
Ts‘ao-tou-k‘ou 


" Ts‘ao-t‘ou 


Ts‘ao-ts‘ung-jung 
Ts‘ao-wu 
Ts‘ao-wu-t‘ou 
Ts‘ao-yii-lan 
Tsé-ch‘i 
Tsé-fén 
Tsé-hsieh 
Tsé-lan 
Tsé-liao 
Tsé-suan 
Tsé-tzitt 

Tso 

Tso 
Tso-chiang 
Tso-mu-yin 
‘Tso-na-ts‘ao 
Tso-yeh-ho-ts‘ao 
Ts‘o 
Ts‘o-shih 
Ts‘u 
Ts‘u-lin-tzi 
Tsui-ts‘ao 
Tsui-yti-ts‘ao 
Tsung 

Tsung 
Tsung-chu 


INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES, 


me fi 188 
MK 311, 443 
RA 466 
Rm BK 466 
RE Jt 322 
Re =| 418 
HR 296 
HY be 3 418 
¥. 3} 367 
Fi 141 
Fi RG 460 
FL XW 96, 100 
He 50 
FL 3 FP 331 
Fe oR 37 
St AS ati 168 
HO 258 
Ae ith 197 
HLA 4 214 
= 141 
HOY 139 
HA 422 
HOW NR 30 
FL py 260 
Hi HE He 293 
RR 7,9 
fi G ay 7,9 
HE 221 
PE 44, 167 
1 41 
Ye Wh 24 
WY 167 
fe 342 
TE oR 470 
fill 8, Io, If 
1 366, 367 
if 454 
WE FE 297 
iE As tik 484 
ah EE 59 
RE SE ef FE 44g 
aa 417 
eR 92 
Bi 454 
Rk mh F 317 
me He 263 
He FG Ee 76 
1p 473 
# 473 
Re tr 63 


Tsung-lii > 
Tsung-mu 
Tsung-sun 
Tsung-tztt 
Tsung-yvit 
Ts‘ung 
Ts‘ung-jung 
Ts‘ung-shih-chou 
Tu-ché 
Tu-chi-li 
Tu-chia 
Tu-chio-lien 


Tu-chiian 
Tu-chung 
Tu-fu 
Tu-héng 
Tu-hsing-kén 
Tu-huo 
Tu-jo 
Tu-kén 
Tu-kén-shan 
Tu-kuan-ts‘ao 
Tu-k‘uei 
Tu-kung 
Tu-k‘ung 
Tu-li-sé-chien 
Tu-nou-hsiang 
Tu-pai-ts‘ao 
Tu-ta-huang 
Tu-ts‘ao-lei 
Tu-yao 
Tu-yu 
Tu 
Sus! 
Ji 
T‘u-ch‘ang-shan 
T‘u-ch ‘én-hsiang 
T‘u-chih 
T‘u-chin 
T‘u-ching 
T‘u-ching-chieh 
T‘u-ch‘ing-mu- 
hsiang 
Tu chin 
T‘u-fan-ta-huang 
T‘u-fu-ling 
T‘u-fu-ling-p‘ien 
T'u-fu-tzii 
T‘u-hsi-hsin 
T‘u-hsin 


552 


#2 #20, 102, 440 
VE >A 471 
HE St 102 
8 294 
PB FG, 102 
By 26 
 & 61 
Ae ik 478 
RE 386 
we Pe Bi 441 
ie 93 
Say IHL SH E 
154, 338, 447 
AL AB 375 
RE fit 166 
Wh ie 401 
KE fr 54, 338 
i 47 fh 50 
iy VE 314 
A 338 
He TE 185 
AE 4 253 
a a 470 
Ht BE 54 
a: 8 
fy 28 259 
Ot A 2 R244 
% ie 406 
iy A ae II 
REA He 384 
He EX AY 292 
iy Hit 346 
we FR 143 
ER 230 
WB 290 
& 294 
+ Ww 293 
LU E 19 
Anz 123, 
ih 205 
ck Hi 302 
ch HT FF 105 
| Re Aste 49 
+8 273 
RAR 374 
LE Alo 
RAH arr 
rE itt F 8 
=k fl B54, 55 
Mig 


7 


532 


CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


T‘u-jén-shén thie T19 
T‘u-kua + 431 
T‘u-k‘uei %E 163, 256 
T‘u-luan - Se 413 
T‘u-lei mB 140 
Tu-lu Be 140 
Tu-lit me 140 
T‘u-ma tsung LES 490 
T‘u-mi Be ie 382 
T‘u-mi-chiu BE 352 
T‘u-pi-po + BR toe 
T‘u-shén i 304 
T‘u-shu + att 49 
T‘u-ssit Be 140 
T‘u-ssii-ping Te. HR VE 140 
T‘u-ssti-tz tt F 140 
T‘u-su-chiu JE fe 78 419 
T‘u-ta-huang AK RH 374, 384 
T‘u-tang-kuei + ES Ba 45 
T‘u-tang-shén + mB 155 27 
T‘u-tien -- BE 218 
T‘u-tou Sb lel 470 
T'u-yu +f IST, 413 
Tuan road 433 
Tuan-ch‘ang-ts‘ao fb AE 66, 185, 186 
T‘ui HE 235 
Tui eet 235 
T‘ui-ting-to-ming- 
tan SBT TemAF —- 323 
Tun-ch‘ang-ts'ao |= i RE 80 
Tung-chia-chi-ch ‘ih- 3 
mu RACTEAS 496 
Tung-ch ‘ing RT 
213, 236, 237, 238, 461 
Tung-ch‘ing-kuo «& FR 128 
Tung-kua A IN 67 
Tung-k‘uei RR 3 206, 256, 257 
Tung-k‘uei-tzti KR Be | 2, 256 
Tung-piao-tztt A B+ 283 
Tung-p‘o-tou-k‘ou Hy HE 36 
“Tung-shu & Tt 49 
Tung-t‘ao a bk 356 
Tung-yang-chiu wh Te 418 
Tung #il 312 
T‘ung-hao i it 106 
T‘ung-hstieh-hsiang jf ih 322 
T‘ung-huang Sia] hig 182 
T‘ung-kuei fal FE 108 
T‘ung-lang EF PR 200 
T‘ung-p‘i Hal BE 4, 70 
T‘ung-shén-san 38 ih ik 351 


T‘ung-ts‘ao 
T‘ung-ts‘ao-chiu 
T‘ung-ts‘ao-p‘ien 
T‘ung-ts‘ao-sui 
T‘ung-t‘o-mu 
T‘ung-tzil-yu 
Tzii 

Tzu 

Tzi 

Tzti-ai 

Tzu-ché 
Tziti-chieh 
Tztt-chih 
Tzt-chin 
Tzti-ch‘in 
Tzit-chin-niu 


Tzt-chin-t‘éng-wan 
‘Tzti-chin-ting 


Tzti-ching 
Tsti-chu 
Tzti-chii 
Tzt-chi 
Tzii-hua-ti-ting 
Tzti-hua-ts‘ai 
Tzti-kéng 
Tzu-ko 
Tzu-ku 
Tzti-k‘uang 
Tzti-mo-li 
Tzit-mo-lé 
Tzt-ping 
Tzti-po 
Tzti-shén 
Tzti-shén-t‘ang 
Tzu tan 
Tzi-t‘an 
Tzt-t‘ang 
Tzi-t‘éng 
Tzii-ts‘ai 
Tzii-ts‘ao 
Tzu-wei 
Tzii-yian 
Tait 
Tz‘t-ch‘a 
Tz‘ti-chi 
Tz‘ti-chu-ling 
Tz‘t-ch‘iu-shu 
Tz‘t-chu 
Tz‘i-chu 
Tz‘t-hsien 
Tz‘i-hu 


2 Sct BS SS ee 


ih 2 
wh A WW 
ii FE 
i AL ee 
iH Ait AS 
Hid ith 
FE 98, 242, 
ME 305, 
RR 
BE 
BS ie 
Hu SF 
= 
aE 42, 
S oi 
Se 4 eee 
36 4 HR Jy 
38 Hi 
Be if 
32 
32 
se7E hI 179, 
32 i 
Ee 
ME BE 
Be Bk 
RRM 
3S at Sh 
32 FE 393, 
=F BE 
ye 3 8 4t5, 
RAY 
32 J} 
Be Rf 
38 ff 
2 

9 

Bi 

x 

iG 

K ist 

tr 

tf 

sh 

ry] 


INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. 533 


Tz'ti-jan-kuo H RR 93 | Wén-lin-lang-kuo 2 FR RR HL 364 
Tz‘t-ku Ba GE 266 | Wén-po Ee 363, 364 
Tz‘ti-ku eG 266, 389 | Wén-t‘ou wy Br 471 
Tz‘t-ku #% Th 389 | Wo-chi & ef 229 
Tz‘ti-mi hy 258 | Wo-kua 4B IN 136 
Tz‘ti-mo-lé Fe att Bh 176 | Wo-sun i AR 229 
Tz‘ t-shu-hsiang 38 Se FF 139 | Wo-ts‘ai i ZR 229 
Tz‘ii-t'ung i Ha 347 | Wu-chang ky RE 242 
Wu-chao-lung OM #8 458 

Wai RH 449 Wu-ch‘en-t'ang Suh 484 
Wa-hsien Te RE 449 | Wurchia At mm 4 
Wa-sung Ht 44g | Wu-chia-p4i It fn Bz 4 
Wa-t‘ai KE 449 Wu-chia-p‘i-chiu hh im FEY = 433 
Wa-wei Ke tt 346 Wu-ching ae SF 74 
Wan a 135 | Wu-chiu my 42-147, 441 
Wan Sy 320 Wu-chiu R, ta 423 
Wan-chiao mn AY 464 | Wu-chiu-mu G Ha AC 23 
Wan-ching 4 3H] 237 | Wu-chu-yu Te TS 72 
Wan-ching Qo 384 | Wu-fan Ey file 277 
Wan-lan ie 440 Wu-fan-ts‘ao B i Hi 277 
Wan-nien-sung ii 42 RS 251, 4o2 | Wu-féng-ts‘ao Se Mil Fe 403 
Waa-ping-chieh-tu- Wu-fu-tztt Fy 2 -F 22 
wan i555 AEE Ay Wu-han-tzi Te ak 59 
292, 331 | Wu-ho ks 7s 304 

Wan-ping-wan Ba 8 Fu 325 | Wu-hsin-ts‘ao qe ay FL 197, 403 
Wan-shou-kou i se 93 | Wu-hsing-tan dt ¥¥ Fh 285 
Wan-sui-t‘éng He WE A 55 | Wu-ku Th 305 
Wan-sui-t‘sao SS pat HB 14r | Wu-hu-tan he 324 
Wan-ying-kao i He 487 | Wu-hua-kuo me 1G FE 174 
Wan-ying-tan a He PE 326 Wu-huan-tzit 4. #8 395 
Wan-ying-yu Ss AE oh 335 | Wu-huang-san AL 3K he 350 
Wang-chiang-nan @ jr jj 96 | Wu-hui ik rope Its i) 
Wang-kua = 431 | Wu-i RE © 448, 449 
Wang-kua-ts‘ao =m EE 409 | Wu-i-ch‘a Bt As HE 86 
Wang-lien E HE 125 Wu-i-chiang ae TEE 195, 
Wang-pu-liu-hsing FER 395 | Wurk‘uei-hua Se US TE 33 
Wang-shan-kuei @ il ¢E 4og | Wu-kung-p'ing byt Ww SE 228 
Wang-sun KR 311 Wu-kung-ts‘ao Gl Py Fe 360 
Wang-ts‘ao ae 472 Wu-lan Bt 89 
Wei BY 5I Wu-lan HR 13 217 
Wei HR Wu-léng-tztt  #+F 59 
172, 232, 296, 453 Wu-lien-mei B ag iE 458 

Wei pe 174 | Wu-lou-tzit dee. He $F 140, 493 
Wei 3 317 | Wu-lung & tt 83 
Wei-hsien , Be 87 403 | Wu-mai es 171 
Wei-jui Ze 340 | Wu-mei Fe He 355 
Wei-ling-hsien Re filj 118 | Wu-mén-mu §S i AR 253 
Wei-mao ti 166 | Wu-ming-tzit 4. % Ff 334 
‘Wén-ching Fil SHY 163 | Wu-mu Bx 153 
Wén-chu-lan x ER RY 131 | Wu-po-ho EE 263 
Wén-kuang kuo XG HE 174, 461 | Wu-pei-tzit t ff F 182, 379 


534 


Wu-shén 
Wou-shih 
Wu-shih 
Wu-shih-tzt 
Wu-shu 
Wu-t‘ang 
Wu-tien 
Wu-tieh-ni 
Wu-tou 
Wu-ts‘ao 
Wu-tu 
Wu-t'ung 
Wu-tung-chiu 
Wu-wei-tzil 
Wu-wén-mu 
Wu-yao 
Wu-yu 
Wu-yii 
Wu-yu-hua 
Wu-yiian — 


Ya-chao-pai 
Ya-chia 
Ya-chiao 
Ya-chih-chou 
Ya-chih-ts‘ao 
Ya-chio-k‘uei 
Ya-féng-shu 
Ya-hsien-ts‘ao 
Ya-ma 
Ya-p‘ien 
Ya-pu-iu 
Ya-shé-ts‘ao 
Ya-tou 
Ya-tsao 
Yai-chiao 
Yai-mi 
Yai-tsung 
Yang 

Yang 
Yang-ch‘i-kua 
Yang-chih-chou 
Yang-chih-chu 


Yang-chio-ts‘ai 
Yang-ch ‘iu-tzti 
Yang-ch‘un-sha 
‘Yang-fu-lai 
Yang-hsiu-ch‘iu 


CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


ne 392 
EF 45 
& a 153 
4ne 181 
Se ott 49 
EH 387 
dre 403 
& & YE 2,450 
& SH 7,8, 9, 11 
Be 392 
Ba 7 
HE Hl 423 
i Had 3 439 
RF 226, 398 
fe SCA 253 
& 145, 242 
Exepus 449 
GF 399 
ae Ee 4 396 
& a 221 
BE TN 305 
FOB 188 
fe 270 
RE TE Oo 479 
A Pe Be 123 
RE JE 3s 257 
He HB, SY 5 
a8 a HE 245 
ae Jie 242 
4 he 307 
Hh AN TEE 59 
RE iG Rt 266 
HE > 148 
FB 188 
EE AR 463 
HS 358 
Et 474 
[ss 72 
Be 294 
Be YS IN 110 
= eg | 479 
26 Bh 7H 

146, 211,375 
=F #9 2B 200, 264 
=p tk 130 
BA 38 
* 462 
7H Hi ER 453 
= 2 15, 250 
SE HF 479 


Yang-liu 
Yang-lu 
Yang-lu-érh 
Yang-mna 
Yang-mei 
Yang-p‘o-nai 
Yang-pu-shih-ts‘ao 
Yang-shén-chou 
Yang-shih-ch‘ai 
Yang-shih-tsao 
Yang-shu 
Yang-t‘ang 
Yang-t‘ang 
Yang-t‘ao 
Yang-ti 
Yang-ti-ta-huang 
Yang-ts‘ai 
Yang-t‘u 
Yang-tz'u 
Yang-yén 
Yao-ch'‘e 
Yao-hua 
Yao-jao 
Yao-kao-lei 
Yao-kuei 
Yeh-ch‘a 
Yeh-ch‘a-t‘ou 
Yeh-chi-kuan 
Yeh-chiao 
Yeh-ch‘ieu-niu 
Yeh-chih-ma 
Yeh-ch‘in-ts‘ai 
Yeh-chi-hua 
Yeh-chung-chiu 
Yeh-ho 
Yeh-hsi-mi 
Yeh-hsi-ming 
Yeh-hu-ssit 
Yeh-huai 
Yeh-hung-hua 
Yeh-kao 
Yeh-ko 
Yeh-lan 
Yeh-lan-kén 
Yeh-lo-po 
Yeh-liu-tou 
Yeh-pai-ho 
Yeh-p‘i-p‘a 
Yeh-p‘o-ts'at 
Yeli-p‘u-t'ao 
Yeh-shan 


S A 


Bi 


if ot 


wee 


m «YS By 


Oe SO RO OS Se oe oe EB 
ES 25: co o> Ko ay 


KS HEU RKLSSHRHSSKADS VHRR S Se ME 


275 


375 


140 
414 
119 
488 


220, 258, 377 


160 


474° 


147 
378 
240 
376 
475 
457 
439 


——* 


Yeh-shan-yao 
Yeh-t‘ien-ma 
Yeh-tu-chiian 
Yeh-tzit 
Yeh-tzii-chiang 
Yeh-wan-tou 
Yeh-yu 
YVén-chih 
Yén-chih 
Yén-chih-tou 
Yén-chib-ts‘ai 
Yen-chih-ts‘ai 
Yén-tzii-ts‘ai 
Yén-wei-ts‘ao 
Yén-yao-wan 
Yén-yu 
Yén-fu 
YVén-fu-tzti 
Yén-fu-tzi 
Yén-hu-so 
Yén-ju-ts‘ao 
Yén-kan 
Yén-kan-yu 
Yén-kao 
Yén-kén 
Vén-kuei 
Yén-li-tou 
YVén-mai 
Yén-sang 
Yén-ts‘ao 
Yén-t'u 
Yin 
Yin 
Yin-ch‘én-chiu 
Yin-ch‘én-hao 
Vin-ch‘én-kén 
Yin-hsing 
Yin-hsing-ts‘ao 
Vin-kuei 
Yin-kuo 
Yin-yang-huo 
Vin-yi 
Yin-yii-chiu 

- Yin-yii-wan 
Ying 
Ying 
Ving-ch‘un 
Ying-ch‘un-hua 
Ying-jéh-kuo 
YVing-ko-shé 


Ying-shan-hung 


INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. 


yas) 
Bae 


oh 
| 


, 


bel 
cal 
at rs! 
Cc. 
a 


BA Na aR 
ee Nt 2B 
He 2B 
we Je, HL 
AR 3 Hy 
MA Tih 

ae Ai 

ie AE 
Het tf 
AE HY 
ake Bs Fe 


oe 


4 SS 4 th Ae RE I ot 
Be 


SSSS REE RHR RES 
ao 


E 24 mo oH gt 
Fy OA 3a oF 


232, 


187, 


108, 


150 
235 
375 
121 
E2r 


Ying-shih 
Ying-t‘ao 
Ying-tzti-shu 
Ying-tzu-t‘ung 
Ying-yu 

Yu 


Yu-chu-tzt 
Yu-li 


Yu-li-jén-chou 
Yu-po 
Yu-ts‘ai 
Yu-ts‘ai-chou 
Yu-ts‘ai-tzu 
Yu-t‘ao 
Yu-tung 
Yu-t‘ung 
Yu-yil 
Yu-yiin-po 
Yu-ytin-po-lo 
Vii 

Yu 

Yu 

Yu 
Yii-chang 
Yii-chien 
Yu-ch‘ien 
Yu-chih 
Yii-chih-tzti 


Vii-chih-tzt-wan 


Yi-chin 
Vii-chin-hsiang 
Yu-chow 
Yii-chu 
Yu-érh 
Yu-hsing-ts‘ao 
Yu-jén-chiang 
Vu-kan-tzii 
Yi-kao-liang 
Yii-lan 

Yu-li 

Yii-liao 

Yu-lin 
Yii-lung-san 
Yii-mei-jén 


Yii-mi-chou 
Yii-mo 
Yu-mu 


505 
ex Tf 380 
PA pk 358 
Saf 307 
BA Hi 156 
WK BL 457 
ihe 113 
A IIl 
cia 150, 348 
ih SK =F 395 
tik 
126, 355, 227 
Ak 224258 479 
FH BK 47 
TH aS 74 
Th AR ata 487 
ith EF 74 
ih BE 357 
ie & 230 
Tey td 156 
a 27 
fi as DK 174 
fi Se SRE = 175 
aE 123 
Ki 448 
fal 366, 367 
at 25 
ih 88 
is 49 
TW i 83, 84 
eee 271 
fA 4 492 
TA Al = Ft © 327 
i < 138 
ee ee 139 
3E 478 
EA 340 
‘i IE. 448 
Ae 208 
Hi 1 $F 195 
eR HF 421 
FE tes 464 
TE A 254 
(a 3 364 
be 2 342 
# HK 139 
TE Hd 351 
Bt 5 A 
307, 249, 250 
ok 477 
hi 448 
a AX 163 


CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Yii-nio-chiu fe cE WG 419 | Yiian-sui st 4 

Yu-ni Goes i40 | Ytian-t‘ou Ei -< 221 
Yu-po TE AY 251, 402 | Ytian-wei BE 221 
Yii-shan-kuo Fe ese 439 | Ytteh-chi-hua A Bie 380 
Yii-shu-shu Ey Ze 464 | Wtieh-chiao BR HY 462 
Yii-so-tan TE gh PF 325 | Ytieh-kua bE 134, 135 
Yii-sun is &% 25 | Yiieh-kuei FAYE 246, 109 
Yii-t‘ou 3E HT 123 | Yueh-t‘ao #S PE 184 
Yiu-ts‘ai tA 2B 66 | Ytueh-wang-t‘ou Re =E Hii 121 
Vii-ts‘an Te 180 | Yueh-yueh-hung fj 4 380 
Yii-ts‘ao A 283 | Yun-hsiang Ss: FF 394, 427 
VYii-yti-liang By it Kk «6093, 410 | Viin-hsiang-chiao 3 FE 394 
Yiian 5G 400 | Yin-hsiang-ts‘ao =. 35 7 AL 385 
Yiian-chih ta ik 338 | Yiin-shih =‘ 78 
Viian-chib-jou iz mh A 339 | Ytin-shu = it 49 
Yuan-hua sc it 143, 460 | Yiin-t‘ai ES 3S 74 
Yiian-hua-chiu Se 1E Wi 420 | Viin-t‘ai-san He ae Te 350 
Yutan-i ta Ee 271 | Vin-ts‘ao ae 197 
Yiian-shu 7c Ht 49 | Yung-ts‘ai HE OR 219 


- INDEX OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 


A. 


3”? 


Abies 333, 432 
Abrus precatorius Ti 5, Baus) 
Abutilon avicennze 469 
a indicum 2, 256 
Acacia catechu 2, 46, 450, 451 
a julibrissin 22 
Acanthopanax 347, 242 
oF ricinifolium oo GAL 
3 spinosum 4 
Acanthus ilicifolius 47 
Acer 244 
8 trifidum 5 
Aceranthus sagittatus 4 
’ Achillea sibirica 5 
Achyranthes bidentata 6, 231 
6 aspera Gy] 
Aconitum 7, 9, 290, 475 
an ferox gy Lt 
53 fischeri aos TO 
Re japonicum 7 
a: kusnezoffii 7,9 
np lycoctonum Fie gt 
if multifidum It 
HN napellus 7= TO 
0 rotundifolium II 
ee septentrionale II 
“F unciatum 7,9 
x variegatum on 
Ag volubile 7,9 
Acorus 12 
a calamus 12, 035) 545220 
ae gramineus £2; 13 

ss Solera,” 
a spurius I2 
», . terrestris 1A, fee 
Actea 370 
A spicata 13, 431 
Actinidia 14, 15, 60 
5 chinensis 15 
5 rufa 15 
Adenophora Wis Sloe, Bol, Rely 
= alternifolia 15 
Se polymorpha 15 
remotifolia 16 


Adenophora trachelioides 


3 verticillata 
Adiantum 

i flabellulatum 

30 monochlanys 


ZEgle sepiaria 
A¥sculus chinensis 


s turbinata 
Agave americana 

n chinensis 

0 mexicana 


Aglaia odorata 
Agnus scythicus 
Ailanthus 

nh glandulosa 
Akebia quinata 
Alaria 
Albizzia julibrissin 
Aleurites cordata 

“a moluccana 

<5 triloba 
Algze 
Alisma plantago 
Alkana tinctoria 
Alliaria wasahi 
Allium ascalonicum 


” cepa 

9 cepaproliforum 
5 fistulosum 

5 japonicnm 

5 odorum 

+ sativum 

Pr scorodoprasum 
“ senescens 

ae tuberosum 

an uliginosum 

- victorialis 


Alocasia macrorhiza 
Aloe vulgaris 

- perfoliata 
Aloexylon agallochum 
Alopecurus 
Alpinia allughas 


a galanga 
Aa globosum 
” japonica 


15 

15, 41 
18 
“18 
19 


19, 116, 117, 469 


19 

19 

19 

19 

20, 206 
20 

345 
20, 21 
20 
22, 118, 172 
24 

32 

99 

23 
23, 98 
23, 270 
24, 389 
232, 233 
28 

25 

26 

26 

26 

27 
26, 27 
27 

28 

27 

27 

27 

26, 470 
29, 141 
29 

29 

44 

200 
35 

31 

39, 37 
an 


538 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 
Alpinia officinarum 31, 32, 338 | Arisazema japonica 47: 48 
Althea rosea 33, 205, 256, 413 - riugens 47, 48 
Amarantus 6, 33, 348 _ suratum 472 
oA blitum 33 i thunbergii 47, 48, 375 
rs spinosus 34 | Aristclochia 43 
Amomum 384 #3 contorta 49 
, amarunml 35, 282 AS ichilis 49 
- cardamomum 36, 39 6 keempferi 49 
. globosum 30N 37 nF recurvilabra 49, 57 
nf grana-paradisa 37 | Aronia asiatica 347 
- granumi-paradisi 37 | Artemisia 5 
i medium 37 55 abrotanum 50, 115 
rs melagueta 37, 38 A annua 50 
ee villosum 38, 39 a apiacea 50 
‘A xanthoides, 37139; 39 a capillaris 50 
Aimyegdalus communis 40, 354 aS chinensis 52 
Auchusa tinctoria 232, 233 5B desertorum 50 
Andropogon schcenanthus 40, I15 »  dracunculus 50 
Anemarrheua asphodeloides 40 56 giloéscens 52 
Anemone 163, 256 pA herba-alba 52 
»  cernua AI i) eludiea 52 
Angelica 45, 133, 470 »» japonica 51, 313 
* anomala AI ” keiskiana 5f 
53 decursiva 42, 314 3 moxa 52 
Se kiusiana 470 ni stelleriana 106 
me officinalis 42 53 stelleriana vesiculosa 52, 423 
0 polymorpha 134 5 vulgaris 52 
Angrecum faleatum 289 | Artocarpus integerifolia 54 
Anisonia elliptica 470 | Arum 9 
Anthemis 106, 260 5 pentaphyllum 47 
Apium graveolens 42, 455 oe triphylum 47 
Aplotaxis auriculata 43 | Arundinaria 62 
5 lappa 43 ie japonica 63 
Apocynum venetum 44 | Arundo phragmites 317 
Aquilaria agallocha 44 | Asarum 105 
Arabis perfoliata 156 | Ka forbesii 54, 338 
Arachis hypogeea 470 | bs sieboldi 55 
Aralia cordata 45 | Asclepias 55 
3 edulis 45, 133 | Asparagus gibbus 472 
5 palmata A |} S34 lucidus 55, 56 
»  papyrifera 172 | Aspidium 283, 460 
- spinosa 471 = falcatum 56, 282 
35 quinquefolia 303 | Aster fastigiatus 56 
Arctium lappa 45 * tataricus 56 
Ardisia crispa 471 x trinerius 57 
3 hortorun 472 | Astilbe chinensis 13 
5 japonica 228, 404, 472 | Ae thunbergii ity 
Areca catechu 3, 40, 472452 Astragulus hoangtchy 57 
Argemone mexicana 47, 87 | Atractylis 57, 5° 
Arisema B2R a chinensis 58 
Be heterophylla 154, 447 | Atractylodes lancea 558 


_ 


ee a 


: 


\ Atractylodes lyrata 


58 

+ ovata 58 
Atropa 58 
5 belladonna 413 

55 mandragora 413 
Aucklandia costus 43 
Auricularia 272 
Avena fatua 59, 164 
Averrlioa carambola 15, 59 
Azalea sinense 146, 375 
3 indicum 375 

E B: 

Balanophora 61, 293 
Balsamodendron mukul 62, 244 
‘ myrrha 61 

‘i, opobalsamunm 244 

of roxburghii 62 
Bampbusa 62 
a arundinacea 63 

re: kumiasasa 491 

% puberula 63 

an spinosa 64 
Barkhausia Repens 65 
Basella rubra 66 
Batatis edulis 220 
Beckmannia eruczeformis 472 
Begonia discolor 66 
ca evansiana 66 
Belamcanda chinensis gee 
Benincasa cerifera 67 
Berberis 494 
5 lycium 250 

¥ thunbergii 67 

af vulgaris 67 
Beta valgaris 68, 473 
Betonica officinalis 247 
Betula alba 68 
Bidens parviflora 68 
sf tripartita 68 
Bignonia grandiflora 68 
Biota 432 
Blumea balsamifera 69, 88 
Bocconia cordata 473 
Boehmeria 404 
# nivea 70, 381 
‘Boletus EYAL PTE) 
Bombax malabaricum 4, 71, 166, 197 
Borassus flabelliformis 122 


Boswellia 


71 


INDEX OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 


Sly) 

Boswellia glabra 71 
‘ thurifera 71 
Boymia rutcecarpa 72, 257 
Brachy podium sylvaticum 59 
Brasenia peltata 73, 241, 266 
Brassica 73 
% campestris rutabaga 75, 408 

a chinensis Gla Gi! 

ss oleracea 735, 219 

a oleracea caulorapa 75 

- 55 vrapa 74, 384 

bi rapa-depressa 74. 
Bromus japonicus 59 
Broussonetia papyrifera 75, 376 
Brunella vulgaris 75 
Bryonia dioica 441 
Buddleia curviflora 76 

A neemda | 
a officinalis 715 
Bupleurum faleatum 42, 76 
Buxus sempervirens 76 
C. 

Czesalpinia 198 
A minax 78, 278 

5; pulcherrima 78 

a sappan 78 

£ sepiaria 78 
Cajanus indicus 79 
Calamus draco 79 
Calendula 219, 260 
e officinalis 80 
Calystegia 219 
% sepium 80, 125 
Camelia japonica 81 
on oleifera 81 172 

oe sasanqua 81 

fs thea 81 
Campanula glauca 18 
Campanumeea pilosula 177 
Camphora officinarum 87 
Campsis adrepens 69 
Canarium 89 
re albuum 89 

eA commune 90, 489 

Pr pimela 89 
Canavallia ensiformis 90 
Canella 20 
Caunabis 243 
™ sativa 90, 146, 404 


540 
Capsella bursa pastoris 
Capsicum 

in annuum 

an baceatuim 

. fastigiatum 

ol frutescens 

> sinense 


Caragana flava 
Cardaimtine hirsuta 
Carduus acaulis 


45 crispus 
Carex macrocephala 
5 pachygyma 


Carica papaya 
Carpesium abrotanoides 
Caryopteris divaricata 
Caryota 

Cassava 

Cassia auriculata 


ae fistula 

aa mimosoides 

ve occidentalis 

35 sophora 

5 tora 
Castanea vulgaris 
Catalpa 

a bungeana 

An bungei 

39 keempferi 
Cecrodendron fortunatum 
Cedrela 

7 sinensis 
Celosia argentea 

36 cristata 
Celtis 

- muku 

sinensis 


” 
Ceramium rubrum 


Ceratophyllum demersum 
Ceratopteris thalictroides 


Cerastium glutinosum 
Cercis chinensis 
Chamrops excelsa 


ee fortunei 
Chavica betel 

ms roxburghii 
Chelidonium maius 
Chenopodium 

mf sp. 

a album 

34 ambrosoides 


339 
379 
119 


474 
93, 362 


150 
102 
222 


O75 LO, Ll 
100, 242, 245 
242 


99 

20, 21 

20, 100, 258 
100 
IOI 
Io 
128 
255 
270 
276 
360 


461 


IOI, 
101, 143, 


104, 475 


CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Chimonanthus fragans 
Chiretta 


Chloranthus inconspicuus 


i japonicus 

3A serratus 
Chrysanthemum 

a coronarium 

$5 indicum 

oa sinense 
Cibotium barometz 
Cichorium 

n endivia 

6 intybus 
Cicuta 


Cimicifuga davurica 
AP foetida 


” japonica 
a racemosa 
Chinchona 


Chineraria repanda 
Cinnamomum cassia 


% japonicum 

a pedunculatum 

‘s tamala 
Citrus 

o acida 

6 aurantium 

* bigaradia 

ae chirocarpus 

a decumana 

se fusca 

5 japonica 

35 miedica 

Bs nobilis 

3 trifoliata 
Citrullus vulgaris 


Clausena wampi 
Clavaria 


Clematis 
5 florida 
29 grata 
an graveolens 
ss heraclecefolia 
. minor 
af paniculata 
A patens 
» sinensis 
Cnicus japonicus 
if nipponicus 
33 pendulus 
5. sinensis 


107, 


Tun 
19, 116, 
Tae 
bs her Bs fal 
1g G15 


19, 


22, 
118, 119, 


105 
126 
105 
105 
105 
260 
106 
106 
106 
344 
230 
229 
230 
379 

13 

13 

T3 

14 
107 
403 
109 
109 
109 
Stele) 
III 
117 
13 
117 
II4 
D1 
272 
II5 
m7 
Dp a 
116 
IIo 
117 
271 

22 
118 

22 
118 

22 
118 
118 
118 
118 
120 
119 
IIg 
119 


eee ee 


INDEX OF 


Cnicus spicatus 
Cnidium mounieri 
Cocculus 


a japonicus 

= thunbergti 
Coccus pela 

oe sinensis 


Codonopsis lanceolata 
Coix lachryma 
Colchicum 
Colocasia 
Comimelyna polygama 
ad rumphii 
Conioselinum 
A univittatum 
Conocephalus conica 
Conophallus konjak 


Convolvulus 

7 arvensis 

Bs japonicus 

a vulgaris 
Conyza 

re ambigua 
Coptis anzemonzefolia 

S teeta 


Corchoropsis crenata 
Corchorus 
7 capsularis 
us pyriformis 
Cordyceps sinensis 
Coriandrum sativum 
Cornus machrophylla 


Ef officinalis 
Corydalia 

i ambigua 

si goviana 

eee se itTCISA 

+5 tuberosa 
Corylus 

as heterophylla 

ad mandshurica 
Cotyledon fimbriata 

5h malacophylla 
Crateegus 

a cuneata 

ee flava 

i macracantha 

=e parvifolia 


‘5 pinnatifida 
Crinuni sinensis 
Crocus sativus 


119 

120, 216, 402 
120 

120 

120 

238 

238 

17 

122 

179 

123 

123 

123 

138 

123, 402 

210 
124 
125 
125 
125 
489 
106 
164 
125 
125, 32], 401 
480 

20, 404 

QI, 126 

126 

126 

127 

IOI, 128 

128, 161 

129 
128 
129 
37° 
129 
129 
129 
129 
449 
449 
364 
130 
130 
130 
130 
130 
131 
94, 131 


35> 


42, 129, 


129, 363, 


BOTANICAL ‘TERMS. 


Croomia japonica 
Croton tiglium 
Cry ptomeria 

oC japonica 


Cry ptoteenia canadensis 


Cucumis sativus 
Cucumus melo 
Cucurbita maxima 
* moschata 
= pepo 
Cudrania tribola 


Cunninghamia sinensis 


137, 


134, 137, 272, 


Cupressus 
A funebris 
“ thyoides 
Curecuma 
As longa 
Cuscuta 
ae chinensis 
6 japonicus 
Cyathula 
Cycas revoluta 
Cyclamen 
Cydonia japonica 
x sinensis 


vulgaris 


” 


Cynachum caudatum 


Cyperus 
Ae esculentus 
“ iria 
a rotundus 
ne serolinus 


Cytisus scoparius 


D. 


Dalbergia hupeana 
Damnacanthus indicus 


Daphne 

a genkwa 

= odora 
Daphnidium cubela 

a myrrha 

a strychnifolium 
Daphnis myrrha 
Datura 

a alba 

x metel 

on stramoninum 


Daucus carota 


140, 


140, 


93, 141, 


35, 141, 


143, 


143, 


145, 146, 


146, 
146, 


542 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Davallia tensifolia 147 | Eleusine indica 305 
Dendrobium 180 | Eleutherococcus henryi 4 
5 nobile 147, 249 PA leucorrhizus 4 
Deutzia sieblondiana <= 148, 149 ak senticosus. 4 
. staphylea 148 | Emblica officinalis 430 
Dianthus chinensis 149 | Ephredra 163, 257 
a3 fischeri 149 3 vulgaris 161 

i superbus 149 | Epigeea asiatica 162 
Dichroa febrifuga 293 | Epimedium sagittatum 4, 162 
Dictamnus albus 149, 186 | Equisetum 161 
Diervilla versicolor 149, 272 - arvense 163 
Digitalis 150 a hyemale 163 
sy glutinosa 37 Eranthis 256 

- purpurea 150 on keiskii 163 
Digitaria sanguinalis 150, 348 | Erianthus japonicus 164, 489 
Dioscorea 150 | Erigeron 106 
aA batatas 150 it acre 164 

»» Japonica 150, 151, 413 5,  kamtschaticum 164 

5c quinqueloba 150, 220 | Briobotrya 165 

» Sativa ih ler See 7 Yapettiea 112, 164 
Diospyros embryopteris USI eroeanlon 165 
” bersaita 152 | Eritrichium penduneulare 165, 423 

» kaki 152 | Erythrina fulgans 145 

” lotus. 153 ut indica 145 
Diphylleia 154, 338 | Erythrorhizon 245 
Dipsacus , 154 | Ethrog 114 
» asper 154 | Euconimia ulmoides 166 
Dolichos cultratus 154 | Rugenia caryophyllata “66 
”» Jablab- 154,155 | Ruonymus 404 

As sinensis 154 5 atatus 166 

oo soja 189 oe japonicus 166 

» umbellatus 155 | » thunbergianus 166 
Draba nemoralis I55, 278 Eupatorium 160, 167 
Dryandra cordata ¥56, 161, 423 2 iixillowil 41 
Drymoglossum carnosuim 157 ie lindleyanum 167 
Dryobalanops aromatica 157, 263 Euphorbia 44 
»»  camphora 88, 157 »,  helioscopia 44, 167 

Rs humifusa 168 

EK. be lasiocaula 169 

Echinops spherocephalus 160, 408 »  _ dathyris 168 
Eclipta alba 160, 177 ¥ lunulata 167 
Ehretia serrata 1or, 128 5 palustris 168 
Eleagnus longpipes 161 ” pekinensis 169 
Eleeococea cordata 161 ”» pilulifera 168 
. verrucosa 156 sieboldiana 168, 169 
Elatostemma umbellatunr 161 | Euryale ferox 169 
Eleocharis tuberosus 399 | Euxolus P 33 
Elsholtzia 393 Exidia 180 
pe? cristata 161 » ° auricula jude 170, 272 


Elettaria cardamomum 37 | Evodia rutecarpa 170 


INDEX OF - 


Fagopyrum esculentum 
a tartaricum 
Fallopia nervosa 
Farfugium keempferi 
Fatsia papyrifera 


Ferula 

> narthex 

A scorodosma 
Ficus carica 

56 erecta 

7 glomerata 

=e pumila 

6 religiosa 

56 retusa 

56 stipulata 
Filix 


Foeeniculum vulgare 
Forsythia 


a suspensa 
Fragaria indica 

Ls wallichii 
Fritillaria roylei 
Fraxinus 

pay bungeana 

»  . pubinervus 

is sinensis 


Fucus saccharinus 
Fumaria officinalis 


Fungi 
Fuukia subcordata 
G. 

Galanga 

6 cardamon 
Galium aparine 
Galla 

re sinensis 
Gambir 
Garcinia hanburii 

- morella 
Gardenia 

a florida 

ap grandiflora 

< radicans 

HA rubra 
Gastrodia elata 

a sesamoides 


Gelsemnium elegans 
Gentiana 


22) 


175, 


180, 215, 


184, 
69, 


184, 


66, 185, 


BOTANICAL TERMS. 543 
Geiitiana scabra 186 
Geranium nepalense 187 

wie _ Geum dryadvides 187 

Fe " japonica 187 
Gigartina tenax 24 

a Ginko biloba 187,390 

ae Gleditschia i98 

ie 3 chinensis 188, 189, 272 

ae 3 japonica 188 

174 +5 officinalis 358 

488 Glossocomia lanceolata 15 

Sor Glycine hispidia 189 

Spe Glycyrrhiza 196 

488 % echinata 196 

one a glabra 118, 196, 135 

a Gly ptostrobus 276 

ie | alge heterophyllus _ 196 

a6 Gnaphalium multiceps 197 

aa sh polycephalum 197 

ee | Gomphrena globosa 197 

be Gossypium herbaceum 197 

a i indicum 197 

af Gracilaria lichenoides 24, 488 

ae 56 spinosa 24 

178 Gymmnocladus 198 

178 * chinensis 198 

e3 Gymnogongrus pinnulata 199 

He Gymnogramme japonica 199 

179 Gymnothrix alopecurus 200 

179 5 japonica 398 

cee Gymandropsis pentaphylla 200 
Gynocardia 244 

% odorata 200 
Gynura pinnatifida 201 
181 
32 lelp 

181 

i181 Habenaria sagittifera 203 

182 | Halymenia dentata 203 

182 | Hamamelis japonica 203 

182 a virginiana 203 

182 | Haliotis funebris ; 96 

382 | Helianthus annuus 203 

183 | Hemerocallis 204 

183 Er fulva 204 

183 Pr winor 204. 

183 | Hemiptelea davidiana 204 

253 | Hepatica 204 

185 | Heteropogon contortus 205 

377 | Herba cuscute majoris 140 

186 | Hermodactyl 489 


544 


Herpestris monniera 
Hibiscus 


33 esculentus 

‘. manihot 

es mutabilis 

is rosasinensis 
syriacus 


9” 
Hierochle borealis 
Hirneola 

ys polytricha 
Hippuris 
Hordeum vulgare 
Hovenia dulcis 
Houttuynia cordata 
Humulus japonicus 
Hyduum 
Hydnocarpus venenatus 
Hydrangea 
Hydrocharis 

. morsus rane 
Hydrocotyle asiatica 
Hydropyrum latifolium 

as setaria 
Hynoscyamus 


-— 


I40, 205, 
20, 


33, 


209, 


293 


»» niger 9, 146, 211, 375; 399, 


Hypericum 
BG chinense 
Hypoxis aurea 


i: 
Tex 
e; cornuta 
+ integra 
a pedunculosa 
Tilicium anisatum 
3 religiosum 


Impatiens balsamina 
Imperata arundinacea 
Incarvilla sinensis 


Indigofera 
Inula 
“6 britanica 
6 chinensis 
Ipomoea 
aquatica 
a batatas 
* hederacea 
nil 


s9 
Jris ensata 
florentina 


” 


237) 
218" 


215, 232, 
205, 


a7. 


338 
163 
205 
205 
214 
206 
206 
207 
207 
17 

276 
207 
272 
208 
209 
274 
201 
453 
200 
210 
210 
210 
493 
146 
413 
342 
211 
212 


238 
291 
213 
213 
214 
489 
269 
216 
216 
344 
160 
219 
219 
125 
219 
220 
489 
490 
220 

4I 


CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


220 


Iris oxpetala 
ee sibirica 221 
7 tectorunl 22%: 
Isatis japonica 217 
a tinctoria 217 
Ixia chinensis 31L 
Ixora sp. 221 
Ss stricta 221 
if 
Jasminum floridum 292 
aa grandiflorum 222 
+9 nudiflorum 222 
ch officinale 222 
ne sambac 84, 105, 222, 287 
~ sieboldianum 222 
Jatropha janipha 223 
Juglans regia 223 
a sieboldiana 224 
Juncus balticus 491 
a8 communis 224 
5 effusus 224 
Juniperus 432 
Ss chinensis 224, 432 
Justicia 125 
pe crinata 217 
a gendarussa 225 
“a procumbens 225, 268 
K. 
Kadsura chinensis 226 
<)) japonica 398 
Kempferia galanga 226 
re pundurata 139, 227 
Kerria japonica 126, 227 
Kochia scoparia 227 
Keelreuteria paniculata 227 
Kyllingia monocephala 228 


L. 


Lactuca 

albiflora 
debilis 
denticulata 
sativa 
squarrosa 
stolonifera 
Laginaria vulgaris 
Laminaria 


107, 229, 230, 414 


INDEX OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 


Loranthus 


Laminaria saccharina 24 
Lamium album 154 
Lampsana apogonoides 231 
Lathyrus davidii 231 
ae maritimus 232, 297, 454 
Laurus cubela 144 
Lawsonia alba 2152324223 
Lecythis 427 
Lemna 241, 260, 266 
rf minor 234, 241, 266 
Leonurus 452 
aes.) atiacratithus 235 
3 sibiricus 235 
Lepidium petrzeum 155 
Leptogium fuliginosum 311 
Lespedeza juncea 221 
Leucothce grayana 236 
Levisticum 133 
Ligusticum 133 
i sinense 286 
Ligustrum 238 
<3 ibota 238, 239 
3 lucidum 213, 236, 238 
Lilium brownii 240 
” concolor 240 
a tigrinum 240 
Limnanthemum 260 
= nymphoides 241 
os peltatum 241 
Lindera glauca 241 
“F sericea 242 
fe strychnifolia 145, 242 
an tzumu 242 
Linum 404 
» perenne 242 
a sativum 243 
a usitatissimum 209, 243 
Lithospermum officinale 245 
Litsea glauca 246 
Liquidambar altingiana 243 
ea formosara 244, 245 
¥ Er (orientale) 5 
= orientalis 243 
Lobelia 285 
os inflata 283 
a radicans 246 
Lonicera japonica 246 
Lomaria japonica 56, 282 
Lophanthus rugosus 247 
Lophatherum elatum 247 


163, 247, 456 


545 

Loranthus kempferi 248, 456 
= yadoriki 248 
Lotus corniculatus 248 
Luffa cylindrica 248 
Luisia teres 249 
Lychnis 249, 250, 307 
e grandiflora 250 
Lycium 148, 286 
7. chinense 250 
Lycoperdon 250 
Lycopersicum esculentum 251 
Lycopodium 147, 251 
or cernuum 251 

a clavatum 251, 402 

Fe japonicum 251, 402 

ot sieboldi 251 
Lycopsus lucidus 235 
Lycoris radiata 251 
Lysichitum camtschatense 29 
Lysimachia 293 
a eleutheroides 252 

Ke foenum greecum 252 

8 sikokiana 252 

M. 

Maba ebenos 153, 253 
Machrophylla 135 
Macroclinidium verticillatum 253, 362 
Mesa dorzena 253 
Magnolia 175 


AS conspicua 


3 fuscata 254 
ad hypoleuca IOI, 254 
»  yulan 254 
Malva 256 
»,  pulchella 256 
x3 sylvestris 256 © 
ae verticillata 256 
Mandragora 257, 370 
Mangifera indica 259, 428 
Marlea plantanifolia 259 
Marsilia 234 
ay quadrifolia 210, 260, 393 
Matricaria indica 260 
Medicago denticulata 260 
Ps lupulina 260 
* sativa 260 
Melampyrum 393 
Melanthium cochinchinese 56 
Melissa officinalis 115 


222, 253, 254 


546 


Melia azedarach 261 
“i toosendan 261 
Melilotus arvensis 262 
Menispermum dauricune 120, 262 
Mentha arvensis 263, 404 
oP piperita 118 
Menyanthus trifoliata 263 
Mercurialis leiocarpa 263 
Metaplexis stauntonii 264 
Michelia champaca 264 
Mimosa arborea 22 
Mirabilis jalapa 264 
Momordica 493 
45 charantia 265, 306 
= cochinchinensis I1, 201, 265 
Moncochoria hastata 266, 389 
a korsakowii 266 
ee vaginalis 266 
Morcea chinensis 311 
Morus 137 
ne alba 266 
ar indica 267 
Mosla grosseserrata 268, 422 
a lanceolata 393 
re punctata 268 
Mucuna capitata 269 
Mulgediuin 404 
i. sibiriacum 269 
Musa paradisica 270 
Ae sapientum 269 
Musci 270 
Mylabris cichorii 7 
Myrica-rubra 131, 275 
Myriogyne minuta 275 
Myriophyllum 276 
ib spicatum 276, 348 
Myristica moschata 276 
N. 
Nandina domestica 277 
Narcissus tazetta 277 
Nardostachys jatamansi 278 
Nasturtium 290 
FP palustre 155, 156, 278 
Nauclea gambir 278 
5 sinensis 450 
Nelumbium 205 
6 speciosum 278 
Nepeta glechoma 124, 210, 281 
ia tenuifolia 393, 429 | 


CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Nephelium sp. 282, 485 

<5 lapacum 281 

5 litchi 281 

se longana 35, 282 
Nephrodium 460 

a filix mas 56, 282, 291, 460 
Nerium 378 
Nicotiana 285 

- tabacum 253 
Nitraria schoberi 286 
Nostoc edule 24 
Nothosmyrnium japonicum 286 
Nuphar japonicum 287, 288 
Nyctanthes arbor tristis 287 
Nymphea tetragona 288 

0. 

Ocinum basilicum 262, 289 
Cécceoclades falcata 289 
QGE&nanthe stolonifera 42, 278, 289, 320 
Olea aquifolia 291 

53 fragrans 108, 296 
Onoclea 460 

Br orientalis 282, 291 
Ophiopogon japonica 291 

ie spicatus 291 
Opopanax 41 
Opuntia ficus 2a1 
Origanum yulgare 393 
Orithia edulis 292 
Orixa japonica 292 
Orobanuche 61 

, ammophyla 293 
Oryza sativa 294 
Osmanthus fragrans 108, 232 
Osmunda 173, 283, 297; 360 

» xepalis 232, 296, 454 
Oxalis corniculata 297, 384 


eds 


Pachyma cocos 35, 163, 180, 298, 


Pachyrhizus 

thunbergianus 
Peederia foetida 
Peeonia albiflora 

An moutan 

55 officinalis 
Paliurus ramosissimus 
Panax 

» +. ginseng 


321 
384 
299 
299 
300 
300 
300 
301 
302 
301 


INDEX 


Panax repens 
Panicum crus corvi 

” ” galli 

a frumentaceum 

5 miliaceum 
Papaver rhceas 

AA somniferum 
Pardanthus chinensis 

a dichotomus 
Paris polyphylla 

AS quadrifolia 
Parmelia sp. 
Passerina 

of Chamzedaphne 
Patrinia scabioszfolia 
Paulownia 156, 242, 

5 imperialis 
Pedicularis resupiuata 

“5 sceptrum carolinum 

Perilla ocimoides 
Persea nanmu 


Peucedanum decursivum 
or japonicum 
a rigidum 
terebinthaceum 


” 
Peziza auricula 


Phalaris arundinacea 
Pharbitis hederacea 
Phaseolus mungo 

aA radiatus 
Phellodendron amurense 
Pheenix dactylifera 
Photinia glabra 
Phragmites 
communis 

sis roxburghit 
Phtheiviospermum chinensis 
Phyllanthus urinaria 
Phyllostachys 

re nigra 
Physalis alkekengi 

ay angulata 
Phytolacca acinosa 

-e decandra 
Picris repens 
Pieris ovalifolia 
Pilea 
Pimela alba 

e nigra 
Pimpinella anisum 
Pinellia tuberifera 


234, 


” 


319; 


48, 128, 


OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 


304 
304 
304 
3095 
416 
397 
307 
311 
311 
2H 
311 
311 
169 
143 
312 
393 
312 
313 
313 
37 

313 
381 
315 
407 
407 
170 
344 
489 
316 


305, 
249, 
205, 


272, 


313, 
314, 
315; 
315; 


315; 
315; 
2, 


62, 


326, 
312, 


65, 


214, 331 
257, 332 


Pinites succinifer 34 
Pinus 34 
5p bungeana 333 
5 densiflora 333 
re koraiensis 333 
a massoniana 333 
Pe sinensis 137) 333 
Br thunbergii 333 
Piper cubela 144 
AG longum 103, 334 
rs. nigrum £03, 334 
Pistacia vera 334 
Pistia stratiotes 234 
Pistillaria 273 
Pisum sativum 335, 453 
Plantago major 51, 335 
Platanus 244 
Platycaria 337 
KA strobilacea 258, 337 
Platycodon grandiflorum 18, 337 
Plectranthus glaucocalyx 56 
Podocarpus macrophylla 337 
Podophyllum versipelle 154, 338 
Pogonia ophioglossoides 338 
Pollia japonica 338 
Polygala reinii 338 
* sibirica 338 
AA tenuifolia 338 
Polyonatum canaliculatum 339 
bs chinense 339 
»  giganteum 339 
A macropodum 339 
Ae multiflorum 339 
»» ° Officinale 340 
“7 sibiricum 33 
We vulgare 493 
Polygonum sp. 233, 234, 344 
»  amphibium 340, 343 
x aviculare 341 
ne barbatum 344 
» _ bistorta 303, 341, 344 
i blumei 341 
s chinense 341 
os cuspidatum 341 
re cymosum 341 
es filiforme 342 
*, flaccidum 342 
»  hydropiper 342, 344 
i japonicum 342 
a lapathifolium 342 


multiflorum 


342, 343 


548 


Polygonum orientale 
a persicaria 
Ae tinctorium 


Polypodium barometz ~ 


ae fortunei 

‘5 lineare 

. lingua 
Populus alba 

na balsamifera 

5 sauveolens 
Porphyra coccinea 
Pertulacca oleracea 
Potamogeton 

+ oxyphyllus 


Y) polygonifolius 


Potentilla cryptotenia 
a discolor 
5 wallichiana 
Poterium officinale 
% sanguisorba 
Premna vulgaris 
Prosopis 
Prunella vulgaris 
Prunus 
+ armeniaca 
nF communis 
Re japonica 
y mume 
2s persica 


“F pseudo-cerasus 


of spinulosa 

a3 tomentosa 

a triflora 
Psoralea corylifolia 
Ptarmica sibirica 
Pteris 

+ aqualina 

os esculenta 
Pterocarpus flavus 

ae indicus 

x santalinus 
Pterocarya stenoptera 
Pueraria 
Pulsatilla 
Punica granatum 
Pupalia 
Pycnostelma chinensis 
Pygmea 
Pyrola media 

a rotundifolia 
Pyrus 


341, 344, 


24, 150, 276, 


349; 


75» 
130; 


2651227. 


173, 
297, 359; 


360, 


4I, 


253) 


340 
396 
344 
344 
345 
346 
346 
346 
347 


CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Pyrus baccata 
oF betulzfolia 
Ar cathayensis 
is chinensis 
3 communis 
s3 cydonia 
japonica 
5 malus 
59 sinensis 
7 spectabilis 
o5 tomentosa 


Q. 


362 

362 

362 

363 
364 

363 

363 
363, 364, 381 
364 
130, 365 
364 


Quercus 97, 178, 238, 366 
a5 acuta 366 
> aliena 367 
5 cornea 23 
a cuspidata 367 
sh dentata 366 
5 glauca 366 
3 sclerophylla 238, 366 
55 serrata 366 
‘5 sinensis 366 
Quisqualis indica 30, 135, 368 
R. 
Ranunculus sp. 290, 370 
= acris 370 
“ scleratus 290, 370, 455 
Raphanus 384 
a sativus 370 
Rehmannia glutinosa 150, 371 
Reineckia carnea 372 
Rhamous arguta 373 
is chlorophorus 373 
% japonica 373 
% tinctorius 373 
» virgata 373 
Rheum officinale 374 
a palmatum 374 
45 rhaponticum 374 
Rhododendron 376 
i dauricum 375 
a fortunei 376 
» indicum 361, 375 
3 laucanthum 375 
3 metternichii 376 
An sinense 146, 375, 381 
- sublanceolatum 375 
Rhodymenia 24 


INDEX OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 


Rhizophora mangle 
Rhus 
% semialata 
5 succedanea 


AA toxicodendron 


* vernicifera 
Rhynchosia volubilis 


Rhynchospermum jasminoides 


Richardia africana 
Ricinus communis 
. Robinia amara 
Rosa anemoneflora 
a banksia 
“f indica 
“5 leevigata 
multiflora 
f. rugosa 
3 sempervirens 
- Rosmarinus officinalis 
Rottlera japonica 
Rubia 
En cordifolia 
Rubus buegeri 
% coreanus 
a coronarius 
eA ichangensis 
Rubus incisus 
4 parvifolius 
_ thunbergii 
33 tokkura 


i trifidus 
Rumex 

oe acetosa 

es aquaticus 

- crispus 


Ruta graveoleus 


S. 
Saccharum officinarum 
ye saccharatum 


Sagina maxima 
Sagittaria sagittifolia 
Saguerus rumphii 
Sagus rumphii 
Salisburia adiantifolia 
Salix babylonica 


mt purpurea 
Salvia japonica 
2 multiorrhiza 
$3 plebia 


258 

238, 339, 379 
182, 376 

182, 377 
185, 377 

377 
378 
378 

29 

I, 378 
414 
380 

43. 380 
380 
380 
380 
381 
380 
381 
242, 381 
250 

381 

383 

383 

382 

383 

382 

383 

383 

383 

383 
374, 384 
384 

384 
384, 385 
385, 394 


386 
416 


378, 388, 412, 413 


389 
389 
389 
390 
391 
391 
392 
392 
393, 429 


549 

Salvinia natans 234, 393 
55 vulgaris 393 
Sambucus chinensis 393, 455 
ae javanica 393 

. racemosa 393 

3 sieboldiana 393 

4 thunbergiana 393 
Sanguisorba officinalis 394 
Santalum album 143, 360, 394 
Sapindus mukorossi 395, 432 
Saponaria indica 396 
Sargassum 276 
‘ siliquastrum 24, 396 
Saururus loureiri 396 
Saxifraga sarmentosa 397 
Scaphium scaphigerum 397 
Schizandra chinensis 226, 398 
4 nigra 398 
Scilla maritima 131 
Scirpus cyperinus 398 
fs miaritimus I4t 

an tuberosus 399 
Scopolia japonica 211, 399 
Scrophularia 303 
a oldhami 400 
Scutellaria macrantha 400 
a viscidula 400 
Sedum sp. 402 
. alboroseum 401 

i erythrosticum 4ot 

x lineare 401 
Selaginella involens 402 
Selinum 124, 402 
monnieri 120, 402 
Sempervirum tectorum 401 
Senecio campestris 403 
iF palmatus 403, 

i scandens 403 
Septas repens 338 
Serissa foetida 404 
Sesamum 404. 
se indicum 404. 
Sesili libanotis 405 
Setaria glauca 492 
5 italica 305, 405, 416 

- a glutinosa 305, 406 

a viridis 406, 492 
Shorea robusta 406 
Siegsbeckia orientalis 407 
Silene aprica 216 
Siler divaricatum 315, 407 


550 
Sinapis 408 
9 alba 408 
x0 integrifolia 408 
. juncea = 408 
3 nigra 408 
Siphonostecia 160, 409 
5 chinensis 408, 409, 414 
Sisymbrium 28, 155, 432 
46 sophia 409 
Skimmia fortunei 409 
5 japonica 409 
55 reevesiana 409 
Smilax 299 
nA china 409, 410 
5p prolifera 4il 
5 pseudo-china 298, 410 
93 sinensis AIL 
Soja hispiola 189, 411 


Solanum dulcamara 384, 411, 412, 413 


e lyratum 388, 412 
a melongena 412 
» nigrum 59, 388, 412, 413 
5c tuberosum 413 
Solidago virgo-aurea 413 
Souchus 107, 230 
se oleraceus 82, 230, 414 
Sophora 57 
xs angustifolia 414 
aA flavescens 201, 263, 312, 414 
af japonica 309, 414, 415 
" kronei 414 
Sorghum saccharatum 386, 416 
6 vulgare 416 
Sparassis 271 
Sphoerococcus 24 
Spinacea oleracea 417 
Spinifex squarosis 47 
Spondias amara 421, 318 
ns dulcis 421 
Stachys aspera 422 
. sieboldi 259, 422 
5 tuberifera 422 
Stelaria aquatica 423 
Stemona tuberosa 422 
Stephania hernandifolia 120 
Sterculia lanceolata 364 
7 platanifolia 156, 423 
Stillingia sebifera 23, 423 
Strophanthus II 
Strychnos ignatia 425 
ae nux-vomica 425 


CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Strychnos philippinensis 425 
Styrax benzoin 426 
Symplocos prunifolia 194, 385, 427 
aT; 

Tamarindus indica 428 
Tamarix chinensis 428 
‘5 manna 259 
Tanacetum chinense 52, 428 
Tanarius major 428 
Taraxacum officinalis 429 
Taxodium heterophyllum 196, 429 
Techoma grandiflora 384, 429 
Tenerium stoloniferum 393, 429 
Terminalia bellerica 430 
A chebula 37, 430 
Thalictrum foliolosum 431 
ss rubellum 14, 431 
Thea 82, 431 
P assamica 82 

i bohea 82 

5 sinensis &2 

a. viridis 82 
Thermopsis fabacea 431 
Thladiantha dubia 431 
Thlaspi arvense 432 
Thuja orientalis 138, 225, 432 
Tilia 203 
,3 chinensis 433 

“a miqueliana 432, 488 
Trachycarpus 102 
of excelsa 440 
Trachylospermum jasminoides 440 
Trapa bicornis 210 
) bispinosa 440 

oe natans 440, 441 
Tremallales 272 
Tribulus terrestris 441 
Tricercandra quadrifolia 105 
Trichomanes japonica 441, 488 
Tricosanthes japcnica 441 
55 kirilowii 441 

5 multiloba 441 

oF palmata 442 
Trifolium giganteum 260 
Trigonella foenum-graecum 442 
Trigonotis peduncularis 165, 442 
Trillidium japonicum 443 
Trionyx sinensis 35 
i16 


Triphasia trifoliata 


INDEX OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 


Trislaerigata kaempferi 
Triticum repens 

as vulgare 
Triumfetta 
Tropzolum majus 
Tulipa edulis 

3 graminifolia 
Tussilago farfara 
Typha orientalis 

a latifolia 

_ Typhonium giganteum 


U. 

Ulmus campestris 

AS keaki 

55 marcrocarpa 

Ps parvifolia 

“fs sinensis 
Umbilicus fimbriatus 

35 malocophyllus 


Uncaria gambir 

sf rynchophylla 
Urtica seorpionides 

” thunbergiana 
Uvularia grandiflora 


V. 


Vallisneria spiralis 
Veratrum 

ie album 

‘a migrum 
Verbena officinalis 
Viburnum dilatatum 

5 opulus 


Vicia faba 

a gigantea 

a; hirsuta 

> sativa 
Vincetoxicum 

Ah atratum 

oF purpurascens 
Viola 

“6 pinnata 

A patrinii 

4 sylvestris 
Viscum 


443 
148 
443 
20, 126 
446 
452 
292, 446 
172, 446 
447 
447 
154, 447 


448, 449 
360, 449 
448 
449 
448 
449 
449 
450 
450 
451 
451 


178, 179, 451 


452 


236, 257, 452, 475 


452 
452 
452 
453 
453 
453 


232, 297, 453 


232, 454 
315 
173 
454 
454 
43 
455 
455 
455 


140, 163, 180, 247, 391, 455 


. Vittila 

Vitis bryonizfolia 
- corniculata 
A flexuosa 
ks inconstans 
. labrusca 
- pentaphylla 
3 serianzefolia 
Bs vinifera 

Vitex 
ys cannabifolia 
3 incisa 
is negundo 
3 trifolia 

W. 


Wahlenbergia marginata 


Wedelia-calendulacea 


Wickstroemia 
or chamzedaphne 
58 japonica 


Wistaria chinensis 
Woodwardia japonica 
A radicans 


?: Fe 
Xanthium strumarium 


Xanthoceras sorbifolia 
Xylosma racemosa 


Z. 


Zanthoxylum 
- ailanthoides 
3 bungei 
% piperitum 
ME schinnifolium 
Zea-mays 
Zelkowa keaki 
Zingiber mioga 
5 nigrum 
Ps officinale 
Zizania aquatica 


Ziziphus 

» jujuba 

sp vulgaris 
Zostera 


So) 


103 

457 

457 

457 

458 

457 

458 

458 

458 
102, 494 
456 
237, 456, 457 
456 

457 


15, 460 
177 
169 
143, 460 


444, 461 
174, 461 
213, 461 


88, 149, 217, 334, 464 


462 
462 
378, 463, 
463 
464 
360, 464 
464 
35 
465 
210 
153, 467 
466 
466 
276 


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‘Ab Les 
; ‘aa 
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- ee & riper t 
ab 
day 
3 


Abrin 
Aconite 
Aconitine 
Acorns 
Afioum 
Afioun 
Agallochum 
Agar-agar 
Agila wood 
Agnus Scythicus 
Agur 

Aguru 

Alge 
Almonds 
Aloes 
Aloes-wood 
Amaranth 
Amala 
Amber 
Ambergine 
Ambergris 
Amra 

Amrita 
Angelica tree 
Animi 
Aniseed 
Apricot 

Araq 

Apple 

Areca nut 
Areca palm 
Arrack 
Arrow-poison 
Arrow-root 
Aspen 
Assafcetida 
Attar of roses 
Ayalur chee 
Azedarach 


Bagasse 
Balm of Mecca 
Bamboo 
Banana 
Banyan 


ENGLISH INDEX. 


23, 270 


Sy 0), HE 

279, 299, 389 
346 

174 

380, 381 

44 

261 


386 
244 
' 62 
270 
175 


Barley 
50 sprouts 
FC sugar 
Baroos camphor 
Bastard cardamom 
5 cherry 
i Ginseng 
Batoo 
Bdellium 
Bean curd 
si ferment 
nf oil 
i relish 
” soy 
5A sprout 
Beet 
Belguam 
Betel chewing 
a leaf 
as nut 
Birch tree, white 
Birth root 


Bitter-seeded cardatiiom 


Blackberry 
Black catechu 
Bo tree 
Boa-tam-paijang 
Bodhi seed 
Bodhidruma 
Bohea 
Borneo camphor 
Boxwood 
Bread fruit 
Brier rose 
Brinjal 
Broad bean 
Buck wheat 
Buddha’s fingers 
Bukkum wood 
Burdock 
Burnet 
Bungtali 

He fruits 


C. 


Cachang 
Cachu 


3, 46, 


554 


Cactus 

Cajan 

Cakes 

Calamander wood 

Calambac 

Candle nut tree 

Canton orange 

Caoutchouc 

Capoor cutchery 

Carambola 

Cardamom 
io bastard 
+ bitter-seeded 
sp malabar 
* ovoid China 
op round, or cluster 

Carrot 

Castor oil 

Cassava 

Catechin 

Catechu 

Catta-cambu 

Celery 

Ceylon moss 

Chamomile 

Chandana 

Charcoal, vegetable 

Chalaza of orange 

Chaulmugra 

Cheats 

Cherry 

Chestnut 

Chiaket 

Chicory 

China root 

Chinese galls 


5 gooseberry 
* hemp 
se olive 
oe strawberry 
3 turmeric 
Chiretta 
Ciboule 
Cinnamon 
Citron 
Citronella 
Cleavers 
Cloves 
Clove oil 


Cochin turmeric 
Cock’s-comb 


291 
79 
473 


3, 46 
43,133 


107, 
III, 


488 
107 
394 
175 
113 


CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Cocoanut 121 
Coir palm 20, 102 
Congee 476, 480 
Coolie orange III 
Copal 480 
Coramandel wood 152 
Coriander 28 
Cosmetic pomade 491 
Cotton plant 197 

5 tree af 

Pe seed oil 198 
Coriander 127 
Cow tree 54 
Crab-apple 365 
Cranesbill 187 
Crosnes 422 
Crotin 2 

pe: 
Dahl 79 
Dammar 480 
Date palm 493 
Datura 145 
Decoctions 481-484 
Delphinine 8 
Dew of roses 381 
Dextrose 388 
Dhatura 145 
Digitalis 371 
Distilled spirits 419 
Dock 384 
Dodder 140, 247 
Dogwood 128 
Dragon’s blood So 
Dragon-boat Festival 13, 53 
Dried moss 491 
E. 

Eaglestone 93 
Eaglewood 44 
Ebony 152 
Egg-plant 412 
Eel grass 452 
Elecampane 219 
Elemi go, 480 
Elder = 393 
Elm 204 
Ergot 164, 208 
Essences 484-486 
Ethrog 114 
Extracts 486-488 


Fennel 

Ferns 

Fern spores 
Fermented spirits 
Fig 

Filbert-oil 
Four-o’clock 
Foxtail 
Frankincense 
Fungi 


G. 


Galanga Cardamom 
Galangal root 
Galbanum 
Galls 

"A of Celtis 

- Chinese 
Gambier, or Gumbir 
Gamboge 
Garlic 
Garoo wood 
German ivy 
Gillur-ka-putta 
Ginger 

FF , wild 
Ginseng 
Glen rose 
Golden orange 
Goldenrod 
Goober 
Goose grass 
Gosircha tehandana 
Gourd 
Grains of Paradise 
Grass cloth 
Ground ivy 
Gugiil 
Guinea grains 
Gilder rose 
Gum animi 

PA elemi 

. lac 
Gunda birosa 


Harebell 
Hawthorne 
Hazel 


ENGLISH INDEX. 


176, 


179, 


TS; 


136, 


70, 


480, 
480, 
175) 


331 
172 
178 
417 


81 
265 
200 
406 
270 


129 


Heal-all 
Heavenly bamboo 
Hedge mustard 
Hemp 
Henbane 
Henna 
Hermodactyl 
Hingu 
Hog plum 
Hollyhock 
Honeysuckle 
Honeywort 
Hop 
Horse bean 

56 chestnut 
Holly 


I, 


Indian bread 

Pe corn 

oe rice 

Ae walnut 
Indigo 
Insect wax 
Isinglass 


J. 
Jack (jak or jaca) fruit 
Jaggery 
Jalap 
Japaconitine 
Japonica 
Jasmine 
Jequerity 
Jab’s tears 
Judas tree 
Juniper berries 
Jute 


K. 


Kafur-kuchri 
Kakra-singie 
Kaladana 
Kariat 
Karpasi 
Kassa 
Khaiar 
Kharnyk 
Knot-grass 
Kohlrabi 
Kopeh 


555 


75 

277 

28 
20, 90, 404 


23 

217, 218 
237 

24 


556 


Kuanyin lotus 
Kundurn 
Kushta 

Kust 


Lacquer 

Laopang 

Laphug 

Laurel camphor 
Laver 

Leaven 

Lebonah 

Leek 

Lemon 

Liane vermifuge 
Lichee or lichi 
Lichens 

Licorice root 

Lime 
Liquid-ambar resin 
Liquid storax 

Lign aloes 
Liverwort 

Lobac 

Lobim 

Local anesthesia 
Long pepper 
Loquat 

Lotus 

Lungan, or lungyen 
Lycopodium spores 


M. 


Mace 

Madder 
Mailangnan 
Male fern 

Malt 

Mandara 
Mandarin orange 
Mandjuchaka 
Mango 
Margosa 
Mango-wood 
Mangrove bark 
Manhead tea 
Manna 

Maple 
Marigold 
Markin targan 


CHINESE 


117, 
236, 


Ti2, 


208, 


258, 


MATERIA MEDICA. 


29 
72 
43 
43 


377 
37! 


Markin tungan 
Marmalade 
Marvel of Peru 
Mash 
Mazu 
Medlar 
Melons 

< seed 
Menthol 
Midzu ami 
Milfoil 
Millet 
Mistletoe 
Molasses 
Mo-li-hua 
Mosses 
Moutan 
Moxa 
Mucilage 
Mugwort 
Mukul 
Mulberry 
Munjette 
Musk flower 
Mushrooms 
Mustard 
Myrrh 


Nacked barley 
Nanmu 
Nectarine 
Neeradimootoo 
Nettle 
Ngai-camphor 


Night-blooming-jasmine 


Nim 
Nitrogenous foods 
Nutmeg 

3 orange 


0. 


Oats 
Oil of camphor 
.. »» jasmine 
”) ” myrrh 
3% », Star anise 
- ,, sunflower 
Ointments 
Olibanum 
Olive, Chinese 


305, 405, 416 
214, 247 


270, 490 


214, 287 


70, 88 
223, 287 
261 

28 

276 

II5 


| 


.. 


Orange 
Ft golden 
a nutmeg 
6 peel 
Ox knee 
P. 


Pakoeé kidang 
Pale catechu 
Palmyra palm 
Panic grass 
Panicled millet 
Papaw 
Patchak 
Pastry 

Peach 

Peanut 
-~Pear 

Peas 
Peepla-mool 
Penghawar djambi 
Pepper 
Peppermint 
Persimmon 
Petarkura 
Pigeon pea 
Pills 

Pinang» 

Pine 

Pine nut 

Pipa 

Pippala 
Pita-flax 
Plantain 
Plasters 

Plum 
Pomegranate 
Pompel moose 
Poplar 
Poungtarai 
Powders 
Pride of India 
Pseudaconitine 
Puffball 
Pumpkin 
Pumelo 
Purslane 
Putchuk 


Quince 


ENGLISH INDEX. 


307 
III 
1I5 
II5 
IT5 


320, 331 


137, 333 


362 


Radish 
Raggi 
Raktatchandana 
Rangoon creeper 
Rape 

re -seed oil 

Be -turnip 
Raspberry 
Rassamala 
Raw sugar 
Redbud 
Red saunders 
Reeds 
Refined sugar 
Remarkable drugs 
Resin 
Rhubarb 
Rice 
Rishka 
Roca-malha 
Rocamabole 
Rock candy 
Rose maloes 
Rosemary 
Rutabaga 
Rush, lamp 


Safflower 

Saffron 

Sago 

Salted beans 

Samshu 

Sandal wood 
% ae oil 

Sandarac 

Sap green 

Sappan wood 

Sea-weed 

Sedge 

Senna 


| Shaddock 
| Shallot 


Shepherd’s purse 
Sibarga 

Skullcap 

Snow tea 

Snuff 

Soap tree 

Soin 


72; 


558 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 


Sorrel 284 
Soot 475 
Southern-wood 50 
Soy bean 2 182 
Spanish needles. 68. 
Spiders’-wort 123 
Spiked millet 405 
Spikenard 278 
Spinach 417 
Spirit of fennel 176 
Spirits 417 
Squash 44 136 
Squaw root 61 
Squill : R205 
St. John’s wort 2 
Star-anise, 176, 214, 33 
Steamed cakes 474 
Storax 72, 243 
Sugar cane 386 
Sukmil 36 
Summer-grass winter-worm 126 
Sunflower 203 
Sweet-flag 12 
Sweetmeats 473, 474 
Sweet potato 220 
2 Bs 

Tabasheer 64 
Tailaparui 360 
Tallow tree 23, 423 
Tallow, vegetable 424 
Tamarind 78 
Tamarix manna 259 
Tangerine III 
Tape grass 452 
Tara 123 
Tares eae 304 
Taro 123, 220 
“Tay? 82 
Tchampaka 264 
Tea 8I 

oil Sr 

ss -seed cakes 81 
Teak 78 
Temi .- 2 
Terra japonica 2 
Thistle II9g 
Toad-stools 273 
Tobacco 283 
Togara 72 
Tomato 251 


Touch-me-not © 
Treacle 


' Tree melon 


” poecony 
Tsein-apho-taroup 
Tsjampac 
Tumble weed 
Turnip 
Turumic 
Turup 


U 


Udumbara 
Unidentified Drugs 


Universal Plaster Basis. 


& Wi. 


Vegetable tallow 
Vinegar 
Vettila 
1 Wi 

Walnut 
Wampee 
Water avens 

3 chestnut 

Be melon 

Ws plantain 
White birch 
White gourd 


Wild grape 

55 leek 
Willow 
Wine 


Windsor bean 
Wintergreen 
Wolf’s bane 
Wood 

rs oil 
Woodbine 
Wormseed 
Wort 


Yam 
Yasmin 
Yésmin 


Zafaran 
Zila 


‘Zira 


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